Module 21 - classical conditioning
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Transcript of Module 21 - classical conditioning
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Classical Conditioning
Module 21
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Classical Conditioning
How Do We Learn?
Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s Experiments
Extending Pavlov’s Understanding
Pavlov’s Legacy
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Definition
Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to
experience.
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How Do We Learn?
We learn by association. Our minds naturally connect events that occur in
sequence.
Aristotle, 2000 years ago, suggested this law of association and then 200 years ago
Locke and Hume
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Stimulus-Stimulus Learning
Learning to associate one stimuluswith another.
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Stimulus-Stimulus Learning
Learning to associate one stimuluswith another.
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Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian physician/ neurophysiologist Nobel Prize in 1904 studied digestive secretions
Classical Conditioning (Respondent behavior)
Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)
Sov
foto
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Classical Conditioning - an organism learns to connect or associate stimuli.
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Pavlov’s Experiments
Before conditioning food (Unconditioned Stimulus, US) produces salivation
(Unconditioned Response, UR). The tone (neutral stimulus) does not.
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Pavlov’s Experiments
During conditioning, neutral stimulus (tone) and US (food) are paired resulting in salivation (UR). After conditioning neutral stimulus (now
Conditioned Stimulus, CS) elicits salivation (now Conditioned Response, CR)
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Acquisition
The CS needs to come half a second before
the US to cause acquisition.
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The Water Show
Jeannette was happy when she heard her family’s plan to go to a water sports’ show. Then she heard the weather report, which predicted temperatures exceeding 100 degrees. Jeannette suspected that the weather would be hard to bear, but she went anyway to the show. As she watched the water skiers perform their taxing routines to the blaring organ music, she became very sweaty and uncomfortable. Eventually she fainted from the heat. After the family outing, Jeannette could never again hear organ music without feeling dizzy and eventually fainting.
• What is the unconditioned stimulus (US)? _________________________________
• What is the unconditioned response (UR)? _________________________________
• What is the conditioned stimulus (CS)? ___________________________________
• What is the conditioned response (CR)? ___________________________________
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Biological Predispositions
Even humans develop classically conditioned nausea.
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Extinction
When a US (food) does not follow a CS (tone) CR (salivation) starts to decrease
and at some point goes extinct.
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Spontaneous Recovery
After a rest period an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers and if CS (tone) persists alone becomes extinct again.
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Stimulus Generalization
Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to CS is called generalization.
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Stimulus Discrimination
Discrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other
stimuli that do not signal a US.
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Extending Pavlov’s Understanding
Pavlov and Watson considered consciousness or mind not fit for scientific
study of psychology. However, they underestimated the importance of cognitive processes and biological
constraints.
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Biological Predispositions
Even humans develop classically conditioned nausea.
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Watson developed advertising
campaigns including Maxwell House, making “coffee
break” an American custom.
Applications of Classical Conditioning
John B. Watson
Brow
n Brothers
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Conditioned emotional response
Menu
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1. Alcoholics can be conditioned (aversively) partly reversing their positive-associations with alcohol.
2. A drug (plus its taste) that affects the immune response, can lead the taste to invoke the immune response through classical conditioning.
Applications of Classical Conditioning