2017

Module 1 - IntroductIon to water qualIty

classes supportIng MaterIal:

• saMplIng and preservatIon of

water and sedIMent saMples

• water qualIty MonItorIng and

assessMent

CETESB • ENVIRONMENTAL COMPANY OF SÃO PAULO STATE

MISSIONTo promote and monitor the execution of environmental and sustainable development

public policies, ensuring the continuous improvement of environmental quality in order to addressthe expectations of the State of São Paulo’s society.

VISIONTo improve the standards of excellence in environmental management and the services

provided to users and to the population as a whole, ensuring CETESB's ongoing evolution in acting as anational and international reference in the environmental field and in protecting public health.

VALUESThe values, principles and standards that guide CETESB's actions are

established in its Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct.

SAO PAULO STATE GOVERNMENTGovernor

SECRETARIAT FOR THE ENVIRONMENTSecretary

CETESB • ENVIRONMENTAL COMPANYOF SÃO PAULO STATEChief Executive Officer

Corporate Management Board,acting

Director of Control andEnvironmental Licensing

Director of EnvironmentalImpact Assessment

Director of Engineering andEnvironmental Quality

Geraldo Alckmin

Ricardo Salles

Carlos Roberto dos Santos

Carlos Roberto dos Santos

Geraldo do Amaral

Ana Cristina Pasini da Costa

Eduardo Luis Serpa

Technical CoordinationGeog. Dra. Carmen Lucia Vergueiro Midaglia

Biol. Dr. Claudio Roberto Palombo

FacultyBiol. Dr. Claudio Roberto Palombo

Biol. Dr. Fabio N. Moreno

São Paulo, Abril de 2017

CETESBENVIRONMENTAL COMPANY OF SÃO PAULO STATEAv. Profº. Frederico Hermann Júnior, 345 - Alto de Pinheiros -

CEP: 05459-900 - São Paulo - SPhttp://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br / e-mail: cursos@cetesbnet.sp.gov.br

https://www.facebook.com/escolasuperiordacetesb/

MODULE 1 - INTRODUCTION

TO WATER QUALITY

CLASSES SUPPORTING MATERIAL:

• SAMPLING AND PRESERVATION OF

WATER AND SEDIMENT SAMPLES

• WATER QUALITY MONITORING AND

ASSESSMENT

© CETESB, 2017This material is for the exclusive use of participants in the Specialized Practical Courses and TrainingSessions, and its total or partial reproduction, by any means, is expressly forbidden withoutauthorization from CETESB - Environmental Company of São Paulo State.

Carlos Ibsen Vianna LacavaManager of the Operational Support Department - ETTânia Mara Tavares GasiManager of the Knowledge Management Division - ETGIrene Rosa SabiáCourses and Knowledge Transfer Sector - ETGC

Executive CoordinationClaudia Maria Zaratin Bairão e Carolina Regina MoralesETGC Technical Team:Rita de Cassia Guimarães e Yhoshie Watanabe Takahashi.

This booklet was diagrammed by ETGC - Courses and Knowledge Transfer SectorGraphic Publishing: Rita de Cassia Guimarães - ETGC / Cover: Vera Severo / Printing: Gráfica-CETESB

ORGANIZING INSTITUTIONS:

ANA – National Water Agency

CETESB – Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo

UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization

ABC/MRE – Brazilian Cooperation Agency/Foreign Affairs Ministry

PARTNERS:

ACTO – Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization

UN Environment – GEMS/Water Program

FOREWORD

Water is one of the most important assets for biological activity and throughout the universe it hasbeen sought out as something essential for life, yet it is unfortunately treated in an inconsequential way bymost members of humanity. The human perception is that water is infinite and inexhaustible. Because ofthis, it is inadequately approached in ecological terms.

A full understanding of the correlation water-quality and quantity versus multiple uses - must be fullyunderstood in order to change this behavior so as to leave future generations with possibilities for survivalthat unite their basic needs with environmental preservation.

The conception of a course of this magnitude indicates that there is a need for a continuous knowledgeacquisition that requires topics that might gradually lead us to a comprehensive understanding of thenatural aquatic environment (increasingly rare) and its progressive alterations, regarding external as wellas internal metabolism in the aquatic ecosystem, in order to fully understand nature and the influence ofhuman beings.

Based on these initial conceptualizations, the course will therefore be aimed at learning about thevarious types of aquatic environments and their main compartments, emphasizing intrinsic inorganic andorganic characteristics, correlations between changes that are native and non-native in origin and thosethat are primarily considered to be natural environments without any anthropogenic interference.

Thus, over time, the knowledge acquired in each of these modules will lead to an increasingly richerunderstanding of the influence that human actions have on the balance of aquatic ecosystems.

Geog. Dra. Carmen Lucia Vergueiro MidagliaBiol. Dr. Claudio Roberto PalomboTechnical Coordination

Dr. Biól. Fabio Netto Moreno(fmoreno@sp.gov.br)

Fabio Netto Moreno holds a bachelor’s degree in Biological Sciencesfrom the Federal University of Santa Catarina (1993), a master’s degreein Environmental Engineering from the Federal University of SantaCatarina (1998) and a doctorate in Soil Science from Massey University(2004), New Zealand. His post-doctorate is from the Institute ofGeosciences of the University of São Paulo (2009). He works at theEnvironmental Company of São Paulo State-CETESB in the area ofSurface Water. He is also a professor for the postgraduate course inEnvironmental Chemistry and Pollution Control Engineering at the Osval-do Cruz Colleges.

Claudio Roberto Palombo(cpalombo@sp.gov.br)

A Biologist at CETESB since 1980, Claudio Roberto Palombograduated from the Institute of Biosciences at the University of SãoPaulo and has a bachelor’s degree in Ecology (1978). He alsoreceived a master's degree (1989) and doctorate (1997) from theDepartment of General Ecology in the Institute of Biosciences at theUniversity of São Paulo. He has experience in limnology with anemphasis on altered environments. He is a University Professor andTechnical Analyst of FEHIDRO Projects related to aquatic ecosystemsand has developed methodologies for integrated weed management.

Carmen Lucia V. Midaglia(cmidaglia@sp.gov.br)

Carmen Lucia V. Midaglia holds a degree in Geography from theFaculty of Philosophy, Literature and Human Sciences at USP -Geography Dept. (1984). She did her postgraduate studies in "Ruraland Land Ecology Survey" at the ITC-Faculty of Geo-InformationScience and Earth Observation (ITC) at the University of Twente inEnschede, The Netherlands. She received a master's degree in HumanGeography from the Faculty of Philosophy, Literature and HumanSciences at USP - Geography Dept. (1994). She has experience in theenvironmental area with an emphasis on the monitoring of waterquality. She completed her PhD in 2009 at FFLCH-Geography,presenting the proposal for the Index of a Spatial Scope for theMonitoring of Surface Water (IAEM), focusing on the spatialmanagement of water resources and its relationship to populationgrowth, demonstrating the vulnerabilities caused by anthropogenic pressure. She is a lecturer and acoordinator of courses concerning water monitoring at Escola Superior da Cetesb, in São Paulo.

SUMMARY

Introductory Aspects to Water Quality- Biol. Claudio Roberto Palombo .................................................................................................................................. 13

General Introduction ..................................................................................................................................................... 15I. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................... 17II. Limnology Activities ........................................................................................................................................... 17III. Distribution of Water on the Planet .................................................................................................................... 18IV. The genesis of lacustrine ecosystems ............................................................................................................. 18V. Residence Time ............................................................................................................................................... 29VI. Continental Waters ........................................................................................................................................... 30VII. Physical and chemical properties of water and its limnological importance ....................................................... 32VIII. Radiation in the Aquatic Environment ................................................................................................................ 35IX. Radiation and its multiple effects on inland waters ............................................................................................ 39X. Physical, Chemical and Biological Elements .................................................................................................... 42XI. Sediment .......................................................................................................................................................... 44XII. The community of aquatic macrophytes (Figure 40) ......................................................................................... 46XIII. The phytoplankton community .......................................................................................................................... 47XIV. PCI –Phytoplankton Community Index .............................................................................................................. 50XV. The zooplankton community ............................................................................................................................. 51XVI. ICZres–Zooplankton Community Index for Reservoirs ....................................................................................... 52XVII. The benthic community .................................................................................................................................... 53XVIII. BCI – Benthic Community Index ....................................................................................................................... 55XIX. Natural events that alter water quality ................................................................................................................ 56XX. Eutrophication .................................................................................................................................................. 60Bibliographic References ............................................................................................................................................. 69

Spatial and Temporal Variations in Water Quality, Main Water Quality Parameters and Emerging Contaminants- Biol. Fabio Netto Moreno ............................................................................................................................................ 71

1. Water Quality Concept ...................................................................................................................................... 732. Uses of water and quality requirements ............................................................................................................ 733. Main sources of water pollution ......................................................................................................................... 734. Major aquatic pollutants .................................................................................................................................... 755. Water Quality Variables ..................................................................................................................................... 756. Water Quality Standards ................................................................................................................................... 807. Spatial and temporal variations ......................................................................................................................... 81Bibliographic References ............................................................................................................................................. 91

List of Tables

Table 1 – Distribution of water on the Earth ........................................................................................................... 18Table 2 – Water esidence time .............................................................................................................................. 30Table 3 – Water properties .................................................................................................................................... 34Table 4 – Groups of algae with representatives in limnic and marine phytoplankton ............................................... 50Table 5 – Classification of the Phytoplankton Community Index – PCI ................................................................... 50Table 6 – Benthic Community Index for sub-coastal reservoir zone (BCIRES-SL) ................................................. 55Table 7 – Benthic Community Index for deep reservoir zone (BCIRES-P) ............................................................. 55Table 8 – Benthic Community Index for rivers (BCIRIO) ........................................................................................ 56Table 9 – Classification of water bodies related to eutrophication levels ................................................................ 62Table 10 – Characteristics of oligotrophic and eutrophic environments ................................................................... 64Table 11 – Physical (mechanical), chemical and biological processes such as therapeutic measures

(corrective) of an impacted aquatic environment .................................................................................... 69

