Module - 11 High Availability and Fault Tolerance
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Transcript of Module - 11 High Availability and Fault Tolerance
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2012 VMware Inc. All rights reserved
High Availability and Fault Tolerance
Module 11
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11-2
2012 VMware Inc. All rights reserved
VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A
Course Introduction
Introduction to Virtualization
Creating Virtual Machines
VMware vCenter Server
Configuring and Managing Virtual Networks
Configuring and Managing vSphere Storage
Virtual Machine Management
Data Protection
Access and Authentication Control
Resource Management and Monitoring
High Availability and Fault Tolerance
Host Scalability
Patch Management
Installing VMware vSphere Components
You Are Here
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11-3
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Most organizations rely on computer-based services like email,
databases, and Web-based applications. The failure of any of these
services can mean lost productivity and revenue.
Configuring highly available, computer-based services is extremely
important for an organization to remain competitive in contemporary
business environments.
Importance
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Lesson 1: Introduction to vSphere High Availability
Lesson 2: Configuring vSphere HA
Lesson 3: vSphere HA Architecture
Lesson 4: Introduction to Fault Tolerance
Lesson 5: Introduction to Replication
Module Lessons
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Lesson 1:
Introduction to vSphere High Availability
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VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A
After this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
Describe the options that you can configure to ensure high availability in a VMware vSphere environment.
Discuss the response of VMware vSphere High Availability (vSphere HA) when a VMware vSphere ESXi host, a virtual machine, or an application fails.
Learner Objectives
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VMware Offers Protection at Every Level
Protection against hardware failures Planned maintenance with zero downtime Protection against unplanned downtime and
disasters
NIC teaming,
storage
multipathing
VMware vSphere
vMotion, DRS
VMware
vSphere
Storage
vMotion
VMware
vCenter
Site
Recovery
Manager
Component Server Storage Data Site
third-party
backup solutions,
VMware Data
Recovery
high availability and fault tolerance
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VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A
Make VMware vCenter Server and the components it relies on highly available.
vCenter Server relies on:
vCenter Server database: Cluster the database. See the documentation for the database.
Active Directory structure: Set up with multiple redundant servers.
Methods for making vCenter Server available:
Use vSphere High Availability to protect the vCenter Server virtual machine.
Use VMware vCenter Server Heartbeat.
vCenter Server Availability: Recommendations
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A highly available system is one that is continuously operational for
a desirably long length of time.
High Availability
Level of availability Downtime per year
99% 87 hours (3.5 days)
99.9% 8.76 hours
99.99% 52 minutes
99.999% 5 minutes
What level of virtual
machine availability is
important to you?
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vSphere HA
vSphere HA
Level of availability High availability
Amount of downtime Minimal
Guest operating systems
supported
Works with all supported guest operating
systems
ESXi hardware supported Works with all supported ESXi hardware
Uses
Use to provide protection against the
failure of an ESXi host, a virtual machine,
and a virtual machines applications.
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vSphere HA protects against:
ESXi host failure Virtual machine/guest operating system failure Application failure Other scenarios are discussed in lesson 3:
Management network failures: Network partition Network isolation
vSphere HA Failure Scenarios
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LUN 1 LUN 2 LUN 3
vSphere HA Failure Scenario: Host
virtual machine A
virtual machine B
virtual machine C
virtual machine F
vCenter Server
ESXi host ESXi host ESXi host
virtual machine D
virtual machine E
virtual machine A virtual machine B
When a host fails,
vSphere HA restarts
the affected virtual
machines on other
hosts
= vSphere HA cluster
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LUN 1 LUN 2 LUN 3
vSphere HA Failure Scenario: Guest Operating System
vCenter Server
ESXi host ESXi host
= vSphere HA cluster
ESXi host
When a virtual
machine stops
sending heartbeats
or the virtual
machine process
crashes (vmx),
vSphere HA resets
the virtual machine
virtual machine C
VMware Tools VMware Tools
virtual machine E
VMware Tools
virtual machine F
VMware Tools
virtual machine A
VMware Tools
virtual machine B
VMware Tools
virtual machine D
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LUN 1 LUN 2 LUN 3
vSphere HA Failure Scenario: Application
vCenter Server
ESXi host ESXi host ESXi host
virtual machine E
application When an application
fails, vSphere HA
restarts the affected
virtual machine on
the same host.
