Module Air Pollution

7/23/2019 Module Air Pollution

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AIR POLLUTIONIntroduction to Environmental Engineering

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AIR POLLUTION - is the presence in the atmosphere of a substance w/c may be injuriousto human, plant or animal life

AIR POLLUTANTS – contaminants which interact with the environment to cause toxicity,disease, aesthetic distress, physiological eects or environmental decay.

Atmosphere – the thin layer gases that envelops the earth, which is a great resource toall living things in the planet.

Composition of Air:

Gas % of Earth AtmosphereNitrogen 7.!

"xygen #!.$%&rgon !.$'

(arbon )ioxide !.!'Neon !.!!1

*elium !.!!!%+rypton !.!!!1

enon !.!!!!1

CLASSIFICATIONS OF AIR POLLUTANTS:

1. Natra! Contaminants – -e.g. natural fog, pollen grains, bacteria and products ofvolcanic eruption

2. Aeroso!s "Parti#!ates$ – -e.g. dust, smoe, mists, fog and fumes& Gases an' (apors

Natra! Contaminants: Po!!en Grains

⇒ discharges into the atmosphere from weeds, grasses and trees

⇒ si0e ranges between 1! to %! microns

⇒ may result to asthma, hay fever, bronchitis, bronchial asthma and dermatitis

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Aeroso!s – refer to the dispersion of solid or liuid particles of microscopic si0e ingaseous media such as dust, smoe or mist

22 term 3aerosol4 is used during the time it is suspended in the air22 si0es range from !.!1 5 1!! microns

)st

⇒ capable of temporary suspension in air or other gases

Smo*e⇒ consists of 6nely divided particles produced by incomplete combustion

⇒ consists of carbon particles and other combustible materials

⇒ usually less than 1 micron

+ists

⇒ refers to low concentration dispersion of liuid particles at large si0e

⇒ natural mist particle formed from water vapor in the atmosphere ranges

from %!!2! microns

⇒ in meteorology, it means a light dispersion of minute water droplets

suspended in the atmosphere Fo,

⇒ refers to visible aerosols in which the dispersed phase is liuid

⇒ formation by condensation is usually implied⇒ in meteorology, it refers to dispersion of water or ice in the atmosphere near

the earth8s surface reducing visibility to less than 9 m

⇒ si0e range from !21 microns

Fmes

⇒ :olid particles generated by condensation from gaseous state, generally

from volatili0ation from melted substances, and often accompanied by achemical reaction such as oxidation

Gases(apors Air Contaminants

Grops E.amp!es:ulfur (ompounds :"#, :"', *#:

Nitrogen (ompounds N", N"#, N*'

"xygen (ompounds "', (", ("#

*alogen (ompounds *;, *(l"rganic (ompounds &ldehydes, hydrocarbons

<adioactive (ompounds <adioactive =ases

T/PES OF AIR POLLUTANTS:

1. Primar0 po!!tants – emitted directly into the air from identi6able sources.E.& :"x, N"x, (", >"(s, *#:, *;, ?@, &sbestos and Aead

2. Se#on'ar0 Po!!tants – produced through reactions between primary pollutantsand normal atmospheric compounds

E.& "0one, ?&N -peroxyacetyl nitrate, formaldehyde, photochemical smogand formation of acid mists -*#:"

CLASSIFICATION OF E+ISSION SOURCES:

1. Points Sor#e – large stationary sources

2. Area Sor#es – small stationary sources and mobile sources with inde6nite routes

3. Line Sor#es – mobile sources with de6nite routes

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IN)OOR AIR POLLUTION:

Common In'oor Air Po!!tants an' their Sor#es:1. &sbestos 5 from 6re proo6ng and vinyl Boors#. (arbon @onoxide 5 from smoing, space heaters and stove