SUMMARY

List of figures

Figure 1 – Design of tectonism ............................................................................................................................... 19Figure 2 – Types of tectonic stress zones .............................................................................................................. 20Figure 3 – Example of crater lakes ......................................................................................................................... 20Figure 4 – Maar type lakes ...................................................................................................................................... 20Figure 5 – Example of a kettle lake ......................................................................................................................... 21Figure 6 – Example of a lake with a volcanic dam ................................................................................................... 21Figure 7 – Example of a lake in a cirque ................................................................................................................. 21Figure 8 – Lake formed by the damn of a moraine .................................................................................................. 22Figure 9 – Example of a lake in fjords ..................................................................................................................... 22Figure 10 – Example of a lake formed on a glacial landform ..................................................................................... 22Figure 11 – Rock of spisa salt solubilization lakes .................................................................................................... 23Figure 12 – Gypsum salt solubilization lakes ............................................................................................................ 23Figure 13 – Lakes formed by beavers (Castor candensis and Castor fiber) .............................................................. 24Figure 14 – Example of a lake formed from the impact of a meteorite and example of meteors ................................ 25Figure 15 – Example of a dam lake .......................................................................................................................... 25Figure 16 – The formation of a lake from an abandoned meander; view of an oxbow lake ......................................... 26Figure 17 – View of a flood plain lake ........................................................................................................................ 26Figure 18 – View of Lake Abaetê (BA) ....................................................................................................................... 26Figure 19 – View of a cove lake ................................................................................................................................ 27Figure 20 – View of a estuarine lagoon ..................................................................................................................... 27Figure 21 – View of a coral reef intercepting a river ................................................................................................... 27Figure 22 – View of lake formed by mixed deposits .................................................................................................. 28Figure 23 – View of a sandbank lagoon .................................................................................................................... 28Figure 24 – Example of a dam and a reservoir ......................................................................................................... 29Figure 25 – A cut showing the various departments of a lacustrine ecosystem ......................................................... 32Figure 26 – Some characteristics of a water molecule with a focus on its structure ................................................. 33Figure 27 – The water molecules forming hydrogen points and a cluster .................................................................. 33Figure 28 – Formation of surface tension and the ecological importance aspect ...................................................... 34Figure 29 – Diagram showing the behavior of solar radiation in an aquatic environment ........................................... 35Figure 30 – Aspects of solar radiation on some components of the aquatic environment .......................................... 36Figure 31 – Image showing solar radiation on the planet, where part of it is absorbed by the aquatic biome,

as shown in Figures 32 and 33 .............................................................................................................. 36Figure 32 – Display of the effect of radiation on a water molecule ............................................................................. 37Figure 33 – Image showing the dispersion and absorption of diverse components of the hydric

ecosystem ............................................................................................................................................. 37Figure 34 – Image of water dispersion according to the wave length ......................................................................... 38Figure 35 A – Secchi disk tied with a graduated cord ................................................................................................... 38Figure 35 B – Measuring water transparency with a Secchi disk .................................................................................. 39Figure 36 – Thermal stratification in a lake ................................................................................................................ 39Figure 37 – Examples of stratification and de-stratification in lakes ........................................................................... 41Figure 38 – Example of some interactions related to carbon..................................................................................... 44Figure 39 – Example of the dynamics of Phosphorus (P) relative to the water/sediment interaction ......................... 45Figure 40 – Image of the various types of aquatic macropytes related to their position in the hydric environment ...... 46Figure 41 – Examples of macrophytes in different ecological niches ........................................................................ 47Figure 42 A – Cyanobacteria (example) ....................................................................................................................... 48Figure 42 B – Chlorophyte ............................................................................................................................................ 48Figure 42 C – Euglenophytes ....................................................................................................................................... 48Figure 42 D – Chrysophyte .......................................................................................................................................... 48Figure 42 E – Pyrrophyte ............................................................................................................................................. 49Figure 42 F – Examples of groups known generically as "algae' ................................................................................... 49Figure 43 – Representatives of the zooplankton community ..................................................................................... 51Figure 44 – A few representatives of zooplankton ..................................................................................................... 52Figure 45 – Classification according to zooplankton communities for reservoirs ....................................................... 53Figure 46 – Some representatives of the benthic community .................................................................................... 54Figure 47 – The planet’s main tectonic plates ........................................................................................................... 57Figure 48 – A simplified example of the planet’s atmospheric dynamic ..................................................................... 58Figure 49 – An image of some aspects of an earthquake ......................................................................................... 58Figure 50 – Some aspects of volcanic activity .......................................................................................................... 59Figure 51 – Examples of ecological succession ....................................................................................................... 59

Figure 52 – Example of natural eutrophication .......................................................................................................... 60Figure 53 – Image of the hypothetical curve of eutrophication related to natural and artificial factors ......................... 61Figure 54 – Image showing consequences of the artificial eutrophication process through P and N input into

the lacustrine ecosystem ....................................................................................................................... 65Figure 55 – Image of simplified artificial eutrophication modifying the balance of the lacustrine ecosystem ............... 66Figure 56 – Image of the self-purification process throughout time after the input of nutrients

(domestic effluent) ................................................................................................................................. 67Figure 57 – Simplified design of the interrelationships of factors that affect the metabolism of a lake, related

to productivity ......................................................................................................................................... 68Figure 58 – Water pollution by diffuse sources (a) and at specific times b) ............................................................... 74Figure 59 – Spatial and Temporal Variation of IQA - Water Quality Index for 2005 and 2015 in the State of

São Paulo. (Midaglia, C.L., 2016) ........................................................................................................... 82Figure 60 – Evolution of the remaining load in the State of São Paulo - 2010 to 2015 (CETESB, 2016) ..................... 84Figure 61 – Remaining DBO load per Water Resources Management Unit (UGRHI) (CETESB, 2016) ..................... 84Figure 62 – Transport of pollutants of diffuse origin across the surface and sub-surface

(adapted from Novotny, 2003) ................................................................................................................ 85Figure 63 – Variations in unit loads of Suspended Sediment, Total Phosphorus, Total Nitrogen and Lead in

the Great Lakes Region, USA, in the year 1970 before Lead was banned from fuel. Uses of the soil:1- Agriculture in general, 2- Agricultural crops; 3- Pasture; 4- Forests; 5- Perennial / exotic cultures;6-Sewage sludge; 7-Sprinkler irrigation; 8- Urban in general; 9- Residential; 10- Commercial;11- Industrial; 12-Urban in development (Source: Novotny, 2003) ........................................................... 87

Figure 64 – First-flush concept. In an urban outflow event, the peak flow in the hydrograph may contain a greaterfraction of the pollutant load than the final fraction (adapted from Novotny, 2003) .................................... 88

Figure 65 – Relationship between the flow coefficient (CR = volume of outflow/ volume of precipitation)and the percentage of impermeable areas in urban areas obtained from the NURP study(Source: Novotny, 2003) ......................................................................................................................... 90

SUMMARY

INTRODUCTORY ASPECTS

TO WATER QUALITY

BIOL. DR. CLAUDIO ROBERTO PALOMBO

Cadernos daCadernos daCadernos daCadernos daCadernos daGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do Conhecimento

13

14

General Introduction

Limnology, the area of science that studies fresh water bodies and inland waters, wasestablished in the early nineteenth century and has been developing and amassing knowledge inorder to be more and more able to meet the various growing human demands related to agricultureand industry.

As a consequence of these multiple activities, the water quality required to supply each ofthese demands will increasingly require knowledge that covers the water production starting pointand its multiple uses up until its disposal at some place on the planet, which might be a point ordiffuse release.

Due to the enormous amount of knowledge needed to fully comprehend the water cycle inthis context, this content was divided into several chapters where discussions will touch uponthemes such as the natural environment, free of anthropogenic interferences, and also themessuch as the consequences that each human activity has on water bodies.

In this introduction, the theoretical technical aspects of the natural lentic and lotic limneticzones, suffering no human interference, will be presented so that it during the course it will bepossible to observe the modifications taking place at various levels of the aquatic environmentwithin the ecosystem.

Therefore, a duplication of information may sometimes exist; however, each topic will bepresented in a more detailed manner so that, at the end of the course, the student will have theability to understand and evaluate the complex relationships among the various physical, chemicaland biological environmental parameters at play in the dynamics of water environments on thisplanet called Earth (called the Ecosphere, in ecology).

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om the af limestonetively.

rom the eroAlps, part

es Luner ( Vrana (Bamay merg

n Brazil, in th these ch11 shows a

by the disMagalhães

solution of

ccumulatione, sodium c

osion of limets of Florid(Austrian A

alkan Peninsge with eaUberlândiaharacteristic lake and th

Figure 11 - Ro

ssolution ofand Uberab

Figure 12 -

rocks (lake

n of watechloride or

estone or cda and on Alps), Seewsula). They

ach other, , there is thcs are founhe rock of s

ock of spisa sa

f gypsum ba (Brazil).

Gypsum salt s

es of disso

er in deprecalcium su

hasm rocksthe Balka

wli (Swiss Ay are norma

as in the he examplend on the spisa salt (h

alt solubilizatio

rocks. ExaA lake and

solubilization l

olution or e

essions foulfate calle

s are found an PeninsuAlps), Deelly small anexample of Lake Powest coastalite).

on lakes

mples: La gypsum ro

lakes

erosion)

ormed fromed salt rock

in the limeula (Yugoslep, Iamoniand circular lof Lake M

oço Verde (t of France

Girotte, Tock are sho

m the k and

stone avia).

a and akes;

Muten (MG); e and

ignes own in

23

Biolosysteregismud,

Figurbeha

The astroExamexam

ogical activiems, makinster beaver , etc., Exam

re 13 showavior.

lakes formolite on the Emple: Negrample of a lak

ity also actng a suitab

activity in mple: Lakes

ws beaver d

med by the Earth’s surfa Lagoon (Ake and a me

tively particble habitat f

Canada, UBeaver and

dam lakes,

Figure 13 –

(Castor can

impact of face has a dArgentina) eteor.

cipates in tfor their ec

USA and Ed Echo (US

highlighting

Lakes formed

ndensis and C

meteoritesdirect relatioand Lake C

the "construcological ne

Europe. TheSA).

g the two m

d by beavers

Castor fiber)

s are rare. on with the Chubb (Can

uction" of needs. In these animals

main specie

The impacsize of the nada). Figu

natural retehis way, wes use bran

es that have

ct power ocavity prod

ure 14 show

ention e can ches,

e this

of the uced. ws an

24

Lake

Rive

Dam Lamouthe beand, ExamCariocand Jnumbegroun An ex

Oxbolakesthe mespeknowas ininterc

Figure 14 – E

es formed f

rs can form

Lakes - thents of sedimed, causingas a consples are: Lca, Belgo Jacaré (mider in the d.

xample is sh

ow or means are formemargins (in ecially in thwn as "sacan the Paraception of a

Example of a la

from river a

m lakes in va

main river ment deposg its level sequence, Lake Dom Mineira, Thd Rio Doc

Amazon

hown in Figu

ndering laked by the isoGerman "Ae Pantanal

ados". In Sãaíba do Sua meander,

ake formed fro

activity

arious ways

transportssited alongto elevatedamming.Helvécio,

hirty-Threece) and a

on solid

ure 15.

es - some rolation of th

Altwasser"). of Mato G

ão Paulo, thul river. Figas an exam

om the impact

s, among wh

Fi

rivers have hese meand

These typeGrosso and hey can be gure 16 shmple.

t of a meteorit

hich are:

gure 15 – Exa

sinuous cuders from eres of lakes a

in the Amseen in the

hows the fo

e and exampl

ample of a dam

urves calledrosion and sare quite coazon Regio

e Mogi-Guaormation of

le of meteors

m lake

d meanderssedimentatommon in Bon and the

açu River asf a lake by

s. The ion of

Brazil, y are s well y the

25

Lakes(Windof sanfrequenorthein Bahon thCatari Lake Figure

Figure 16 –

Figure 17

s formed d Dam) - shnd in a rivently in east. Examphia and in te southernina.

Abaetê (BAe 18.

