Module 12 Remembering & Forgetting. Recall vs. Recognition Recall Retrieving previously learned...
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Transcript of Module 12 Remembering & Forgetting. Recall vs. Recognition Recall Retrieving previously learned...
![Page 1: Module 12 Remembering & Forgetting. Recall vs. Recognition Recall Retrieving previously learned information without the aid of or with very few external.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022062519/5697bfe21a28abf838cb4169/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Module 12Remembering & Forgetting
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Recall vs. Recognition Recall
Retrieving previously learned information without the aid of or with very few external cues
Recognition Identifying previously learned information with
the help of more external cues
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Organization of Memories
Network Theory We store related ideas in separate categories, called
nodes As we make associations between information, we
create links among thousands of nodes Nodes make up a huge interconnected network of
files
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Network Hierarchy Nodes
Memory files that contain related information organized around a specific topic
Network hierarchy Arrangement of nodes in a certain order At the bottom, are nodes with very concrete information These nodes are linked to more specific information, which is
connected to more general information 1. ABSTRACT: animal 2.MORE SPECIFIC: bird 3. CONCRETE: blue jay
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Forgetting Curve Measures the amount of previously learned information that subjects can recall across time
Ebbinghaus One of the 1st psychologists to study memory & forgetting He tested his own memory of nonsense syllables
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4 Reasons for Forgetting1) Repression
Mental process that automatically hides emotionally threatening or anxiety-producing information in the unconscious
2) Poor Retrieval Cues Retrieval cues are mental reminders that we create by forming
vivid mental images or creating associations between new information & information we already know
3) Amnesia Loss of memory due to a blow or damage to the brain after drug
use or after severe psychological stress
4) Interference Recall of a memory is blocked by other related memories
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2 Types of Interference Proactive
Old information blocks the remembering of new information Retroactive
New information blocks the remembering of old information
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Retrieval Cues Mental reminders that you create by forming vivid mental
images of information or associating new information with information that you already know
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State Dependent Learning It is easier to recall information when you are in the
same physiological or emotional state or setting as when you originally learned the information
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon Strong feeling that a particular word can be recalled, but
despite a great deal of effort, we are temporarily unable to recall the info.
Poor encoding or interference
Retrieval Cues (cont.)
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Location of Memories in the Brain
Cortex - short & long term memories Thin layer of brain cells that cover the surface of the forebrain
Amygdala – emotional memories Almond-shaped structure lying below the surface of the cortex in
the tip of the temporal lobe Plays a critical role in adding a wide range of emotions to our
memories Hippocampus – transferring memories
Curved, finger-like structure that lies beneath the cortex in the temporal lobe
Transfers declarative information (words, facts & events) from STM into LTM
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Location of Memories in the Brain (cont.)
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Mnemonic Methods Ways to improve encoding and create better retrieval cues by
forming vivid associations or images Mr. MIMAL 2 Types
1) Method of Loci Create visual associations between already memorized
places & new items to be memorized
2) Peg Method Create associations between number-word rhymes and items
to be memorized One is a bun; two is a shoe; three is a tree; four is a door; five
is a hive
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Can False Memories Be Implanted?
Researchers interviewed parents about events that occurred in their children’s lives during the past 12 months
Each 3- to 6-year-old was read a list of these events including some fictitious events
Children were asked to “think hard” & identify the events that actually happened
Bar graph data from “Repeatedly Thinking About a Non-Event: Source Misattributions Among Pre-Schoolers,” by S. J. Ceci, M. L. C. Huffman, E. Smith & E. Loftus, 1994, Consciousness and Cognition, 3, 388-407.
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How Accurate is an Eyewitness?
Own-Race Bias Researchers found that an
eyewitness of one race is less accurate when identifying an accused person of another race
Confidence 6 reviews of studies
concluded that there is a weak relationship between correct identification & level of witness confidence
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