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Social Studies and the ArtsModule 3 Section 4 Using music in the classroom

1 Using mind maps to organise thinking about sound2 Working in groups to write a praise poem3 Organising a musical performance

ENGLISH – GHANA

TESSA (Teacher Education in Sub-Saharan Africa) aims to improve the classroom practices of primary teachers and secondary science teachers in Africa through the provision of Open Educational Resources (OERs) to support teachers in developing student-centred, participatory approaches. The TESSA OERs provide teachers with a companion to the school

textbook. They offer activities for teachers to try out in their classrooms with their students, together with case studies showing how other teachers have taught the topic, and linked resources to support teachers in developing their lesson plans and subject knowledge.

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TESSA is led by The Open University, UK, and currently funded by charitable grants from The Allan and Nesta Ferguson Foundation, The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation and Open University Alumni. A complete list of funders is available on the TESSA website (http://www.tessafrica.net).

As well as the main body of pedagogic resources to support teaching in particular subject areas, there are a selection of additional resources including audio, key resources which describe specific practices, handbooks and toolkits.

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Contents Section 4: Using music in the classroom

1. Using mind maps to organise thinking about sound

2. Working in groups to write a praise poem

3. Organising a musical performance

Resource 1: Exploring sound

Resource 2: Making instruments

Resource 3: Listening to sounds in everyday life

Resource 4: Praise singing

Resource 5: Pupil praise songs

Resource 6: Musical pipes

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike - www.tessafrica.netTESSA ENGLISH – GHANA, Social Studies and the Arts, Module 3, Section 4

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Section 4: Using music in the classroomKey Focus Question: What different approaches are there to making music in the classroom?

Keywords: music; sound walk; praise song; group work; community; instruments; culture

Learning outcomesBy the end of this section, you will have:

used the environment and community as resources for learning; planned practical music activities; involved pupils in making their own music, using different musical cultures and

forms.

Introduction

Music is an important part of most people’s lives and cultures. Understanding the place of music and how making music can help pupils’ self-esteem and confidence is important.

The emphasis in this section is on exploring different sounds and working together. Throughout these activities you encourage your pupils to listen carefully, ask questions and experiment.


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1. Using mind maps to organise thinking about sound

The environment is a valuable resource for exploring sounds and how different natural materials can produce sound.

The aim of this part is to broaden your pupils’ understanding and experience of different types of sound, and to see themselves and their immediate environment as music resources. Case Study 1 and Activity 1 show how sounds in everyday life are a good starting point for this topic. These activities could be extended to ask pupils to make their own instruments from everyday materials (tin cans, bottles and so on) or you may be fortunate enough to have pupils who can play an instrument or sing. Organise for them to demonstrate their skills to the class.

See Resource 1: Exploring sound for background information and SCIENCE Module 3, Section 2 for more information on sound and musical instruments.

Case Study 1: Making a mind map to link materials and sound

In her primary class in Soweto, South Africa, Ms Simelane notices two boys tapping the desk. She listens carefully as they create a rhythmic conversation using the desk as a drum. Then they tap their pencil cases. Ms Simelane draws attention to their music, asking the class to close their eyes and listen. ‘Are they making music? How?’ ‘What different sounds can you hear?’ The pupils become interested in using their desks, pens and pencil cases to make sound. She lets them explore the different sounds they can make at their desks, using the objects around them. They listen to each other’s sounds and comment on the ways they are made.

Ms Simelane asks her pupils to suggest materials that make sounds and records these on a mind map on the board. She encourages them to think about the relationship between materials and sound. ‘What kind of sound do we hear when we hit a bottle with a spoon? Or blow across a bottle opening?’ ‘What sounds do different sized drums make?’ ‘How do we describe sound?’ She adds their ideas to the mind map.

She is pleased with their responses and sees this as a starting point for the pupils to make their own instruments using materials from the local environment (see Resource 2: Making instruments).