The formation

7 – View of a f

by wind ahaped by dever and occ

the Brple: Lake Athe small lan coast of

A) can be s

n of a lake from

flood plain lak

activityepositscurringrazilian

Abaetê,agoons

Santa

seen in

m an abandon

ke

Figure

ned meander;

Flood lakefluctuationsprimarily They are (bays) in thand as "laplain lakFloodplainexamples Castanho, Poção, etc. It is also inintercommbetween trainy seasystem. Tor commuin droughts Figure 17 s

e 18 – View of

view of an ox

es - formes in w

through referred t

he Mato Groagos de vákes) in t. There a

includMaicá,

c.

nteresting tounication he variousson, formhey remainnicate thros.

shows an e

f Lake Abaetê

xbow lake.

ed from grwater leve

precipitatito as "baíosso Pantaárzeas" (flothe Amaz

are numeroding La Redon

o point out tcan oc

s lakes in ing a sin

n isolated aough chann

example.

ê (BA)

reat els, on. as"

anal ood zon ous ake do,

that ccur the gle

and nels

26

Lake

In orforms

Obstrumarinethe deat theestuarExamMangComp This tFigure

F

es associat

rder to unds in the liter

Figur

uction of rie sedimeneposition of mouth of sry isolation ples: Lakeuaba (AL

prida and Ca

type of lakee 20.

igure 21 – Vie

ted with th

derstand therature, som

re 19 – View o

iver mouthsts - derive

f marine sedsmall rivers of various

e MundaúL), Carapabiúnas (RJ

e can be se

ew of a coral re

e coastline

e dynamicse configura

of a cove lake

s frome fromdimentor therivers.

ú andpebus,J).

een in

eef interceptin

e (coastal p

s of the forations were

Figure

ng a river

pools)

rmation of formulated,

Isolation formationon the eAreia thpontoonsis due deposits from cExamplesdos QuSaquarem A view ofFigure 19

e 20 – View of

Obstructiocoral restructure mouths nLake Rodformed by Figure example o

coastal lak, such as:

of a sea cn of these laexistence oat develop

s. Its progreto marin

and marincurrents as include:adros (RSma. (RJ).

f this type c9.

a estuarine la

on of riveeefs - th

can damnear the sedeio (AL), ay the São M

21 demoof this type.

kes, given

cove or inleakes is bas

of Cordões p from rocessive growne sedim

ne submersand wav: MangueS), Ararua

can be seen

agoon

er mouths his biologim the riea. Examplan obstruct

Miguel River

onstrates .

many

et - sed de

cky wth ent

sion ves. ira, na,

n in

by ical ver e - tion r.

an

27

ObstrufluvialoriginafluvialLake Palmi This ty

Dam

Severelevlenticecosinformenter

In vieexec

Therexpo

uction of -marine ating from and marinFeia (RJ)

nhas, Palm

ype can be

Figure 23

ms and Dyke

eral human vant exampc ones. Susystems. Tmation fromrprise.

ew of this fcuted projec

refore, this osed during

river mousedimen

sedimantse origin. Ex, Juparanã

mas (ES).

seen in Fig

- View of a sa

es (anthrop

activities iple is the inuch changehus, the i

m before its

fact, all thects that aime

analysis othis course

uths byts -

s with axample -ã, Nova,

gure 22.

andbank lagoo

pogenic or

nteract withnterception es lead to individualizes existence

e civilizationed at having

of this subje. Therefore

Figure 2View

on.

rigin)

h the naturaof lotic en

significant ed study

e up to the

ns that haveg constant a

ect requiree, it will be c

22 – View of aof lake forme

Depressiothat makeappear mand fed rainwater.Taí LagooPeriperi a A view ca

al environmnvironmentschanges inof each nfinal phas

e or had a and perman

es great decited here o

a lake formed d by mixed de

on among s up the sanmorphologicby small Example -ons. Grandend Robalo (

n be seen in

ment in mans that get tn the dynanew enviroe of implem

part in thenent water r

etail that wonly in its did

by mixed eposits.

strips of sandbanks - thcally shallstreams a

- Água Pree e Peque(RJ).

n Figure 23

ny ways. Atransformed

amics of aqonment reqmentation o

e history of resources.

will gradualldactic chara

and hey low and eta, no,

3.

A very d into quatic quires of the

man,

y get acter.

28

It is amigh

Figur

V

Definsystein the

Whe

q is t

Table

also worth ht get be rep

re 24 shows

V. Residen

ned as theem; this mee system ac

re � is used

the flow for

e 2 describe

mentioningpeated durin

s an examp

nce Time

average aeasurement ccording to

AbiFlow

d as the var

the system

es one of th

that due tong the cours

ple of a dam

Figure 24 – E

amount of varies direthe formula

ility of a sysw rate of th

riable for res

m.

he examples

o the imporrse.

m and a rese

Example of a d

time a parectly with tha.

stem to retae substanc

or

sidence tim

s from litera

rtance of th

ervoir.

dam and a res

rticle residee amount o

ain a substae in the sys

e, V is the c

ature, from

his theme, s

servoir

es (passes)of substance

nce stem

capacity of

the Water R

several con

) in a partce that is pr

the system

Residence T

cepts

ticular esent

, and

Time.

29

V

Contriverssea additinterm

Oceans

glaciers

subterran

lakes and

salt lakes

soil humi

biologica

atmosphe

wetlands

rivers and

*depends

VI. Contine

tinental wats, lakes anwater, whition to themediate sal

C

Compa

nean water

d reservoirs

s

dity

l humidity

ere

and ponds

d streams

on the depth a

ntal Waters

ters are thod glaciers ach has a s

e brackish linity.

Characterist

High comp

Verticof lig

Low orga

High orga

Table 2 -

rtments

and other env

s

ose presentand most asalinity of n

waters, ju

ics

capacity pounds;

cal and horght, nutrients

content onisms → m

density anisms have

- Water reside

ironmental fac

t on the suraquifers, witnearly 35 ust as the

for solub

rizontal gras, temperat

of dissolvemaintain the

and viscosie profound m

ence time.

Res

ctors

rface of theth a salinitygrams of d water in

bilization o

dients throuture, gases

ed salts →osmotic ba

ity (775 timorpho/phy

idence Time

3.000 a 30.00

1 a 16.00

330 a 10.000

1 a 10

10 a 10.00

2 weeks

8

weeks

10

e Earth, beiy near zerodissolved s

estuaries,

of organic

ugh the une(distribution

→ majoritylance;

mes denseysiological a

00 Years *

00 Years *

0 Years *)

00 Years *

00 Years *

s to 1 year

1 weeks

a 10 days

s to 1 year

a 30 days

ng distributo, as oppossalts per lit

which ha

and inor

even distribn of organis

y of hype

er than aiadaptations

ted in sed to er, in

as an

rganic

bution sms);

rtonic

r) → .

30

In Fig

C

gure 25, ea

Compartmen

Litto

Limn

Deep

Wate

Com(mac

ach of these

nts

ral region

Contact (transitio

Large nuherbivoroligocha

All trophcompart

Little dev

Subdivid

netic or Pel

Characte

p region

Absence

Benthic cmollusks

Populatioof food a

er/Air Interf

munities: crophytes a

e compartme

between on = ecoton

umber of ecres andaetes, mollu

hic levels tment;

veloped or a

ed in eulito

lagic Regio

eristic comm

e of photoau

community s, insects;

onal diversiand dissolve

face

neuston (band insect

ents is show

terrestrial e);

cological nic detrita

uscs, crusta

- conside

absent in vo

ral and sub

on

munities: pla

utrotrophic o

formed by

ty and dened oxygen.

bacteria, futs)

wn.

and aqua

ches and foavores (ceans, inse

ered as a

olcanic lake

litoral.

ankton and

organisms;

oligochaete

sity depend

ungi, algae

atic ecosys

ood chains,(representaects);

an autono

es;

nekton;

es, crustac

d on the am

e) and pleu

stems

, both atives:

mous

eans,

mount

uston

31

va

V

DiscuHoweaqua

Amo

If youamoufor th

Figurlimnobehacomm

Figur

ariation/Nezone, e

reg

VII. Physicaimporta

ussing the ever, some

atic ecosyst

ng these, w

The wate

u enter the unt of inforhis course, w

res 26 andology, becaavior of themunity).

re 25 – A cut s

Depth/Littouston/Pleu

euphontic zgion/Differe

al and chnce.

importance pertinent aems. (Figur

we can high

er molecule

term "watemation avawill be cons

d 27 show ause they e limnosphe

showing the v

oral Regionuston/Plankzone/compent compa

hemical p

ce of wateaspects shores 26 and 2

light:

e.

er molecule"ailable. In visidered.

some of tlead to enere (physic

various departm

n/Water-Airkton/Nektoensation zrtments of

properties

r in limnolould be con27)

" on any resiew of this

the propertnvironmentacal and che

ments of a lac

r Interface/on/ eulitorazone. Benthf a lacustrin

of wate

logy wouldnsidered fo

search site,finding, onl

ies of wateal conditionemical) and

custrine ecosy

/Water level and subli

hic region/lne ecosyst

r and its

be extremr a better u

, you will sely a few as

er, with a gns that act d the biosp

ystem.

el itoral/apholimnotic tem

s limnolo

mely redununderstandi

ee the enorspects, impo

great interedirectly on

phere (biolo

tic

ogical

ndant; ing of

mous ortant

est in n the ogical

32

Tablelimno

→

Figure

Fi

Water p

e 3 shows ological asp

26– Some ch

igure 27 – The

properties

some of thpects.

haracteristics o

e water molec

he propertie

of a water mo

cules forming h

es of water

lecule with a f

hydrogen poin

, mainly re

focus on its str

nts and a clust

lated to its

ructure.

ter.

most signi

ficant

33

Table

Surfaphasproperesul

e 3 - Water

Fus

Trip

boil

criti

solid

liqu

liqu

liqu

liqu

liqu

liqu

fusi

diel

The surfa

ace tensionses, causingerty is cault is differen

Figur

Properties

P

sion point at 1

ple point

ing point 1 atm

cal point

d density 0 ° C

id density 0 °

id density 4 °

id density 10 °

id density 25 °

id density 100

id heat capac

on heat 0 °C

ectric constan

ace tensio

n: a physicag the surfacsed by the

nt at the inte

re 28 –Format

roperty

atm

m

C

C

C

° C

° C

0 ° C

ity

nt 25 °C

on of water

al effect thace layer of ae cohesive erface (Figu

ion of surface

r

at occurs aa liquid to bforces betw

ure 28).

e tension and t

Chara

0,01 °

3

at the interfbehave like ween simila

the ecological

acteristic

0,0

°C, 4,60 torrg

100,0

347,0 °C, 218

0,917 g

0,999 g

1,000 g

0,999 g

0,997 g

0,958 g

1,00 cal. g 1 .

1,44 kcal . m

face betweean elastic

ar molecule

importance a

00 °C

.cm3

00 °C

8 atm

.cm3

.cm3

.cm3

.cm3

.cm3

.cm3

°C 1

mol'1

78,5

en two chemembrane

es whose v

aspect.

emical . This vector

34

•

Viscoquanat wperce

Figurbodynecediagrenouprese

Re

Figurenvir

Viscosity

osity: the prntity movemwhich the fentage of d

VIII. Radi

re 2 showsy. The eupessary for aram, is wheugh light foence of ligh

Figure 29

eflected radia

re 30 showronment:

y of water

roperty the ment by diffufluid movesissolved sa

iation in th

s some aspphotic zoneaquatic meere the comor the pho

ht.