Requires installation
of VMware Tools.
virtual machine C
application
virtual machine F
application
virtual machine D
application
virtual machine A
application
virtual machine B
application
= vSphere HA cluster
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2012 VMware Inc. All rights reserved
VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A
You should be able to do the following:
Describe the options that you can configure to ensure high availability in a vSphere environment.
Discuss the response of vSphere HA when an ESXi host, a virtual machine, or an application fails.
Review of Learner Objectives
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Lesson 2:
Configuring vSphere HA
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After this lesson, you should be able to configure a vSphere HA
cluster.
Learner Objectives
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A cluster is a collection of
ESXi hosts and associated
virtual machines with VMware
vSphere High Availability and
DRS enabled.
A DRS cluster is managed by
VMware vCenter Server and
has these resource
management capabilities:
Initial placement Load balancing Power management
What Is a Cluster?
cluster
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Enable vSphere HA by creating a cluster or modifying a vSphere
Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS) cluster.
Enabling vSphere HA
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Configuring vSphere HA Settings
Disable host
monitoring when
performing
maintenance
on any cluster/host.
Enabled is the
default setting. Admission control
refers to the amount
of available resources
that can be used to
start virtual machines
on an ESXi
host.
The default setting
is to disallow
power-on operations
that will violate
the selected
admission
control policy.
Admission control
helps ensure sufficient
resources to provide
high availability.
Default setting is
Host failures the
cluster tolerates.
VMware
recommended
setting
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Admission Control Policy Choices
Policy Description Recommended use
Percentage of cluster
resources reserved as
failover spare capacity
Reserves specified
percentage of total
capacity
When virtual machines have
highly variable CPU and
memory reservations
Host failures the cluster
tolerates
Reserves enough
resources to tolerate
specified number of host
failures
When virtual machines have
similar CPU/memory
reservations and similar
memory overheads
Specify failover hosts Dedicates one or more
hosts exclusively for
failover service
To accommodate
organizational policies that
dictate the use of a passive
failover host
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Configure options at the cluster level or per virtual machine.
Configuring Virtual Machine Options
VM restart priority determines relative order in
which virtual machines are restarted after a host
failure.
Host Isolation response determines what
happens to virtual machines when a host loses
the management network but continues running.
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Configuring Virtual Machine Monitoring
Reset a virtual machine
if its VMware Tools
heartbeat or VMware
Tools application
heartbeats are not
received.
Determine how
quickly failures are
detected.
Set monitoring sensitivity for
individual virtual machines.
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In a vSphere HA cluster, heartbeats are:
Sent between the master and the slave hosts Used to determine if a master or slave host has failed Sent over a heartbeat network The heartbeat network is:
Implemented using a VMkernel port marked for management Redundant heartbeat networks:
Allow for the reliable detection of failures
Importance of Redundant Heartbeat Networks
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You can use NIC teaming to create a redundant heartbeat network on
ESXi hosts.
Both port groups must be VMkernel ports.
Redundancy Using NIC Teaming
NIC teaming on an ESXi host
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You can also create
redundancy by configuring
more heartbeat networks:
On ESXi hosts, add one or more VMkernel networks marked for management traffic.
Redundancy Using Additional Networks
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Before changing the networking configuration on the ESXi hosts
(adding port groups, removing vSwitches):
Deselect Enable Host Monitoring.
Place the host in maintenance mode.
These steps prevent unwanted attempts to fail over virtual machines.