'. ;ormaldehyde 5 from carpets, ceiling tile and paneling. ?articulates 5 from smoing, 6replaces and dusting%. Nitrogen oxides 5 from erosene stoves and gas stovesC. "0one 5 from photocopying machines7. <adon 5 diused from soil. :ulfur dioxide 5 from erosene heaters$. >olatile organics 5 from smoing, paints, solvents and cooing

SOURCES AN) EFFECTS OF T/PICAL AIR POLLUTANTS:Po!!tants Sor#es E1e#ts

:"# 2 volcanic eruptions2 forest 6res2 fossil fuel burning

2 industrial processes

2 reduced visibility2 important precursor toacid rain

2 eects on breathing,respiratory illnesses,breadown of lungdefense,2aggravations of existingrespiratory andcardiovascular disease

N"x 2 fossil fuel burning2 automobiles

2 contribute to thedevelopment of acid rain2 irritate the eyes nosethroat, lungs, andincreased susceptibilityto viral infections

2 suppresses plantgrowth and damage leaf tissue2 impair visibility whenconverted to nitrates2 play a major role of tropospheric "'

formation2 Dncreased nitrogenloading upsets thechemical balance of nutrients in water bodies

(" 2 incomplete combustionof any organic fuel 2 ?revents blood fromcarrying oxygen thusextremely harmful tohumans2 (ontributes to theformation of smog orground2level o0one

?articulate @atter 2 (ombustion of fuel-noncombustible ash or

2 <eductions in visibility-smog or ha0e, soiling of

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incompletely burnedsoot, materials handlingprocesses -crushing,grinding or bul loadingof dry materials, duststorm, volcanic ash E

forest 6res

buildings, corrosivedamage, alteration of local weather

2 respiratory disease,coughing and painful

breathing E chronicbronchitis

2 retard plant growth

>"(s 2 Dncomplete combustionor by evaporation of organic liuids, cars Eother vehicles, solvent2based paints, forests Evegetation emit various*(8s in their biologicalnormal processes,

bacterial decompositionof organic matters -(*,

incomplete combustion of coal, oil E wood,processing E use of petroleum

2 <eactive *(8s-<(*F(*< form smog

"0one 2 @otor vehicles Eindustrial sources2 =asoline vapors2 (hemical solvents2 (alled as 3summertimepollutant4 since sunlight

and hot weather causeground level "' to form

harmful concentrations2 Gind carries o0one

2 Drritate lung airways Ecause inBammationmuch lie a sunburn2 Ghee0ing, coughing,pain when taing a deepbreath during outdoor

activities or exercise2 <epeated exposure forseveral months cancause permanent lungdamage2 &ggravated asthma,reduced lung capacity2 :usceptibility topneumonia E bronchitis

Aead @otor vehicles Eindustrial sources

@etals processing-lead smeltersGaste incinerators,utilities E lead2acidbattery manufacturers.

2 )amages organs-idneys, liver, brain and

nerves2 "steoporosis Ereproductive disorders2 :ei0ures, mentalretardation, behavioraldisorders, memoryproblems E moodchanges2 Aearning de6cits Elowered DH

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%

2 *igh blood pressure,heart diseases2 &nemia or wea blood

GLO2AL EN(IRON+ENTAL ISSUES:

I& GREEN3OUSE EFFECT AN) GLO2AL 4AR+ING:- Irapping of heat near the earth8s surface by certain gases.

• :ince the beginning of the #!th century, the mean surface temperature has

increased by about !.Co(.

• "ver the last ! years, which is the period with most reliable data, the temperature

has increased by !.'o(.

• Garming in the #!th century is greater than in any time during the past !!2C!! yrs.