9– Diagram sh

ation/incident

ws some asp

fluids have usion; theres. In the a

alts must als

e Aquatic E

ects of reses are alsoetabolism ompensationotosynthesis

howing the be

t radiation/eudispe

pects of so

correspondfore, the higaquatic enso be consid

Environme

pective ango highlight

occur); the n point occs of the a

ehavior of sola

uphotic zone/ersion of radi

olar radiation

ding to the mgher the visvironment, dered.

ent

gles of lumied (where dysphotic

curs, that isautotrophs

ar radiation in a

/aphotic zoneiation.

n on some

microscopicscosity, the

the tempe

inous incideall the p

zone, not s, the point

and aphot

an aquatic env

e/attenuation

component

c transport olower the s

erature and

ence on a whotic proceindicated it where thetics withou

vironment

absorption a

ts of the aq

of the speed d the

water esses n the ere is ut the

and

quatic

35

Due relevimpo

Figur

to the comvant aspecortance and

Absorpti

o )

re 31–Image s

mplexity of thts will be environme

on process

Radiation (

showing solar

his theme itaken into

ntal effects

es

(Figure 31)

radiation on tas shown

n the conteo account .

he planet, when in Figures 3

ext of aquatfor a bett

ere part of it is2 and 33.

tic ecosysteter underst

s absorbed by

ems, a few tanding of

y the aquatic b

more their

biome,

36

Figurabsoshou

Figur

Raen

o W

Fig

re 33 highorption withiuld be emph

o H

o P

e 33 – Image

adiation in thenvironment to

dissolved c

Water molec

ure 32– Esque

Displa

hlights the in the energ

hasized, in t

Humic subst

Photosynthe

showing the d

e aquatic envo disperse thompounds, e

cule (Figure

ema sobre o e

ay of the effect

Ra

luminous igy dynamicthe context

tances *

etic Organis

dispersion and

vironment/refhe radiation/betc./absorbed

e 32)

efeito da radia

t of radiation o

adiation/radic

ncidence ucs of the aqdispersion

sms (with ch

d absorption o

flected/disperbacteria, phytd/by water mo

ação sobre a m

on a water mo

cals

undergoingquatic ecosand absorp

hlorophyll)

of diverse com

rse/turbidity/mtoplankton, oolecules, org

molécula de ág

olecule.

reflection, system. Theption:

ponents of the

measures therganic and inanic and inor

gua.

dispersione following

e hydric ecosy

e capacity of norganic wasrganic waste

n and items

ystem.

the ste,

37

* Huorga(micrvarieecos

•

Figurtrans

umic substanic compouroorganisms

ety of structsystems).

White light/

Evaluatio

res 35A asparency me

ances: a cunds originas = fungi atures and c

Figure 34 – Im

/air/water/dire

on of transp

and B shoeasuremen

Figure

omplex, disating from tand bacteriachemical co

•

mage of water

ection of whi

parency thro

ow the equt using this

e 35 A –Secch

spersed anthe remainsa). Therefo

omposition (

Radiatio

r dispersion ac

te light/red/o

ough the Se

uipment (S equipment

hi disk tied wit

nd heteroges of necromore, humic s(named as

n dispersio

ccording to the

orange/yellow

ecchi disk *

Secchi Disct, respective

th a graduated

eneous mixmasses left b

substancesthe univers

n (Figure 34

e wave length

w/green/blue/i

c) and an ely.

d cord.

xture of vaby decomp

s exist in a sal substan

4)

h.

indigo/violet

example

arious osers wide

nce of

of a

38

* Semeasriversgrad

P

ecchi Disk sure the tras. Traditionually lowere

IX. Radi

Process of oxyg

Photospho

Figure 35B

- (created ansparency ally, the dised down int

iation and

gen production

synthesis excetosynthesis/de

B – Measuring

in 1865 byand turbid

sc comes mto the depth

its multiple

Figura 36 –

n and consump

eeds respiratioepth/temperatu

water transpa

y Pietro Âity levels of

mounted on hs of the wa

e effects on

Thermal strat

ption in a strat

on/sedimentatioure/hypolimnio

arency with a S

ngelo Seccf water boda stick, rop

aters.

n inland wa

tification in a la

tified lake.

on of organic mon/epilimnion/m

Secchi disk.

chi): a diskdies like ocepe or tape s

aters

ake.

matter/respiratmetalimnion/the

k constructeeans, lakesso that it ma

tion exceeds ermocline

ed to s, and ay be

39

Figurseas

Thermal

T

Inc

S

Tb

T

re 37 showsonal and ni

effects of r

Thermal inst

nstability = column;

Stability = la

The strata biologically.

Thermal stra

Temp

•

•

•

•

Tropi

•

•

•

ws exampleictemeral as

radiation on

tability and

lakes that

akes with th

formed

atification of

perate clima

Early spwater cir

Summer presence

o Ete

o Hd

o Md

Autumn -

Winter =(winter s

ical climate

Daily stra

Stratificade-stratif

Dynamicvariationwater blittoral re

es of stratspects.

n water bodi

stability of w

have unifo

ermal strati

are differe

f inland aqu

ate region

pring → icrculation - e

- surface e of three la

Epilimnion emperature

Hypnomniondensity (~ 4

Metalimnion discontinuity

- breaking o

= surface stratification

region

atification a

ation of sprfication;

cs associaten, wind dirbody, preseegion, etc.

tification an

ies

water bodie

orm temper

fication;

entiated ph

uatic ecosys

e-layer deseffective in s

heats up ayers:

(upper |)e;

n (lower) oC);

(intermey → Thermo

of thermal s

freezing -n).

nd de-strati

ring, summe

ed with derection, geoence of aq

nd thermal

es

ature throu

hysically,

stems

struction - shallow lake

- makes m

) = unif

= cooler

ediate) =ocline;

tratification

only the

fication;

er and aut

pth, seasoographical quatic macr

de-stratific

ughout the w

chemically

homothermes;

mixing diffi

form and

and max

= temper

and circula

lower circu

tumn and w

onal temperposition o

rophytes in

cation relate

water

and

mia -

cult -

hot

imum

rature

ation;

ulates

winter

rature of the n the

ed to

40

Lake

e Poço Verde

Classific

Lw

M

Figure 37–

e/winter/total

cation of lak

Lagos Holomwater colum

Dimic

Mono

•

•

Oligocircu

Olygotemp

Poly

Meromictic la

Geom

Examples of s

circulation/w

es regardin

míticos = Hmn

ctic = two ci

omictic = on

Warm Mo

Cold Mon

omictics anulations per

omictic = dperature

mictic = sha

akes = circu

morphologic

stratification a

wind/spring/su

ng the numb

Holomictic L

irculations p

ne circulatio

onomictic =

nomictic = c

nd Polymiyear

depths whe

allow and e

ulation does

cal meromix

nd de-stratific

ummer/autum

ber and type

Lakes = cir

per year (au

on per year

= circulation

circulation o

ctics = la

re there is

xtensive wi

s not reach

xis

ation in lakes

mn/partial circ

es of circula

culation rea

utumn and w

only in win

only in summ

akes with

little seaso

th daily circ

the entire w

culation/nigh

ation

aches the e

winter)

nter

mer

few or

onal variati

culation

water colum

ht/day

entire

many

on of

mn

41

In thplantchlor(DO)diffusThe

In Brdamsinitiasigni

X. Phys

DISSOLV

he terrestriats through roplasts; wi) and comesion on the DO concen Tempera

temperacold wat

Salinity Thus, it m

D

razil, for exs in tropically transformficantly alte

Chem

sical, Chem

VED OXYG

al environmcomplex mthin the aq

es predomisurface of t

ntration mayature - Theture. Thereters, the dis- The highemay be rep

Solub

Diffusion and

Dyna

•

Dyna

•

•

xample, somal forests, med into neering the w

mical or ecto

mical and B

GEN - DO

ent, oxygemetabolic pquatic environantly fromthe water (le

y vary due toe solubility fore, cold wsolved oxyger the amoorted that sbility also de

d Distributio

amics in tem

Hypolimn(decompthe deeinterfere

amics in trop

The higconcentr

Indirect c

o E

o Cd

me aspects directly inf

ecromass awater quality

ogenic mer

Biological E

n comes frrocesses tonment, th

m the photoess importao some circof oxygen

waters retaingen levels cunt of salt

sea water coepends on

on

mperate lake

nion with posing activep and

ences in DO

pical lakes

gh temperration contr

control facto

Extension of

Concentratiodissolved)

should be fluencing O

after filling, dy of the wa

omixis

Elements.

rom the phhat occur ais element osynthesis ant). cumstancesn in water n more oxycan reach adissolved iontains lesstemperature

es

high DO vity) in shaloligotrophic

O levels.

rature as rol;

ors of DO co

f the therma

on of organ

highlightedOD concendrastically i

ater body. D

otosyntheticat the intrais called dof the aqu

s, such as: increases gen than w

about 10 ppmn water, thes DO than oe and press

deficits dlow and eu

c waters

a direct

oncentratio

al stratificati

nic matter

d due to thetration. Bioncreases D

Depending

c metabolisacellular levissolved oxatic biotic

with decrewarmer wate

m (mg. L-1)e lower the

other waterssure.

during sumutrophic lake

there are

factor of

n.

on period;

(particulate

e constructiomass, whiDO consumon the sys

sm of vel in xygen or by

asing ers. In ); e DO. s;

mmer es; In e no

DO

e and

ion of ch is ption, tem’s

42

thermaltera

In aqan eperio

In troseveaqualow Dthe punforlitera

•

Durinits dydetai

mal stabilitations in the

quatic enviroxtremely hi

ods of great

opical lakeseral parameatic organismDO concenplanet’s gertunately sh

ature.