Network Configuration and Maintenance
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How much CPU and memory resources is the cluster using now?
How much reserved capacity remains?
Cluster Resource Allocation Tab
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The vSphere HA Cluster Status window
displays details about host operational
status, virtual machine protection, and
heartbeat datastores
The Configuration Issues window displays
the current vSphere HA operational status,
including the specific status and errors for
each master and slave host in the cluster.
Monitoring Cluster Status
clusters Summary tab
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Setting vSphere HA Advanced Parameters
Set advanced
parameters by
editing vSphere HA
cluster settings.
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Set default (minimum) slot size:
das.vmCpuMinMHz das.vmMemoryMinMB Set maximum slot size:
das.slotCpuInMHz das.slotMemInMB
Advanced Options to Control Slot Size
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You should be able to configure a vSphere HA cluster.
Review of Learner Objectives
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Lesson 3:
vSphere HA Architecture
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VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A
After this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
Describe heartbeat mechanisms used by vSphere HA. Identify and discuss additional failure scenarios.
Learner Objectives
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vSphere HA Architecture: Agent Communication
vCenter Server
ESXi host (slave)
FDM
ESXi host (master)
FDM
ESXi host (slave)
FDM
vpxd
hostd hostd hostd
datastore datastore datastore
= Management network
vpxa vpxa vpxa
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vSphere HA Architecture: Network Heartbeats
vCenter Server
virtual machine A
virtual machine B
virtual machine C
virtual machine D
virtual machine E
virtual machine F
slave host
slave host
master host
VMFS VMFS NAS/NFS
Management network 1
Management network 2
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vSphere HA Architecture: Datastore Heartbeats
Management network 1
Management network 2
vCenter Server
virtual machine A
virtual machine B
virtual machine C
virtual machine D
virtual machine E
virtual machine F
slave host master host slave host
VMFS VMFS NAS/NFS
Cluster Edit Settings window
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Slave host failure Master host failure Host isolation Management network failures:
Network partition Network isolation
Additional vSphere HA Failure Scenarios
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Failed Slave Host
vCenter Server
virtual machine A
virtual machine B
virtual machine C
virtual machine D
virtual machine E
virtual machine F
slave host
master host
slave host
NAS/NFS (lock file)
?
file locks file locks
primary heartbeat network
alternate heartbeat network
VMFS (heartbeat region)
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Failed Master Host
virtual machine A
virtual machine B
virtual machine C
virtual machine D
virtual machine E
virtual machine F
slave host MOID: 98
file locks
NAS/NFS
(lock file)
file locks
vCenter Server
primary heartbeat network
alternate heartbeat network
MOID = managed object ID
default gateway
(isolation address)
slave host MOID: 100
VMFS (heartbeat region)
master host MOID: 99
master host MOID: 99 ?
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Isolated Host
virtual machine A
virtual machine B
virtual machine C
virtual machine D
virtual machine E
virtual machine F
ESXi host ESXi host
default gateway
(isolation address)
ESXi host
If the host is not
observing any election
traffic on the
management and
cannot ping its
isolation addresses,
the host is isolated.
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Host isolation events can be minimized through good design:
Implement redundant heartbeat networks. Implement redundant isolation addresses. If host isolation events do occur, good design enables vSphere HA to
determine whether the isolated host is still alive:
Implement datastores so that they are separated from the management network using one or both of the following approaches:
Fibre Channel over fiber optic Physically separating your IP storage network from the management
network
Design Considerations
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Network Partition
default gateway
(isolation address)
virtual machine A
virtual machine B
master
host
virtual machine C
virtual machine D
slave
host
virtual machine E
virtual machine F
virtual machine G
virtual machine H
vCenter
Server
Only one
master host
communicates
with vCenter
Server.
partition 1 partition 2
master
host 1
slave
host
slave
host 1
slave
master 2 slave
host
slave
host 2
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VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A
In this lab, you will demonstrate vSphere HA functionality.