At the end of the lesson, she asks them to go home and collect as many different materials as they can and bring these into school to add to those she has been collecting. Next week they will make and demonstrate these instruments.


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http://www.open.edu/openlearnworks/mod/oucontent/olinkremote.php?website=TESSA_GHA&targetdoc=Section%202:%20Exploring%20sounds%20and%20music

http://www.open.edu/openlearnworks/mod/oucontent/olinkremote.php?website=TESSA_GHA&targetdoc=Section%202:%20Exploring%20sounds%20and%20music

Activity 1: A Sound Walk Before the lesson, read Resource 3: Listening to sounds in everyday life. Ask your pupils to be very quiet and listen to the sounds they can hear in the

classroom. In groups, or with the whole class grouped around you, brainstorm all the sounds

they could hear on a large piece of paper or the chalkboard. (See Key Resource: Using mind maps and brainstorming to explore ideas.)

Next, organise small groups of pupils (four/five) to go out at intervals and walk around the school grounds. They should stop in four places and listen very carefully to what they can hear. They should take pens or pencils and their books or paper or a clipboard for this.

Each group should note down every new sound they hear and where they hear it, and try to identify what is making the sound and how it is made.

On their return to class, ask each group to draw their own mind map of their ‘sound walk’.

When these are finished, display them for all to see and discuss their ideas about how sounds are made.


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http://www.open.edu/openlearnworks/mod/oucontent/olinkremote.php?website=TESSA_GHA&targetdoc=Key%20Resource:%20Using%20mind%20maps%20and%20brainstorming%20to%20explore%20ideas

http://www.open.edu/openlearnworks/mod/oucontent/olinkremote.php?website=TESSA_GHA&targetdoc=Key%20Resource:%20Using%20mind%20maps%20and%20brainstorming%20to%20explore%20ideas

2. Working in groups to write a praise poem

Praise poetry and singing is an important African practice, past and present. African names carry stories of who you are and where you come from. They tell people about your experiences, your joys and struggles, and what you are like, so that others can know you. People create their own praise songs. Praise poets perform at ceremonies, rituals and festivities to praise a person or group. Praise singing and poetry has become a sophisticated art form, practised in many cultures through music, dance and chanting.

You will help pupils research and create their own praise poems or songs, focusing on the communication of identity and family heritage. This will enable your pupils to make connections between themselves and musical practices.

Case Study 2: Using praise poems to develop musical understanding

Mr Onyina is a musician and arts and culture teacher who grew up at Agona in Asante. He teaches in an urban primary school, where his pupils represent many cultures, religions and languages.

He is playing an old Asante song on his guitar as he thinks about his music lessons for the coming month. How will he develop the theme of identity using music? As he sings, the music takes him back to his childhood, his home, parents and grandparents. He remembers hearing naming songs and praises as a child. He remembers his own naming song that tells of his birth and ancestry. His memories form the beginning of an idea for his class.

Mr Onyina collects some praise poems and songs and devises questions about them. He listens to the songs’ call-and-response structure and links this to a familiar naming game his pupils play in the playground. He plans to do a lesson on praise poems beginning with a familiar song. Next he encourages his class to produce and perform their own praise poems and songs about their friends.

See Resource 4: Praise singing for more background information.


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Activity 2: Praise songs and poemsBefore this activity, look at Resource 5: Pupil praise songs.

Sing a praise song you know to your class or ask a pupil to sing to the class. Explain to them how the structure of the song works and get them to join in the responses.

Sing the song again while pupils keep the beat by clapping, tapping or using their instruments.

Talk with them about the idea of a praise song, who sings them and why. Say a praise poem together, paying attention to the rhythm of the words and

communicating the feeling of the poem with your voice. Add instrumental sounds that enhance the poem’s mood if possible.

Next, divide the class into groups of six. Ask each group to work in threes and write their own praise poem. Each three should perform their poem to the other three and then explain the meaning of and feelings in the poem. Together, the whole group chooses a response line to chant in between the individual lines and they practise their two poems. They can add other sounds if they like.