OTHER

ng the coursynamics anil, so here is

o C

o N

o P

o S

o S

ty conditione aquatic bi

onments unigh variatioter photic in

s, due to aeters, amonms, for exa

ntrations. Heological hishowing eve

ELEMENTS

se the implnd interrelas only a brie

Carbon (C) (

Orga

Total

Inorg

Nitrogen (N)

NO3, and

•

Phosphorus

P (Or

Total

•

Sulfur (S)

SO4-2

Silicon (Si)

Solub

ns, the stota.

ndergoing an of DO cotensity and

a complex ng them thmple, the fiowever, thestory and ents of fish

S

ications of eations of theef summary

(Figure 38)

nic = detrita

Organic (T

ganic (CO2)

)

NO2, NH3, OPN (organ

Classificanitrogen

(P)

rthophosph

- insoluble

Classifica

2, SO3-2, S-2

ble SiO2

rata may

a eutrophicaoncentration

deficiency

dynamics ohe DO, duish, developese adaptarapid chanh mortality

each elemee biotic/abiy of each of

al and partic

TOC) and O

NH4+, N2Onic particula

ation of lak) and nitrog

ate - more

ation of wat

2, H2S, SO2,

undergo a

ation procesn may happin the other

of environmuring the eped severaations have ges do noin several

ent present otic environthem:

culate (COP

Organic Diss

O, N2, DON (ate nitrogen

kes accordgen compou

important)

ter bodies

H2SO4, S+

anaerobiosi

ss (enrichmpen, reachinr periods.

mental variaevolutionaryl adaptationoften occu

ot allow for episodes

in the aquanment will

P biota)

solved (DCO

(dissolved on)

ing to TIN unds

+metals

is that pro

ment of nutrieng peaks d

ations relaty process ns to suppourred througr this poss

reported in

atic environbe present

O)

organic nitro

(total inor

ovoke

ents), during

ed to some

ort the ghout ibility, n the

ment, ted in

ogen)

rganic

43

The aquaprolothe c

The aquafunda

o C

o A

o T

o T

Aquatic mac

XI. Sedi

study and atic environmong this topcontext of th

importanceatic ecosystamental in t

Collo

Cations

Calci(Fe),

Anions

Chlor

Trace eleme

Zinc

They

Toxic eleme

Merc

Figure 3

crophytes/phy

ment

understandment wouldic, we will t

his text.

e of sedimeem, where the study o

oidal and Pa

um (Ca), m, manganes

ride, sulfate

ents (ppm-p

(Zn), coppe

y act in sma

nts

cury (Hg), le

8–Example of

ytoplankton/h

ding of the d require a sry to reduce

ent is relatebiological, pf the histori

articulate

magnesium se

e, carbonate

part per milli

er (Cu), cob

ll or very sm

ead (Pb), ca

f some interac

heterotrophs

importancspecific, lone the mater

ed to the iphysical ancal evolutio

(Mg), sodiu

e, bicarbona

ion, ppb-pa

balt (Co), mo

mall amount

admium (Cd

ctions related t

s/sedimentatio

e of sedimng and detarial to the m

nteraction d chemical

on between

m (Na), pot

ate.

rt per billion

olybdenum

ts in biotic m

d), nickel (N

to carbon

on/resuspens

ent in the ailed course

more relevan

of all proceprocesses the aquatic

tassium (K)

n)

(Mo) boron

metabolism

i)

sion/leaching

dynamics e. In order nnt aspects w

esses withioccur, still

c ecosystem

), Iron

n (B)

g

of an not to within

n the being

m and

44

the laaqua

In orsedimin thebiolo

Sedi

•

•

•

In boimpodeter39 swate

Figure

and adjacenatic ecosyst

rder to estament and me dynamics

ogical and p

ment is still

An objec

Used as

Employe

oth natural ortant role rmines the shows an

er/sediment

e 39 - Exampl

nt to it and ems are or

ablish somemineral sedis of the watermanent.

able to be:

ct of the stu

an indicato

ed to assess

and alterein nutrien

trophic statexample

correlation

e of the dynam

in the evaluhave been

e sediment ment (eachter column)

dy of paleo

or of trophic

s the polluti

ed conditiont dynamicste of an aquof the in

.

mics of Phosp

uation of thesubjected.

study criteh with isolat. The layer

limnology

c status

on level

ns in aquas. Phosphouatic environteraction o

phorus (P) rela

e intensity a

eria, we cated ecologicrs of limnic

atic environorus (P) i

onment, alonof Phosph

ative to the wa

and form of

n classify tcal aspectssediment m

ments, seds the maing with nitro

horus (P)

ater/sediment i

f impact to w

them as ors and assocmay be rece

diment playin elementogen (N). Frelative to

interaction..

which

rganic ciated ent or

ys an t that Figure o the

45

F

Eme

Figurleavelive iof we

XII. The

Figure 40– Ima

ersed macrop

re 41 showses and free n harmony eeds)

community

age of the var

phytes/macro

s some typefloating, rewith the en

y of aquati

rious types of a

ophytes with f

es of aquatispectively. vironment a

c macroph

aquatic macroenvironment.

floating leavemacrophytes

ic macrophy(Specific litas well as th

hytes (Figu

opytes related.

es/rooted subs

ytes: rootederature idenhose that a

re 40)

to their positio

bmersed mac

d submergentifies severe mistaken

on in the hydr

crophytes/flo

ed, with floaral species

nly denomin

ric

ating

ting that

nated

46

As wdynaimpothe c

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

The eachetc.).

F

with sedimeamics of aqortance. Thecomplexity o

The main

The vege

The impterrestria

The relat

The anaenvironm

Biomass

The biom

Compariperiphyto

The impo

Aquatic m

The relmacroph

Using aq

Controlli

Using aq

XIII. The entire biolo

h species, j. Therefore,

Figure 41 – Ex

ent, researcuatic ecosyerefore, somof this topic

n habitats o

etal commu

portance of al and aqua

tionship bet

atomical anment;

s and prima

mass of rhiz

ison betweeon;

ortance of a

macrophyte

ationship hytes;

quatic macr

ng aquatic

quatic macr

phytoplankogical aspecjust as lim, only a few

xamples of ma

ching the inystems woume topics w. Thus, stud

of aquatic m

unities of the

aquatic maatic in the ec

tween aqua

d physiolog

ry productiv

zomes and a

en product

aquatic mac

es and the r

between t

ophytes to c

macrophyte

ophyte biom

kton commct of the aq

mnological pw aspects of

acrophytes in d

nfluence thuld require will be descrdies should

macrophytes

e littoral reg

acrophytes cotone);

atic macrop

gical adapt

vity of aqua

aquatic mac

ivity of aqu

crophytes in

role of nutrie

trophic sta

control poll

e population

mass.

munity quatic envirprocesses df these inter

different ecolo

hat aquatic an entire cribed in ordbe directed

s (emersed,

gion;

in the dyna

hytes and fl

ation of aq

tic macroph

crophyte ro

uatic macro

n forming or

ent storage

ates and

ution and a

ns;

ronment reqdo (quantitractions will

ogical niches.

macrophythapter to eer to have a

d to:

floating, et

amics of ec

loodable are

quatic macr

hytes;

ots;

ophytes, ph

rganic waste

and cycling

the bioma

rtificial eutro

quires specy, metabol be conside

tes have oexplain theira basic not

tc.);

cosystems

reas;

rophytes to

hytoplankton

e;

g;

ass of aq

ophization;

cialists to idism, intera

ered.

n the r vast ion of

(both

their

n and

quatic

entify ction,

47

Phyto

•

•

•

•

•

SomF).

oplankton c

M

M

M

N

U

e "algae" ty

Cyanob

Eugl

classification

Macro =

Meso =

Micro =

Nano =

Ultra =

ypes (phyto

bacteria (ex

Figure 42 B

lenophyte

n can be pe

>1000 µm

500 – 10

50 – 500

10 – 50 µ

0,5 – 10

plankton) th

xample)

es

erformed by

m

000 µm

0 µm

µm

µm

hat exist in a

y size, thus:

aquatic env

Ch

Fig

vironments:

Figure 42 A

hlorophyt

gure 42 C

(Figures 42

te

2A to

48

Figure 42

Figure 42

C

E

2F- Examples

Chrysophy

Figure 42 D

Figure 42 F

of groups gen

yte

nerally known

Pyrrophy

as “algae”

yte

49

Tablephyto

Table

PROK

EUCA

The iorgancategestab

Table

Cate

Exce

Go

Nor

Ba

e 4 descroplankton

e 4 - Group

KARYOTES

ARYOTICS

Importante

XIV. PCI –

index uses thnisms and thgories. With lished, valid

e 5 - Classi

egory We

ellent

ood

rmal

ad

ribes the a

ps of algae w

Phylogen

Bac

STRAME

DISCICRALVEO

VIRIDIP

Ausen

–Phytoplan

he dominanche Trophic

the changed for both rive

fication of t

eighting

1 TTT

2

DT5

3

DDT5

4 DT6

algal group

with represe

etic group

teria

ENOPILES

RISTATA OLATE

LANTAE

nte o escaso

nkton Com

ce of the largState Index

e to the TSers (ICFRIO

he Phytopla

There is no doTotal Density <TSI ≤ 52

Dominance of Total density >52 < TSI ≤ 59

Dominance of DinoflagellatesTotal Density >59 < TSI ≤ 63

Dominance of Total Density >63 < TSI

ps with re

entatives in

Divisions o

Cyanob

BacillarioChrysop

RaphidoEustigmat

PelagopSilicoflaCryptop

EuglenoDinoph

ChloropPrasinop

ConjugatoGlauco

Poco im

mmunity Ind

ge groups thx (TSI), in SI in 2005,

O) and reservo

ankton Com

Trophic

ominance betw< 1,000 org .m

Chlorophycea> 1,000 and <

Chlorophyceas > 5,000 and <

Cyanobacteri> 10,000 org .

epresentativ

limnic and

or classes

bacteria

ophyceae phyceae phyceae tophyceae phyceae gelados

phyceae phyceae hyceae phyceae phyceae ophyceae ophyte

mportante o meno

dex

hat make up order to sepa new we

oirs (ICFRE

mmunity Ind

c State Index

ween the AlgaemL-1

ae (Desmidiac5,000 org .mL

ae (Chlorococ

10,000 org .m

ia or EuglenacmL-1

ves of limn

marine phy

Limnics

or diversidad o di

phytoplanktparate the wighting of tS), as shown

ex - PCI

- Levels

e Groups

ceae) or DiatoL-1

ccal), Phytoflag

mL-1

ceae

nic and m

ytoplankton

Mari

istribución

ton, the denswater qualitythis variable

n in Table 5.

oms

gellates or

marine

ine

sity of y into e was

50

The farithmvalue

* Thetropreg

Just commorga

In thishow

The (flageCopeSomecos(radiomolludyna(Figu

In ecaqua

final value, metic meane of TSI.

e purpose ophic levels,

garding the e

XV. The

as phytoplamunity alsonisms with

is way, onlyws some org

main repreellates, sarcepods (cruse worms (t

systems, zoolaria, forauscs; Cnidaamics of thures 43 and

cological teatic inverteb

which genen of the thre

of the Tropsuch as ev

excessive g

zooplankto

ankton como needs skaquatic eco

y some aspganisms rep

Figure 43

esentativescodines an

staceans); Lturbelary anoplankton iminifera anarians (Hidhese envirod 44).

erms, it is pbrates upon

erates the dee partial we

hic State Invaluating wgrowth of alg

on commun

mmunity reqkilled profesosystems.

ects relatedpresentative

3 – Respresen

of the fred ciliates);

Larvae and nd trematods mainly re

nd tintinnidsromedusaeonments, e

possible to n the zoopla

diagnosis oreights relate

ndex (TSI) water quality

gae and cy

nity

uires a numssionals to

d to these oes from this

ntatives of the

eshwater zoMetazoanseggs of fishdes); Cnidaepresented s); Chaetog

e). These oespecially i

add the dankton com

r final qualityed to the do

is to classiy for nutrienanobacteria

mber of speunderstand

organisms ws group:

zooplankton c

ooplankton s: Rotifers; Ch and molluarians (jellyfby: Copepognatha; Larorganisms pin nutrient

dynamics ofmmunity. Wh

y classificatominance, d

fy water bont enrichmea.

cifications, d the corre

will be addre

community

communityCladoceranscs; Insect fish). In conods, Cladocrvae and eplay a deci

cycling an

f the predahen conditio

tion, will bedensity and

odies at diffent and its

the zooplaelations of

essed. Figu

y are: Prons (crustace

larvae (Dipntinental aqcerans; Proeggs of fishisive role ind energy

ation of fishons of ecolo

the

ferent effect

nkton these

ure 43

tozoa eans); ptera); quatic tozoa h and n the flow.

h and ogical

51

imbaof pla

PROTBr

CO

The calanchloroobtain

alance of zoanktophage

TOZOA / Cycrachionus sp

OPEPODA / CNoto

XVI. ICZre

Zooplanktonnoids to the tophyll a. Thened from Fig

ooplankton pe fish, with t

Figu

clidium sp / Ep / Hexarthra

CeCYCLOPOIDAodiaptomus s

es–Zooplan

n Communitytotal numberese two resugure 45.

populationsthis type of

ure 44 – A few

uplotes sp / Psp / CLADOC

eriodaphnia sA / CALANOIDsp / Argyrodia

kton Comm

y Index for r of cyclopoilts are assoc

s occur, themanageme

w representativ

Paradileptus CERA / Daphnsp / Moina spDA / INSECTAaptomus sp /

munity Inde

Reservoirsds (Ncal/Ncyciated with G

y can be coent called bi

ves of zooplan

sp / Coleps snia sp / Diaph / Chydorus s

A DIPTERA / M/ Diaptomus s

ex for Rese

relates the yc), with the

Good, Fair, P

ontrolled byomanipulat

nkton

sp / ROTIFERhanosoma spsp / Mesocylops ssp / Chaoboru

ervoirs

ratio of the Trophic Staoor and Very

y the introdution.