1. Create a cluster enabled for vSphere HA.
2. Add your ESXi host to a cluster.
3. Test vSphere HA functionality.
4. Determine vSphere HA cluster resource usage.
5. Manage vSphere HA slot size.
6. Configure a vSphere HA cluster with strict admission control.
7. Prepare for upcoming labs.
Lab 19
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VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A
In this lab, you will design a network configuration for an ESXi host,
based on a set of requirements.
1. Analyze the requirements.
2. Design virtual switches and physical connections.
Lab 20 (Optional)
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VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A
You should be able to do the following:
Describe heartbeat mechanisms used by vSphere HA. Identify and discuss additional failure scenarios.
Review of Learner Objectives
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VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A
Lesson 4:
Introduction to Fault Tolerance
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VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A
After this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
List VMware vSphere Fault Tolerance requirements and limitations. Describe Fault Tolerance operation.
Learner Objectives
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Fault Tolerance:
A fault-tolerant system is designed so that, in the event of an unplanned outage, a backup virtual machine can immediately take over with no loss of service. (The backup virtual machine is called a secondary virtual machine.)
Provides a higher level of business continuity than vSphere HA Provides zero downtime and zero data loss for applications
Fault Tolerance can be used for any application that needs to be
available at all times.
Fault Tolerance can be used with DRS:
Fault-tolerant virtual machines benefit from better initial placement and are included in the clusters load-balancing calculations.
What Is Fault Tolerance?
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Fault Tolerance Characteristics
Fault Tolerance
Level of availability Fault tolerance
Amount of downtime Zero
Guest operating systems supported Works with all supported guest
operating systems
ESXi hardware supported Widely compatible
Uses Use to provide fault tolerance to
your critical virtual machines.
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Fault Tolerance in Action
Fault Tolerance provides zero-downtime, zero-data-loss
protection to virtual machines in a vSphere HA cluster.
primary
VM
secondary
VM
new
primary
VM
new
secondary
VM
vLockstep technology vLockstep technology
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VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A
Check the requirements and limitations of Fault Tolerance.
Ensure enough ESXi hosts for fault-tolerant virtual machines:
No more than four fault-tolerant virtual machines (primaries or secondaries) on any single host
Store ISOs images on shared storage for continuous access:
Especially if used for important operations Disable BIOS-based power management:
Prevents the secondary virtual machine from having insufficient CPU resources
Fault Tolerance Guidelines
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Enabling Fault Tolerance on a Virtual Machine
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VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A
In this lab, you will configure Fault Tolerance for a virtual machine
and verify that Fault Tolerance works.
1. Prepare the virtual machine.
2. Enable Fault Tolerance logging.
3. Activate Fault Tolerance.
4. Test Fault Tolerance.
5. Disable Fault Tolerance.
Lab 21
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You should be able to do the following:
List Fault Tolerance requirements and limitations. Describe Fault Tolerance operation.
Review of Learner Objectives
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Lesson 5:
Introduction to Replication
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VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A
After this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
Describe VMware Replication operation. Detail Replication configurations for different scenarios. Outline virtual machine recovery using Replication. Describe the role Replication plays in a disaster recovery strategy.
Learner Objectives
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vSphere Replication
vSphere vSphere
source target
VMware vSphere Replication
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Replication Appliance
Standard OVF Virtual Appliance
Delivered with the vSphere Platform
Bundled with most vSphere
Editions
vSphere Replication Appliance
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Full Integration with vSphere Web Client
Single interface and common management
Designed to integrate with other products
Doesnt require console hopping
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Supported Product Versions
Supported? Product
vCenter
Yes Version 5.1 with Web Client
No Version 5.0 and prior
vSphere
Yes 5.1
Yes 5.0
No 4.x and prior
Yes Storage vMotion/SDRS
Yes Standalone / VMware vCenter Site
Recovery Manager
No SRM 5.0 VR
Yes Embedded, DB2, Oracle, SQL Server
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How Replication Works
Deploy and configure VR components
Pair with a destination
Configure VR for a single virtual
machine
* Will need to define RPO, Target Datastore, Target
Folder or Resource pool
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Only Replicates Changed Blocks
After ensuring data is consistent on both sites
VR Agent tracks all changing blocks through vSCSI filter
Changed blocks replicated as per RPO
AII B CI DI E A B C D E
Source Disk Target Disk
A C D
tcp/44046
Disks are always consistent
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VSS writer integration
Works with VMware Tools
Quiescent Applications with vSphere Replication
Integrates with VSS and application writers for consistent applications.