Greenhose Gases:2 ("# (arbon dioxide2 *#" Gater vapor

2 "' "0one2 (* @ethane2 N#" Nitrous oxide2 (;(s (hloroBuorocarbons

Car5on 'io.i'e:Sor#es Of CO6:

;rom carbonates

(a("' → (a" J ("#

(a("' J *(l → (a(l# J *#" J ("#

;ermentation of sugar

(C*1#"C →

#(#*%"* J #("#

Knd product of metabolism

(C*1#"C J C"# → C("# J C*#"

(ombustion

(* J #"# → ("# J #*#"

A'7anta,es of Greenhose E1e#t an' G!o5a! 4armin,: )ecrease in heating costs

Aonger growing seasons for crops in the northern regions

Kasier navigation, longer period during the summer, easier conditions for

oshore oil and gas developments

)isa'7anta,es of Greenhose E1e#t an' G!o5a! 4armin,: )rier crop conditions

@elting of permafrost, altering building technology and conditions for road

and pipeline construction @ountain glaciers are receding

Ihe &rctic ice pac has lost about !L of its thicness over the past four

decades Ihe global sea level is rising about three times faster over the past 1!!

years

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C

@ore heat waves and droughts, resulting in more and more conBict for water

resources @ore extreme weather events, producing Boods and property destruction

=reater potential for heat related illnesses and deaths as well as the wider

spread of infectious diseases

Contro! +easres: Dmprovement of energy eMciency in automobiles and in

household heating and lighting )evelopment of non2fossil fuel energy sources, such as photovoltaic cells

?hasing out of (;(s

<ecovery of methane gas generated at land6lls

<eduction of natural gas leaages

?reservation of forests

II& O8ONE LA/ER:

O9one - ?revents > radiation emitted by the sun from reaching the earth8s surface

Formation of O9one:?hotodissociation of oxygen

"# J uv → " J "

"0one formation

" J "# J @ → "' J @

"0one dissociation

"' J uv → " J "#

)ep!etion of O9one La0er:

S5stan#es responsi5!e for the 'ep!etion of o9one !a0er:1. (;(#. N"x

Ch!orooro#ar5ons "CFCs$2 ;irst synthesi0ed in the 1$'!s2 +nown by the trade name ;reon

;reon 11 (;(l';reon 1# (;#(l#;reon 11' (#;'(l';reon 11 (#;(l#

Properties of CFC:1. <eadily liue6ed#. <elatively inert'. Nontoxic. Noncombustible%. >olatile

Uses of CFC:

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1. (oolants in refrigerators and air conditioners in place of sulfur dioxide andammonia

#. @anufacture of disposable foam products'. &erosol propellants in spray cans. :olvents

3o; Ch!orooro#ar5ons "CFCs$ 'ep!ete o9one !a0er<)iusion of (;(s

(;(l' → (;(l# J (l

(;#(l# → (;#(l J (l

<eaction with "xygen

(l J "' → (l" J "#

(l" J " → (l J "#

Net <eaction

"' J " → #"#

3o; NO. 'ep!etes o9one !a0er:Nitrogen "xides -N"x

"' → "# J "

N" J "' → N"# J "#

N"# J " → N" J "#

"verall

#"' → '"#

(hlorine <eservoir

(l" J N"# → (l"N"#

*(l J (l"N"# → (l# J *N"'

(l# J hv → #(l

Contro! +easres:2 1$7, @ontreal ?rotocol 5 elimination of (;(s by #!!!.2 <ecycling of (;(s2 :ubstitution of (;(s

(;(*(l# J "* → (;'((l# J *#"

*ydroBuorocarbons2 se of ethane or propane

(l J (#*C → *(l J (#*%

III& ACI) RAIN:2 Aabel given to both wet and dry acidic deposition.2 p* is less than the normal %.C

("# J *#" → *#("'

:"# J *#" → *#:"

N"x J *#" → *N"'

Cases:=& :"# from metal smelting, burning of fossil fuels and volcanic eruptions6& N"x from automobile and industry exhausts& ("# from burning of fossil fuels

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E1e#ts on A>ati# S0stems1. &cidi6cation of auatic systems#. Dncreased metal concentration in 6sh'. )ecline in 6sh population. Kcological imbalance

E1e#ts on Terrestria! E#os0stems1. )amage to forest seedlings#. Dncreased vulnerability of trees to disease and insects'. Aeaching of components from plants O aluminum toxicity

E1e#ts on Gron';ater1. @etal contamination 5 ?b, (u, Pn, &l 5 from water pipes#. @etal pipes corrosion

E1e#ts on 2i!'in,s1. (orrosion

I(& P3OTOC3E+ICAL S+OG

N"x results into photochemical smog.