R / Microcodop / Bosmina s

sp / Cyclops sus sp

e total numbate Index (TSy Poor categ

uction

on sp / sp /

sp /

ber of SI) for gories,

52

The grousampcalanrotifePoor

The some

Z

Figur

use of theps: rotifersple. In the anoids and aers or clador condition.

XVII. The

same conse represent

Zooplankton

re 45 – Classif

ZCIRES dias, cladoceraabsence of absence of ocerans, as

benthic co

siderations mtatives of be

n Communit

fication accord

agnostic maans and ccalanoid copcyclopoids

ssign Poor

ommunity

mentioned enthos.

ty Index/Ho

ding to zoopla

atrix requirecopepods (pepods, NC

s, NCAL/NCYCand, in the

above also

rrible/Bad/N

ankton commu

es the prescalanoids &

Cal/NCyc< 0.5;C> 2.0; is eme absence o

o apply to th

Normal/Good

unities for rese

sence of th& cyclopoidis used; in

mployed; inof copepod

his group. F

d

ervoirs

ree zooplads) in the the presen

n the absens, attribute

Figure 46 s

nkton total

nce of nce of

Very

shows

53

Bentaquainhabone plurasubsbiolo

The vegephytocons

Bentinform

thos: a comatic environbiting the boand must b

al of the terstratum or fogy, limnolo

penetrationetation to thobenthos issists mostly

thic commumation on

Figure 46

mmunity of onments (Grottom of aqbe used wirm benthosfree, and isgy and oce

n of light inhe surface s confined of bacteria

unities are environme

6 – Some repre

organisms (eek word

quatic enviroth an articl). This terms often useanography

nto the walayers of

to the littoand zoobe

often usental condit

resentatives of

(benthic or meaning donments (thle and verbm represented in areas(Figure 17)

ater columnthe enviro

oral areas. nthos.

ed as biolotions due t

f the benthic c

benthic) thadeep, lowerhe word benbal agreemts the orga

s of science)

establishenment; TheBenthos th

ogical indicto the sens

community

at lives in thr) and refenthos has bent in singunisms that e such as

es a distriberefore, the

hat is found

cators sincsitivity of a

he substratuers to life fbeen a colleular, there live fixed tecology, m

bution of bee occurrend in deep a

ce they pra single sp

um of forms ective is no

to the marine

enthic ce of areas

rovide pecies

54

(indicenvir

Due signi

For dindic(Tab

Table

Cate

Exce

GO

NOR

BA

HORR

Table

Categ

Exce

GOO

NOR

BA

HORR

cator) or dronmental s

to the comficant impo

XVIII. BCI –

diagnosis, thces, suitablele 6), deep

6 - Benthic

egory We

ellent

OOD

RMAL

AD

RIBLE

7 - Benthic

gory Weig

ellent

OD

MAL

AD

RIBLE

due to somsign over tim

mplex structrtance in nu

– Benthic C

he descriptoe for each tyreservoir zo

c Communit

eighting

1 ≥

2

3

4 1

5

c Communit

ghting

1 ≥

2 7

3 4

4 1

5

me generame.

ure of this utrient dyna

Community

ors, detailedype of environe (Table

ty Index for

S

≥ 25 ≥

17 - 24

152

9 - 16

5.00 -

1 - 8 <

ty Index for

S IC

10 > 7

– 9 > 3.57.

– 6 > 1.03.

– 3 ≤ 1

l feature t

communityamics.

y Index

d in the meronment, su7) and rive

sub-littoral

ICS

25.00

.00 - < 25.00

>

- < 15.00 >

5.00

deep reser

CS

7.00

50 - ≤ 00

>

00 - ≤ 50

>

1.00

hat makes

y, specific a

thodology, wuch as the srs (Table 8)

reservoir z

Levels H’

> 3.50

> 2.25 - ≤ 3.5

> 1.50 - ≤ 2.2

≤ 1.50

AZOIC

rvoir zone (B

Leve

H’

> 2.00

1.50 - ≤ 2.00

0.50 - ≤ 1.50

≤ 0.50

AZOIC

s the comm

spects of s

were fused ub-littoral re).

one (BCIRES

T/D

< 0.

50 0.10 0.4

25 0.40 0.7≥ 0.7

BCIRES-P)

ls

T/DT

< 0.20

≥ 0.20 - < 0.50

≥ 0.50 - < 0.80

≥ 0.80

munity inte

sediment ca

into multimeservoir zon

S-SL)

DT Sse

10 ≥3

- < 40

2

- < 70

1

70 0

Tt/Chi

≥ 0.10

> 0.06 - <0.10

> 0.03 - ≤0.06

≤ 0.03

egrate

arry a

metric ne

ns

3

<

≤

55

Table

Cate

Exce

GO

NOR

BA

HOR

Due CET

Sincesuffe

Therover civilizcomp

Therentitytime

WatepertinleadiEpino

8 - Benthic

egory We

ellent

OOD

RMAL

AD

RIBLE

to the compESB – App

XIX. Natu

e the adveered the con

refore, watetime, divid

zation, chanplexity, sinc

refore, it shoy. It is consand curren

er was thenent literatuing to the cocycle (terr

c Communit

eighting

1 ≥

2 1

3 6 –

4

5

plexity of thendices of t

ural events

ent of Planensequences

er quality inding said cnges that ince they led t

ould be kepstantly chantly, added t

main ageure. Simulta

continental drestrial), Lim

ty Index for

S I

≥ 21 > 2

4 – 20

> 92

– 13 > 39

≤5 ≤

is communtheir Water

that alter w

et Earth, was of many ch

n both salt changes intntensified wto a higher

pt in mind thnging accorto by anthro

ent in the ianeously, tdrift modifie

mnocycle (fr

rivers (BCI

ICS

20.00

.50 - ≤ 0.00 .00 - ≤ 9.50

3.00

ity, a detaileQuality Re

water quali

ater has achanges alo

water and to before a

with the growhydric dem

hat the qualrding to natopogenic ch

initial formathe movemed the bouldreshwater) a

RIO)

Levels

H’

> 2.50

> 1.50 - ≤ 2.50

> 1.00 - ≤ 1.50

≤ 1.00

AZOIC

ed calculatiports

ity

cted as a fng the vario

fresh wateand after thwth of the pand.

ity of naturatural modifichanges as w

ation of theent of the der and plaand Talasso

T/DT

≤ 0.25

> 0.25 -0.50

≥ 0.50 -0.75

> 0.75

on is descri

formative eous geologic

er has undehe developopulation a

al water is ncations, at t

well.

e planet, atectonic planetary relieocycle (saltw

T Ssen

5 ≥3

- < 2

- ≤ 1

5 0

ibed in the

element andcal ages.

ergone chapment of huand technolo

not an immuthe beginni

according toates (Figuref, dividing water).

ns

d has

anges uman ogical

utable ing of

o the e 47) it into

56

So, tposs

The f

The longihowe

In thsuchbioticthat away envir

to isolate sesible to abst

following se

atmospheritudinal andever, such d

is way, it ish as long drc communitare able to interaction ronment. (F

F

Direction of

eparate nattract them in

equence is

ic dynamicsd latitudinaldisturbance

s possible toroughts. Onty of these handle thewhere the e

Figure 48)

igure 47 –The

the plates/Bo

tural eventsn a purely d

not hierarch

s, a direct positions,

es get assim

o highlight n the other

environmeese impactsenvironmen

e planet’s main

orders of the

s that alter didactical wa

hical but str

consequenact by alte

milated by na

events thathand, throu

ents develo and under

nt influences

n tectonic plat

e plates/Activ

water qualiay

rictly informa

ce of seasering the natural aqua

t lead to floughout the ped morphrgo a simults living bein

es

e volcanoes.

ty is not pr

ative.

onality, inteatural qualtic ecosyste

oods due to geological o-physiologtaneous evongs and the

.

ractical; it is

eracting witity of the wems.

o excessive ages, the e

gical adaptaolution, in aese also alte

s only

th the water;

rains entire ations a two-er the

57

Thusbiolo

Earthenvirquali

F

s, changes ogical activit

hquakes, wronment disity of the aff

Figure 48.- A s

in water qty modified

which drassappear asfected wate

Figure 4

Mo

simplified exam

quality interfthe environ

stically altes it can alsers. (Figure

49 – An image

ovement/prim

mple of the pl

fered in thenment for its

er a landsso create o49)

e of some asp

mary waves/se

anet’s atmosp

e evolutions best adapt

scape, canone, acting

pects of an ear

econdary wav

pheric dynamic

of the biotation. (Gaia

n both maas an acti

rthquake

ves.

c.

osphere anda Hypothes

ake an aqive agent i

d this sis).

quatic n the

58

Volcaas a volca

Amoplacevice (Figu

anic activity dynamic aanic ash, an

Ash/crate

ng the natue where aqversa (Fig

ure 52)

y, which conagent affectnd with lava

Fig

er/bombs/hot c

ural modificquatic envirogure 51). In

Fig

nfigured theting water q

a. Figure 50

gure 50 – Som

cloud/chimney

cations, woronments arn view of t

gure 51 – Exam

e planetary quality withdetails som

me aspects of

y/magmatic ch

rth noting isre transformthis, natura

mples of ecolo

landscape,h both hot gme aspects

volcanic activ

hamber/lava fl

s the ecolomed into a al eutrophic

ogical success

acted and gases and of volcanic

vity.

ow/acid rain/fu

gical succeterrestrial eation can

sion

continues tparticles, cactivity.

fumaroles.

ession that environmenbe emphas

to act called

takes t and sized.