]
Create quiescent copies of virtual machines including apps.
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Single-Site vSphere Replication Architecture
Powered-on VMDKs only.
Independent of disk format and snapshots
VR works at the virtual device layer above VMDK.
FT, linked clones, VM Templates are not
supported with VR.
Virtual Hardware 7 or later is required for
virtual machines to be protected by VR.
15 minute most aggressive Recovery Point
Objective.
vSphere Replication Limitations
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Single-Site vSphere Replication Architecture
Storage
vSphere Client
Storage
VMDK1 (VMDK1)
VR
Appliance
vCenter Server
Delta
NFC
Replication configured
through client
Agents track
changes and send blocks to the VR
appliance
VR Appliance
writes blocks to
disk through
NFC
vSphere
VR Agent
vSphere
VR Agent
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Remote Offices Replicating with a Single VC
Storage Storage
vSphere Client
Storage
VR
Appliance
vCenter Server
vSphere
VRA
vSphere vSphere
VRA
vSphere
Storage
VMDK3
vSphere vSphere
VRA VRA
VRA VRA
(VMDK1) (VMDK2) (VMDK3)
VMDK1
VMDK2
VR Server
VR Server
NFC NFC
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Main Datacenter Replicating to Remote Offices
Storage Storage
vSphere Client
Storage
VR
Appliance
vCenter Server
vSphere
VRA
vSphere vSphere
VRA
vSphere
Storage
VMDK3
vSphere vSphere
NFC NFC
NFC NFC
(VMDK1)
(VMDK2) (VMDK3) VMDK1 VMDK2
VR Server
VR Server
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Four Steps for Full Recovery
Right-click, select Recover
Select a target folder
Select a target resource
Click Finish
Will validate your choices as you go
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vSphere Replication and SRM
SRM users can choose to use array
replication and vSphere Replication.
If VR is already installed and
configured, SRM uses it when it is
installed.
Alternately you can install VR as part of
SRM install.
Choice of replication options for SRM
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Builds a Foundation for Disaster Recovery with SRM
vSphere Replication is simply protection. SRM is disaster recovery.
VR Unique Functions
Next generation web client
Common Functionality
Replication Engine
Application Quiescence
SRM Specific Functions
Full DR Orchestration Recovery planning
Repeatable, non-intrusive
testing
Grouping of protected
virtual machines
Parallel recovery of virtual
machines or groups of
virtual machines
Full site or partial site
failover
Reprotection and failback Automation and APIs
Works with array replication Reporting and more
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2012 VMware Inc. All rights reserved
VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A
You should be able to do the following:
Describe Replication operation. Detail Replication configuration in different scenarios. Outline virtual machine recovery using Replication. Describe the role Replication plays in a disaster recovery strategy.
Review of Learner Objectives
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VMware vSphere: Install, Configure, Manage Revision A
vSphere HA restarts virtual machines on the remaining hosts in the cluster.
Hosts in vSphere HA clusters have a master/slave relationship. Implement redundant heartbeat networks either with NIC teaming or by
creating additional heartbeat networks.
Fault Tolerance provides zero downtime for applications that need to be available at all times.
Replication can be used to protect virtual machines as part of a disaster recovery strategy.
Questions?
Key Points