Over the next few days, ask each group to perform their praise poem to the rest of the class.


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3. Organising a musical performance

Making music is a form of communication: instruments and voices ‘talk’, communicating feelings, thoughts and ideas. Music reflects and creates culture, and it is always dynamic – changing and developing. In Africa, music is important in creating social cohesion (unity) and can be important in the classroom.

In this part, you will build on the previous activities to organise a whole-class performance. The way you set up the activity can contribute to pupils’ cooperative and listening skills.

Case Study 3: The value of group music making

Dokuwaa’s passion is making music in a group. The feeling she gets playing the marimbas, or singing in the choir is a special one of togetherness. She wants to share this feeling with her pupils; to experience what it’s like to make music together when everyone is listening sensitively to each other.

Dokuwaa travels from Akaa-Buem to Duabatabo in Ogyakrom to visit the arts and culture teacher. As she arrives, she comes across a festival. Groups of young boys try out their flutes and drums in preparation. In the dusty playground, Dokuwaa listens and watches as a group of 50 children move and make music together – each one contributing, each one watching and listening as they tell the story of the dance.

Inspired by the flautists and the dance, she decides that her own pupils back in Akaa-Buem need to experience what it’s like to ‘become one’ through music. After talking to the teachers and learning more about the cultural significance of the music and dance, she returns home to plan a lesson where her pupils make music together.

Resource 6: Musical pipes shows how musical instruments can be made for your pupils to play.

Key Activity: Music making Ask your pupils if any of them play an instrument. If they do, ask them to bring

them to school. The next day, ask the pupils who have brought instruments to show them and

play them to the class. Ask your pupils if they know any songs or praise poems. If they do, ask them tell

you the words. You write these on the board. Ask the pupil to sing the poem/song and then ask the class to join in as you sing

it again. Repeat until the class are comfortable singing. Now, ask those who play instruments to join in as well. Practise the whole song until everyone is happy and then perform it to another

class or at an Open Day.


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Resource 1: Exploring sound

Teacher resource for planning or adapting to use with pupils

Activity A: Musical questions about sound

Begin with investigating the science of sound with pupils. Explore these questions with your pupils by making different sounds, in different ways, using the objects around you as sound makers: a desk, the floor, a pen, a bottle, chalkboard or window. Remember, talking about sound must always relate to our aural and physical experiences of sound.

What is sound? What has to happen for us to hear a sound? How does sound travel to us? What makes something a musical instrument? Can we use our own body as a musical instrument? Why do you think people use instruments to make music? What purpose does it

serve? Which musical instruments do you know about? Can you classify them into

groups? What criteria did you use to classify your instruments?

Activity B: The science connection – how sound travels

Have you ever seen a ‘Mexican wave’ at a big sports event? Sound travels in a similar way to the movement of a Mexican wave: the air molecules, like people in the crowd, move backwards and forwards, combining to make a wave. The individual molecules do not actually travel from one place to another: molecules vibrate, each about its own position, when something makes the molecules next to them move. These vibrating molecules then attract other molecules, so that they move out of their positions.

Sound can travel through the air or through anything made up of molecules, like water, steel or wood. Sound travels at different speeds depending on the substance it is moving through.

Activity C: Making a sound wave

Make a line of ten pupils next to each other, standing shoulder to shoulder. At one end, ask one pupil to play a loud instrument like a gong or cymbal and another to hold up a big sign saying SOUND. At the other end, ask a pupil to hold up a big picture of an EAR and a sign saying HEAR. The other pupils in the line have signs saying AIR.

The pupil with the gong or cymbal strikes it. The first pupil wiggles back and forth using their body (with the feet planted on the ground); then the next pupil wiggles when they feel the first pupil (not before!), and so on down the line. The last pupil holds up the HEAR sign as they feel the wiggle of the pupil next to them.