59

Phyveget

If onlinflueexamto unaqua

Curreanthr

Eutrobodymacr

Eutrointo proce

ytoplankton / tations + micorganic mate

Waterh

ly one elemencing watemples, it hasnderstand tatic ecosyst

ently, the mropogenic o

XX. Eutro

ophication iy of water frrophytes ca

ophication ia terrestriaess is a cult

Adaptdead phytop

crocrustaceanerial / Floating

hole or swam

Fig

ment is conser quality bos been verifhe main vaem.

main conceorigin, the b

ophication

s the procerom which

an result.

is a naturall environmetural or acc

tation betweeplankton + mins and insectg aquatic pla

undmp / Temporar

gure 52 – Exa

Natural

sidered in isoth positivelfied that nonariables that

ern is to intasic focus o

n

ess of excesmassive an

l process thent. On theelerated on

en species ancroorganismt larvas / Sed

ants + hydrasdergoing shadry lagoon / Co

ample of natur

succession

solation, it wly and negane acts alont act or ope

terpret the of this cours

ssive, permnd undesira

hat graduale other hanne (Figure 5

nd the enviroms / protozoa diment stabili, frogs and inding olonization b

ral eutrophicat

in a lake

will be foundatively. Howne. It is an eerate in wa

changes ise.

manent and able develop

lly transformnd, the env53).

nment and dipterouzed by roots nsects / subm

by terrestrial s

ion

d to contain wever, accorextremely cter quality

n water qu

continuouspment of al

ms an aquaironmental

us larvae / Ro+ accumulat

merged plants

species

many elemrding to the

complex dynin that part

uality that a

s fertilizationgae and aq

atic environconcern fo

oted tion of s

ments, cited namic ticular

are of

n of a quatic

nment or this

60

Fi

Prod

The e

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Td

Ttr

pTe

gure 53 – Ima

duction of or

eutrophicat

Excessiv

Conditio

To ecolo

Physical

Flow velo

Residen

Climate

Depth of

The origin odomestic eff

The wide varansparenc

particulate nTable 9 deseutrophicatio

age of the hyp

rganic materi

tion process

ve presence

ns relating t

ogical aspec

and morph

ocity and re

ce time;

conditions;

f water bodi

of the nutrfluent) and e

ariation of Dy level, turb

nitrogen canscribes andon levels.

othetical curve

al by lake areeutroph

s may be re

e of nutrient

to water qu

cts;

hological ch

enewal;

es;

ients may either dispe

DO concentbidity values

n all be estad establish

e of eutrophic

ea unit/effectshication/the la

elated, alone

ts - mainly P

ality;

aracteristic

have a onersed or diff

tration, the s, and the c

ablished ases the clas

cation related t

s of artificial ake’s age

e or in comb

P and N;

s of water b

e-time or cfuse (ie: lea

diversity aconcentratio

s the main issification o

to natural and

or domestic

bination, wit

bodies;

concentrateching of ag

nd density on of both c

ndicators oof water bo

artificial facto

fertilizers/na

th:

ed charactegricultural ar

of planktonchlorophyll aof eutrophicodies relate

ors.

tural

er (ie: rea);

n, the a and

ation. ed to

61

T

(T

Ultrao

Oligot

Mesot

Eutrop

Super

Hyper

* TSevalualgae ChloStateshouthe p

The cTSI =TSI =. Eutro

•

Table 9 - Cla

Categories Trophic State)

oligotrophic

trophic

trophic

phic

reutrophic

reutrophic

SI = The Truating watee growth.

rophyll a ae Index (TSuld be takenprocess).

calculation = 10. (6 - ((0= 10. (6- (1.

ophication c

An exceblooms,

assification

TSI V

TSI ≤ 47

47 < TSI

52 < TSI

59 < TSI

63 < TSI

TSI > 67

ophic Stateer quality fo

nd Total PhSI). The indn as a meas

of the TSI f0,42-0,36. (.77-0.42. (L

causes a nu

essive andproliferation

of water bo

Values

Bo

ins

≤ 52 Lo

un

pre

≤ 59 Bo

im

ca

≤ 63 Bo

an

an

wa

int

≤ 67 Hig

tra

the

the

Bo

org

wit

co

reg

e Index clasor nutrients

hosphorus dex resultssure of the e

from the Pt (Ln.PT) / ln2

Ln.PT) / ln2)

umber of ne

harmful dn of aquatic

odies relate

odies of clean w

significant nutrie

ow productivity

ndesirable interf

esence of nutrie

odies of water

plications over

ases.

odies of water w

nd a reduction

nthropogenic ac

ater quality arisi

terference in the

gh productivity

ansparency and

ere are frequen

e occurrence of

odies of water s

ganic materials

th episodes o

onsequences for

gions.

ssifies wates and its d

concentrati, calculatedeutrophicati

concentrati2)) - Pt is ex)) - Pt is exp

egative envi

developmenc macrophy

d to eutroph

Chara

water, very low

ents. Water usa

bodies of cl

ferences over

ents.

with intermedi

water quality in

with high produc

n of transparen

ctivities in which

ng from an incr

eir multiple uses

bodies of water

generally affec

nt undesirable o

f algae blooms.

significantly affe

s and nutrients

f algae bloom

r their multiple u

er bodies ineleterious

ons are usd from the ion potentia

ion is perforxpressed inpressed in μ

ronmental e

nt of aquates, etc.;

hication lev

acteristics

w productivity a

ge is not hinder

ean water in

the use of wa

ate productivity

acceptable lev

ctivity in relation

ncy that is ge

h there are und

eased concentr

s.

r in relation to n

cted anthropoge

ccurrences in w

ected by elevat

and compromi

ms and fish kil

uses, including

n different teffect relate

ed to calcuphosphoru

al (the main

rmed by the μg L-1 (riveμg. L-1 (rese

effects, suc

atic plants,

vels.

and concentratio

red.

which there

ater arising fro

y that have po

vels for the majo

n to natural con

enerally affecte

desirable chan

ration of nutrien

natural condition

enic activities in

water quality, su

ted concentrati

ised uses asso

lls, with undes

on livestock in

trophic deged to exce

ulate the Trus concentr

nutrient ca

e formula: ers) ervoirs)

ch as:

including

ons of

is no

om the

ossible

ority of

ditions

ed by

ges in

nts and

ns, low

which

uch as

ons of

ociated

sirable

littoral

grees, essive

rophic ation, using

algal

62

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•

Eutrothe pmay

•

•

•

•

One infes

•

•

•

•

•

•

A deep organism

The orgconsequ

Degradatranspar

Gas emi

Benthal

Conside

Losses f

Miscellan

Increase

Elevation

Producti

Conditiovectors.

ophication, presence obe applied:

Number

Volume o

Weight o

Content

of the mostations of a

• Loss of w

• Impaired

• Impaired

• Interfere

• Interfere

• Occupat

alteration ms;

ganic decouent anoxia;

ation of warency, etc.;

ssions and

deposit form

rable losses

for irrigation

neous dam

ed evaporat

n of level an

on of toxic s

ns conduc

as already of algae in :

of cells of c

of algae pe

of algae per

of chloroph

st visible caquatic mac

water by ev

d navigabilit

d flow of wa

nce with the

nce with irr

tion of the u

of the biot

omposition, ;

ater quality,

production

mations and

s for the use

n and hydroe

ages for rec

ion;

nd barriers f

substances

ive to the

mentionedhypereutro

cyanobacte

r cubic met

r cubic mete

hyll a per lite

consequencrophytes, c

apotranspir

y;

ter in canal

e operation

igation syst

useful volum

ta, with re

consumpt

, with chan

of bad odo

d nutrient re

e of water f

electric use

creation, to

for the flow

s and possib

proliferatio

d, leads to ophic lakes.

ria per millil

ter of water;

er of water;

er of water.

ces of eutrocausing:

ration;

s and rivers

in hydroele

tems;

me in storag

placement

ion and d

nges in co

ors;

ecycling;

for public su

e;

urism and la

of water;

ble losses in

on of mos

the develop. Therefore

liter;

;

ophication i

s;

ectric plants

ge facilities;

of fish spe

depression

omposition,

upply;

andscaping

n livestock;

quitoes, la

pment of ble, the follow

s the appe

s;

ecies and

of DO a

color, turb

g;

arvae and

looms relatwing param

earance of

other

nd a

bidity,

other

ted to meters

large

63

•

•

•

•

•

In ordTable

Table

.

Figurwatebecobioch

In oraspe

1

• Interfere

• Devaluat

• The credeposits

• Impaired

• The harbsnails e

der to compe 10 was cr

e 10 - Char

Par

Nutrients

Dissolved Ox

Communities

Subaquatic s

River basin

res 54, 55 er quality ofome limitinghemical and

rder to betects:

. Natural elifespenvir(orgatherecondtranscalle

nce with fis

tion of near

ation of sts;

d photosynth

boring and tc.

pare two exreated.

racteristics o

rameter

xygen

s

solar radiation

and 56 def a lake ecog factors d biological

tter clarify

eutrophicatpan will grronmental canic and inefore be obditions befosformation ed ecologica

shing activity

rby areas;

agnating c

hesis;

promotion

xtreme envir

of Oligotrop

Low conrecyclinPhosphOften clboth theepylimn

low biomphytoplaand fish

High traeuphoti

Deep lamorphoby V-shslightly

escribe asposystem. Tfor aquaticchanges.

and under

ion - as alreradually unconditions, organic) anbserved thaore impact. of aquatic

al successio

y;

conditions i

of disease

ronments, t

phic and Eu

Oligotrophic

ncentrations ang of Nitrogen,horus and Siliclose to saturae hypolimnionnion.

mass of ankton, zoobe

h.

ansparency in c zone.

akes with ometry characthaped valleys modified.

ects of eutThe presencc biota, le

rstand eutr

eady notedndergo eutrthis time isnd self-puriat there is

However, environme

on.

n the wate

carrying v

he oligotrop

trophic env

c

and slow , ca.

Higrecan

tion in and

Lasahythe

enthos Higzodiv

the Lozo

terized and

Shstrmo

trophicationce of nutrieeading to

rophication,

d, every aqurophication s a correlatification proa specific throughout

ents into te

er due to o

ectors, suc

phic and eu

ironments.