& typical smog incident during morning rush2hour traMcQN# J "# #N" J "# #N"#

N"# J sunlight N" J "

"# J " "'

*(8s J "' ?&N

:ince N"# is heavier than air E soluble in water the above reaction may occur.N"# J *(8s J sunlight photochemical smog

"' E ?&N 5 oxidi0ing agents

"' 5 destroys chlorophyll E lung tissues

?&N 5 eye irritants

T3E P3ILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT "RA ?@B$- a comprehensive air uality management policy and program which aims to

achieve and maintain healthy air for all ;ilipinos.- & consolidation of :enate Rill No. 1#%% and *ouse Rill No. C#1C and was 6nally

passed by the :enate and the *ouse of <epresentatives on @ay 1', 1$$$ and@ay 1!, 1$$$ respectively.

- Ihe passage of (lean &ir &ct in 1$$$ mars a milestone since it provides acomprehensive and integrated policy for air uality management.

AIR POLLUTION IN +ETRO +ANILA:- &ccording to &sian )evelopment Ran study -1$$121$$# showed that the Iotal

:uspended ?articles -I:? exceeded G*" guidelines by as much as 6ve times,particulate matter of 1! microns or less in diameter -?@1! were three times theguidelines, and lead levels went as high as two times the guidelines.

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- )KN< monitoring data -#!!! showed that I:? levels were two times the annualaverage guideline, and the ambient lead levels are now well within thestandards with the complete phase out of unleaded gasoline.

- &ccording to a Gorld Ran study, about !L of the @etro @anila residents areexposed to levels of I:? that exceed the standards.

- ;indings of the ? (ollege of ?ublic *ealth show that the incidence of bronchitis

among children in @etro @anila is 11 times the national average. <esults ofmonitoring of the incidence of chronic cough, chronic phlegm, whee0ing andshortness of breath among jeepney drivers reveal that jeepney drivers,representing '#L of the subjects are most exposed.

GUI)ING PRINCIPLE OF T3E CLEAN AIR ACT: Ihe (&& provides that the :tate shallQ

1. protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthfulecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.

#. promote and protect the global environment which recogni0ing theprimary responsibility of local government units deal with environmentalproblems.

'. recogni0e that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and environmentis primary area2based.

. recogni0e that 3polluters must pay.4%. recogni0e that a clean and healthy environment is for the good of all and

should therefore be the concern of all.AIR UALIT/ +ANAGE+ENT:

)esi,nation of Airshe's:- Ihe :ecretary of )KN<, upon recommendation of Knvironmental @anagement

Rureau -K@R, will divide the country into dierent airsheds.- &irsheds are to be designated based on climate, weather, meteorology, and

topology, which aect the mixture and diusion of pollutants in the air, sharecommon interents or face similar development problem.

+ana,ement of Airshe's:- &irsheds are to be managed by multi2sectoral =overning Roards chaired by

:ecretary of )KN< with representatives from local government concerned-province /city/municipality, the private sector, people8s organi0ation, N="sand concerned government agencies.

Fn#tions of Go7ernin, 2oar's:- formulate policies and standards subject to national laws- prepare a common action plan- coordinate its members- submit and publish an annual &ir Huality :tatus <eport for their airshed

Air a!it0 +ana,ement Fn' "A+F$:- this shall be established to 6nance containment, removal and clean up

operations of the government in air pollution cases, guarantee restoration ofecosystem, etc.