Adapted from: Stomp Online


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Resource 2: Making instruments


‘Long ago, before man-made materials were available, people in indigenous societies in Africa constructed musical instruments from materials they found around them … in rural societies they made bows from sinew and wood, leg-rattles from fruit or cocoon shells filled with seeds or stones, and drums from animal skins and wood’

(Traditional Music of South Africa by Laurie Levine, 2005)

Instrument-making materials list

Make a collection of sound-makers, using the following categories as a guide.

Wooden objects. Metal objects. Hollow objects. Surfaces that can be scraped. Surfaces that can be hit. Objects that can be suspended. Objects that can be shaken. Material that can be plucked. Containers for drums and shakers:

Small glass or plastic bottles; yoghurt cups; matchboxes; washing powder boxes; cardboard or plastic tubes; coffee tins; tin cold drink cans; plastic drink bottles.

Flat cardboard boxes to make a sound tray. Glass bottles of different sizes and shapes (fill them with water and tap with a

metal beater). Fillings for shakers and tambourines:

Stones; seeds; rice; beans; nails; sand; lentils; bead; corks; buttons; paperclips; bottle tops.

Materials for guitars: Shoe boxes; old oil tins; elastic bands; flat pieces of wood; thin

pieces of wire or fishing line. Materials for multitones (instruments that can make two or more sounds):

Cutlery, car hubcap, kitchen utensils, saucepan lids, grater, colander, whisk, old teapot.

Metal objects to suspend from a gong stand, metal coat hanger or wooden dowelling rod:

Metal nails tied together, old horseshoe, large metal bolt, old bits of iron, copper tubing.

Beaters: Old cutlery, long nail, strong wooden stick, toothbrush, ruler,

chopstick. More materials:

Seed pods or dry calabashes; newspaper; wire coat hangers; rubber foam; string and metal wire of all sizes and strengths; wooden sticks or blocks; plastic bags.


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Resource 3: Listening to sounds in everyday life


This activity encourages pupils to pay attention to the sounds around them. You can use it as a classroom project or a ‘sound search’ project at home.

Sound scavenger hunt

Ask pupils to work in pairs to identify and record the following sounds using words, symbols or drawings. The hunt can be done at home, in the street or at school.

The aim is to use their ears, not their eyes!

Ask them to identify:

a musical sound; a chaotic sound; the loudest sound they can; a short, sharp sound; a sound that makes them feel calm and relaxed; a continuous sound (one that goes on and on); a sound with a definite pattern; a sound which makes them want to move or dance; a scary sound; a tiny sound; a sound that is very far away; a sound that is close by; a rhythmic sound; a tinkly sound; a rough sound; a long sound; a deep sound.

Use just a few of these with your pupils to start with, selecting the easier ones (like a deep or long sound) and then extend the list as they understand the task. Let them make up their own descriptions for sounds and try to make the sound that matches their description.


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Resource 4: Praise singing

Background information / subject knowledge for teacher

Praise singing topics can range from the formal to the informal. As long as they serve to entice, excite, tease and flatter the subject being praised, anything is fair game. The simplest and most common praising techniques call attention to the obvious positive aspects of the person in question. The singer might comment on their elegant or outrageous outfit, their stature (tall, short, narrow or wide), or the sheen of their skin, from dark to light.

Here are some examples of these simple forms of praise:

E wo geele ya ya – See the owner of this wild head gear.

E wa woo – Come and see (this would be followed someone’s names and praise of their physical attributes).

At a deeper level, the praise singer may draw upon the achievements of the person or their immediate family. Whether business, political or traditional achievements, they can be praised directly.

Bibi ire ko se f’owo ra oti daju – You can never buy being born into greatness (the right circumstance).

Ki a bi ni ko to ka tuntun ara eni bi – Being born to greatness is nothing compared to what you have done with the opportunity … (insert the person’s name here)

Or they can be praised by commenting on the general character of their family name or town.