- sources for the &H@; shall includeQ air emission charges from industries andmotor vehiclesS 6nes and penalties for non2compliance with air pollutionstandardsS grants from both private and donor organi0ationsS and a limitedpercentage -% to 1!L of the proceeds of the ?rogram Aoan for the @etro @anila&ir Huality Dmprovement :ector )evelopment ?rogram.

CO(ERE) 2/ T3E CLEAN AIR ACT:

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- all potential sources of air pollution -mobile, point and area sources.+o5i!e Sor#es 5 refers to vehicles lie cars, trucs, buses, jeepneys,tricycle, motorcycles and vans.Point Sor#es 5 refer to stationary sources such as industrial 6rms andsmoestacs of power plants, hotels and other establishmentsArea Sor#es 5 refer to sources of emissions other than the above. Ihese

include smoing, burning of garbage, and dust from construction, unpavedgrounds, etc.

CO+PLIANCE +AN)ATES FOR +O2ILE SOURCES:- &ll motor vehicles classi6ed under ?hilippine National :tandards 1$1 -?N: of

the Rureau of ?roduct :tandards of the )ID, whether locallyassembled/manufactured or imported are to be covered by (erti6cate of(onformity -("(.

- Ihe ("( is to be issued by the )KN< to the motor vehicle manufacturer,assemble or importer.

- Dn2use motor vehicles will only be allowed renewal of their registration uponproof of compliance with emission standards through actual testing by @otor>ehicle Dnspection :ystem -@>D: of the )"I(/AI", and authori0ed privateemission testing centers.

S+ODE 2ELC3ING:>iolators will be subject to the following 6nes/penaltiesQ

1st "ense 2 ? 1,!!!#nd "ense 2 ? ',!!!'rd "ense 2 ? %,!!! plus a seminar on pollution

managementFUELS:

Ihe (&& provides forQ- the complete phase out of leaded gasoline before the end of the year #!!!- the lowering of the sulfur content of industrial and automobile diesel,

respectively, from !.%L to !.'L and from !.#L and !.!%L- the lowering of aromatics in unleaded gasoline from %L to '%L maximumS and

the lowering of ben0ene in unleaded gasoline from L to #L maximum

CO+PLIANCE +AN)ATES FOR IN)USTRIAL SOURCES:- &ll stationary sources must comply with National Kmission :tandards for :ource

:peci6c &ir ?ollutants -NK::&? and National &mbient &ir Huality :tandards-N&&H: and must secure permit to operate, prior to operation.

- & 6ne of more than ?1!!,!!! for every day of violation shall be charged againstthe owner of a stationary source.

- ;or gross violation, the penalty is imprisonment of not less than six years butnot more than 1! years unpo discretion of the court.

S+ODING 2AN::moing is banned beginning @ay #%, #!!1, in any of the following locationsQ

- inside a public building- enclosed public places including public vehicles and other means of

transportation- in any closed area outside of one8s private residence, private place of wor- any duly designated area which will be enclosed?enalty to violation of this provision is six months and one day to one year ofimprisonment, or a 6ne of ? 1!,!!!

INSTITUTIONS IN(OL(E IN T3E I+PLE+ENTATION OF T3E CAA:

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- )KN< 2 )":I2 )"I( 2 )"K2 )ID 2 AI"2 AI;<R 2 K@R2 Rureau of (ustoms 2 ?ollution &djudication Roard2 Aandban 2 "il (ompanies

2 )?R 2 &utomobile @anufacturers2 )?G* 2 @@)&2 A=s 2 N="2 ?rivate :ectors

43AT CAN 4E )O TO 3ELP CLEAN T3E AIR:For (ehi#!e O;ners+otorists

- maintain your vehicle by changing oil regularly -every %,!!! m- eep the engine well2tuned following the owner8s manual- eep tire properly inBated- plan trips and observe proper driving habits- remove unnecessary things from the trun. )on8t overload and travel only at

speed reuired by traMc regulations and road conditionsFor Commters:

- patroni0e mass railway transit -@<I and A<IFor O#e 4or*ers:

- reduce use of air conditioning and ensure that rooms are sealed- mae sure that lights are energy2eMcient- use company vehicles wisely and mae sure that they are well maintained- use natural lighting by opening window curtains at daytime

At 3ome:- use low watt bulbs or energy saving lights- limit the use of air conditioning units and eep the temperature a few degrees

higher- don8t burn garbage- avoid using aerosols- properly dispose refrigerant, refrigeration euipment and used coolant

For E7er0one:- report smoe belchers to AI", @@)& and/or the appropriate local government

units- wal or ride your bie to places- tae a bus or mass rail transit whenever you can- stop burning of garbage- plant trees- spread the words about the ban on smoing in public places

AIR POLLUTION CONTROL +ET3O)S:

+EASURE+ENT OF PARTICULATES:

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Sample Problem: A hi-vol clean filter weighs 18.0g, and the dirt filter weighs 18.! g. "he initial and

final air flows are #0 and $0 ft%&min. 'hat vol(me of

air went thro(gh the filter in 2$ hr.) 'hat was the

partic(late concentration)




1#

3i,h-7o!me samp!er

CONTROL OF PARTICULATES:

Sett!in, Cham5er- the simplest device for controlling particulates- consisting of nothing more than wide places in exhaust Bue where larger

particles can settle out, usually with a baTe to slow the emission stream- only large particulates -U1!!V can be suMciently removed in settling chamber

Sett!in, Cham5erC0#!one

- the most popular, economical, and eective means of controlling particulates- the dirty air is blasted into a conical cylinder that creates a violent swirl within

the cone, and the heavy solids migrate to the wall of the cylinder where theyslow down due to friction, slide down the cone, and 6nally exit at the bottom.

C0#!one

2a, "or fa5ri#$ Fi!ter 2a,hose Co!!e#tor- it operates lie the common vacuum cleaner- it is used to collect dust- the fabric will remove nearly all particulates, including submicron si0es- bag 6lters are widely used in many industrial applications, but are sensitive to

high temperatures and humidity

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2a,hose Co!!e#tor

Spra0 To;er or S#r55er- is an eective method for removing large particulates- it promotes the contact between air and water by violent action in narrow throat

section into which the water is introduced- the more violent the encounter, the smaller the gas bubbles, the more eective

the scrubbing

Spra0 To;er or S#r55er

E!e#trostati# Pre#ipitator- widely used in power plants, mainly because power is readily available- the particulate matter is removed by 6rst being charged by electrons jumping

from one high2voltage electrode to the other, and then migrating to thepositively charged collecting electrode

- have no moving parts, reuire only electricity to operate, and are extremelyeective in removing submicron particulates

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E!e#trostati# Pre#ipitator

+EASURE+ENT OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS:

:ample ?roblemQ Df the primary ambient air uality standard for nitrogen oxides -as N"# is1!! µg/m', what is this in ppmW -&ssume 1atm and #%!(

CONTROL OF GASEOUS POLLUTANTS:

4et S#r55er- can remove gaseous pollutants by simply dissolving them in water- alternatively, a chemical -(a" or (a("' in removing :"# may be injected into

the scrubber water, which then reacts with the pollutants

A'sorption- useful method when it is possible to bring the pollutant into contact with an

eMcient adsorber lie activated carbon

A'sor5er

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F!arin,- is used when an organic pollutant can be oxidi0ed to ("# and water- a variation of Baring is catalytic combustion, whereby the temperature of the

reaction is lowered by the use if a catalyst that mediates the reaction

In#inerator

A5sorption Pro#ess:- &bsorbed or spray towers are designed to selectively remove a speci6c gas

from a mixture of gases and are similar to low2pressure2drop scrubbers

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