At their deepest level, Nigerian praise singers draw upon folklore, oral history, and poetry to raise the profile of the person who is showering them with money. This is done through elaborate knowledge of family names, town and regions, and tribal history. For instance, among the Yoruba, each person, family and town has what is known as ‘Oriki’ or praise poems. These praise poems say simple yet deeply meaningful things about people and the things they are socially bound to (families, towns and ethnicities for example)

The master praise singer has the knowledge and the good social sense to draw on each of these to provide a constantly changing and entertaining mix of narrative, praise and humour, which keeps the audience engaged, watching the show and waiting for their chance to shower someone with money and be praised in the public eye. The praise singer has to constantly assess the audience and lead the ensemble in whatever direction is going to keep the party bubbling, the audience engaged and the money flowing.

Adapted from: Rock Paper Scissors Biz


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Resource 5: Pupil praise songs


Me - by Chrissie Akesi Chinebuah, Ghana

I was a fool crying over spilt milk

Who am I?

I am a fake lost in the real world

Who am I?

I am an immature playing with fire

Who am I?

I am a ‘loser’ claiming victory

Who am I?

I am a patient denying my asylum residence

Who am I?

I am a wilting rose among growing flower buds

Who am I?

I am a withered and waned dress that has seen better days

Who am I?

I am me…..

Below the author tells us a bit about herself and why she writes poetry:

Hey im a 14 year old girl who enjoys life and all it's ups and downs. At one recent point in time, i had a lot of drama going on and i was all over the place. So, i sought refuge in poetry. I had written poetry when i was 13 and i decided to give it another go. And now, i never felt so passionate about something before. Poetry is like my life. I have won a medal and been nominated to win a poetry trophy and cash prize. Lastly, to anyone who reads my poems, please leave comments and rate them so i can know where i stand as a poet and what talent type i have. Thanks, Chrissie

Available at http://www.voicesnet.org/allpoemsoneauthor.aspx?memberid=946570010

Can your class develop this into a musical call and response poem?

Perhaps they can develop their own.


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Resource 6: Musical pipes


The atenteben is a bamboo flute from Ghana. It is played vertically, like the recorder, and can be played diatonically as well as chromatically. Although originally used as a traditional instrument (most often in funeral processions), since the 20th century it has also been used in contemporary and classical music. Several players have attained high levels of virtuosity and are able to play Western as well as African music on the instrument.

The instrument originated with the Akan ethnic group of south-central Ghana, particularly in the region of the Kwahu Plateau. It was first popularised throughout the nation by the Ghanaian musicologist Dr Ephraim Amu (1899–1995). It was also featured in the Pan African Orchestra, led by Nana Danso Abiam, and Dela Botri, a former member of the orchestra, is among Ghana's foremost exponents of the instrument. Since 2004, Botri has combined the atenteben with hiplife music on his recordings.

The instrument is used in many schools and universities across Ghana, both as a solo and ensemble instrument. An instruction manual for the atenteben has been written by Dr Kwasi Aduonum, a Ghanaian educator, scholar, and composer from the Kwahu Plateau region.

The Nigerian composer Akin Euba featured a children's atenteben ensemble in his opera Chaka: An Opera in Two Chants.

Adapted from: Wikipedia, Website http://en.wikipedia.org (Accessed 2008)

Making and playing your own pipes

Pipe ensembles are special music groups because each person plays only one note. However, put together, often in very complicated ways, this creates wonderful music. Every person is contributing a sound to a complex whole – it’s like democracy in music!

Pipes can be made from reeds (in rural areas) or metal (in urban areas). Pipes can vary in size from 20 cm to over a metre in length, producing a range of high and low notes.


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http://en.wikipedia.org/

You can make your own pipes by using plastic piping such as electrical conduit, cutting plastic fax-paper pipes, or irrigation piping (12–15 mm diameter). Make pipes of different lengths so that you have different notes.

To play the pipes:

1. Place the open side of the instrument level, against the lower lip. 2. Hold the pipe between your fingers, the index and thumb.3. Relax your other fingers around the middle of the instrument.4. Begin to blow softly across the hole until a note is produced.


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