Eut

gh concentratcycling of nutrd P. rge variation ituration: deprepolimnion ande epylimnion (gh biomass anobenthos and

versity and hig

w transparencne.

hallow lakes wratification, culodified.

related to ents, mainlymajor phy

we should

uatic enviroover time

ion betweenocesses (Fi

tendency t the geolorrestrial on

organic ma

ch as mosq

utrophic sys

trophic

tions and rapidrients, mainly

in relation to ession in the d oversaturatio(photic period)nd phytoplank

d fish sedimengher density).

cy in the euph

with low ltivated and h

changes iy P and N, ysical, chem

d focus on

onment duri. Under nan nutrient iigure 56). Ito return t

ogical agesnes takes p

aterial

uitos,

tems,

d N

on in ). kton, t (low

hotic

ighly

n the have

mical,

n two

ng its atural nputs t can o the s, the place,

64

2

Figu

2. Cultural relatesourcnot bbalan(permof thphos

ure 54 – Image

or acceleraed to the cces) and thbeing able nce since manently pohe aquatic esphorus; Fig

e showing con

ated eutropcontinuous e temporal to slowly the impac

olluted wateenvironmengure 56 deta

nsequences ointo the

phication - tnutritional incapacity transform

cts take pler bodies). nt when theails a simpl

of the artificial lacustrine eco

the occurredischarge of the self-the ecologace in a Figure 54

ere is a nutified eutrop

eutrophicationosystem.

nce of this ( from poinpurification ical imbalaconstant ohighlights ttrient input hication sys

n process thro

phenomennt and non-process, th

ance into aongoing mahe modificaof nitrogen

stem.

ough P and N

non is -point hat is, a new anner ations n and

input

65

Figur

Pprodu

re 55 – Image

lacement of auction/dissol

of simplified a

artificial nutrilved in the hy

artificial eutrop

ients/organicypolimnion/de

fro

phication mod

c production/ecomposition

om the sedim

difying the bala

biomass/lighn rate/nutrien

ment

ance of the lac

t penetrationnt concentrat

custrine ecosy

n/organic wastion/nutrients

ystem.

ste s freed

66

Rele

Fig

In orportrbioticof se

ease of organ

B

ure 56 – Imag

rder to reacrays a simpc) affecting everal order

ic waste / wazone /

Biochemical

Consequenc

ge of the self-p

h a broadeplified imagmetabolism

rs. Dependin

atercourse / dclean water z

demand of ox

BacterTim

ces of the rel

purification pro

r view of thge of the inm (balance) ng on the im

degradation zzone / Oxyge

xygen / Amon

ria and fungi me (or distan

lease of orga

ocess througheffluent).

he dynamicsnterrelationsin a lake, e

mpact, the w

zone / active den depression

nniacal nitrog

/ Algae nce)

anic load in a

out time after

s in an aquaships amonespecially towater trophy

decomposition curve

gen / nitrates

watercourse

the input of nu

atic environng the facto the producy level is the

on zone / reco

s /

e

utrients (dome

nment, Figutors (abioticctivity proceen establish

overy

estic

ure 57 c and esses hed.

67

PrimNatu

Heat

Figure

In viebe aaqualiteranotedcostscerta

INTER R

Human InflAgricultu

ary Nutrientsure of bottomand Stratifica

Quantity,

e 57– Simplifie

ew of the aadded to thatic ecosystature, highligd that eacs/benefits. ain objective

RELATIONS O

uence / Geogural and Minins / Drainage A

m deposits / Ination Penetra

/ Season

Composition

ed design of t

above, somehe possibletem. The pghting the pch of them(This implae is called In

OF FACTORS

Geographic Formng Dumps / SArea / Depth /nflux of Allocation / Penetral Cycle of C

TROPICAL n and Distribu

"P

he interrelatiot

e measurese recovery, processes dphysical, chm have poantation of ntegrated W

S THAT AFFE

ographic Situamation / TopogSubstrate Com/ Area / Botto

chthonous Maration and UsCirculation an

NATURE OF ution of Plan

PRODUCTIVIT

onships of factto productivity

s of a theraor in mor

described iemical and

ositive andmore than

Weed Contro

CT THE META

ation graphy / Latitmposition / B

om Shape / Praterials / Tran

se of Oxygen nd Growth Sta

THE LAKE /ts and Anima

TY"

ors that affecty.

apeutic and/re modern in Table 11biological o negative

n one mechol)

ABOLISM OF

tude LongitudBasin Shape /recipitation / nsparency / L/ Littoral Reg

agnation /

als / Circulati

the metabolis

/or correctivterms, reh

1 can be dones. Howepoints, ma

hanism dire

F A LAKE

de Altitude / / Climate / Wind / Insula

Light Penetragions Develop

on Rates /

sm of a lake, r

ve nature shabilitation odescribed iever, it shouainly relateected towa

ation / tion / pment

related

hould of an n the uld be ed to rds a

68

Tablethera

Biblio

CET

ESTE

TUN

Sitesambi

e 11 - Papeutic mea

T

Mechanic

Chemica

Biologica

ographic Re

ESB Relató

EVES, F DE

DISI, J.G; T

s da Interientais natu

hysical (masures (corr

Therapeutic m

cal processes

l processes

al processes

eferences

órios de Qu

E A Fundam

TUNDISI T.

rnet – divurais e polui

echanical), rective) of a

measures

alidade da Á

mentos de L

M. Limnolo

versas infoção das ág

chemical an impacted

DestrHypnDeepBest qSedimSedimRemoRemoShadP cheSedimHerbiLime HerbiUse oFood

Água vários

Limnologia.

ogia Ed. Ofic

ormações eguas.

and biolod aquatic en

Correct

ratification olimion aeratio water withdraquality water s

ment removalment coveringoval of aquaticoval of planktoing / Decrease

emical precipitment oxidationcide applicatioapplication vorous fish us

of fish that eatchain manipu

s anos.

Ed. Interciê

cina de Tex

em ecolog

ogical procnvironment.

ive measures

on awal supply

c macrophytesonic biomass e of water leveation

n with Nitrate on

sage cyanobacteria

ulation

ência/FINEP

xtos. 632 p.

ia, limnolo

cesses suc

s

s

el

a

P.575 p, 19

2008.

ogia, altera

ch as

988.

ações

69

70

SPATIAL AND TEMPORALVARIATIONS IN WATERQUALITY, MAIN WATER

QUALITY PARAMETERS ANDEMERGING CONTAMINANTS

BIOL. DR. FABIO N. MORENO

Cadernos daCadernos daCadernos daCadernos daCadernos daGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do ConhecimentoGestão do Conhecimento

71

72

SPAWAT

Watepresequaliassoquali

•

••

2

Acco

•••••••••

3

The resouthat Natio

"Pollor ind

•••••

ATIAL ANTER QUA

1. The C

er is one oent in the ity means t

ociated to itity were pro

Set of coorganic s

Compos Descript

factors in

2. Water u

ording to Bra

Human s Industria Pollution Generat Irrigatio Navigat Preserv Aquacu Recreat

3. Main so

term polluturce due toresource.

onal Environ

lution: the ddirectly:

adversel create a adverse affect ae release m

ND TEMPALITY PA

Concept of

of the mostenvironmenthe capacitts varied u

oposed by C

oncentrationsubstances

sition and stion of spanfluencing t

se and qua

aga (et al.,

supply; al supply; n dilution; ion of electrn; tion; vation of florlture; and tion.

ources of w

tion can beo the additioBrazilian Lnmental Po

degradation

ly affect thedverse con

ely affect bioesthetic or smatter or en

ORAL VARAMETE

Water Qua

t intensivelynt in the aty of waterses. Other

Chapman (1

ns, chemica; ate of the atial and te

the water bo

ality requir

2005), wate

ricity;

ra and fauna

water pollut

e used to con of substaLaw No. 6,9licy, defines

of environm

e health, safditions for sota; sanitary connergy out of

ARIATIONERS AND

ality

y used natappropriate r to continu

views ado1996), as fo

al species a

aquatic biotaemporal varody.

rements

er can be in

a;

tion

characterizeances that c938 of Augs pollution i

mental quali

fety and wesocial and e

nditions of thf line with e

NS IN WAEMERGIN

tural resourquantity a

uously mainopted to exllows:

and physica

a in a waterriations due

ntended for

e a changecome to undgust 31, 19n the follow

ity resulting

ell-being of teconomic ac

he environmestablished

ATER QUNG CONT

rce and thend quality. ntain itself plain the c

al partitions

r body; and e to intern

the followin

in the quadermine the981, which

wing terms:

g from activi

the populatictivities;

ment; environmen

UALITY, MTAMINAN

erefore muIn this co

within the concept of w

of inorgani

nal and ext

ng uses:

ality of a nae multiple ush deals wit

ities that dir

ion;

ntal standar

MAIN NTS.

st be ntext, limits water

c and

ternal

atural ses of h the

rectly

rds.

73

The depethe envir

Pointare egenedistriintermpollu

•••••••••••

Contand that agric

An eit is stratemana

effects resend on the nuse made

ronments fr

Figur

t loads are easily iden

erated. Diffuibuted on mittent inte

ution include

agricultu atmosph detrition vehicles vegatatio solid was dust; animal e accident erosion, release o

trolling diffucontrol of ppermit a red

cultural and

vitable consfundament

egy, principagement wi

a

ulting from nature of th

e of the wom point or

re 58 - Water

introduced tifiable. Theuse loads the surface

ervals, prime:

ural areas; heric deposi

of paved su; on remains;ste;

excrement; tal spills; and

of househo

se loads repollutant emduction or rurban area

sequence otally importaples and meith the envir

the introduhe pollutant water bodyr diffuse sou

pollution from

through theese sourcedo not orige of the b

marily when

ition; urfaces;

;

ld sewage i

equires non-missions anremoval of as (Porto, 20

of the develant for watethodologieronmental m

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ention sures

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74

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substances ood and in

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5.1) P • Cond

electrindicarepres

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c changes; nt depositionn of dissolvnation by pacation; mage due t

quatic poll

raga et al. (

adable orgarefractory

ves, organocetals (mercus (phosphor

enic organisn suspensio

ctive (radioa

s, a new caton of the s

have beenn human anthey are peogy of targharmaceuticflame retar

Quality Vari

representeare used toate of São

work (CETE

Physical

uctivity: theric current. Iating the amsenting an i

ing from w

n (siltation);ed oxygen cathogenic o

o the prese

utants

(2005), poll

anic matter;pollutants

chlorine subury, cadmiurus and nitrms (bacterin;

active substa

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n detected ind animal ersistent in get receptocal substanrdants and n

ables

ed by a set o evaluate wPaulo, the f

ESB, 2016):

e numerical t depends o

mount of saltindirect mea

water quality

; concentrati

organisms;

ence of toxic

utants can

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of variableswater charafollowing va

expressionon the ionicts in the waasure of the

y alteration

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be classifie

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of water’s c concentratater column e concentra

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rging pollutaonmental ations in thed by not haare capablegory are peral and syntal., 2010).

cal, chemicFor the dia

e evaluated

ability to cotions and thand, theref

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ture,

75

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age to fish a

perature: gelved oxygenon rates inc

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sparency: wepth of the pnlight into thty in lakes o

dity: is the drgoes whenas inorgani

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y: can be dedefined pH ch as bicarb

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degradable

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enerally, as n decreasescrease. Aquoptimal tems and tempe

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ankton in ge

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bonates and

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gree of redund this reduradiation), dganic and in

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the temperas and the puatic organi

mperatures ferature limi

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ttenuation owater, due to(sand, silt, c

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water flowi“Q” and exp

he ability toe main comd carbonate

chemical trcal substan

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he water re

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easurementple the deptating the lev

of intensity to the preseclay) and or

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ensity that lrs through apresence of olloidal state

emains asmple, at a

t is possib(total solidsesource, so

ases, the soemical and bupper and lopreferred teegg migratio

it is possiblth of the vervel of photo

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roxides.

e presence ogroup of em

matter and iseful indicators the biode not underg

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s residue, pre-establ

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olubility of thbiological ower thermaemperature on, spawnin

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of time, usuac metres pe

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goes of

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ally er

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egree and ence

76

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from othcarbon a

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• Biochemgiven pedays at BOD5.20.by organthe comof fish an

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Hardneswaters tuntil thehardnesssulfate arocks.

• Phenols of indusmicro-ortreatmen

• Iron: it crelease creates have a c

• Phosphodetergenfoods, samountsareas. Sleads to

• Metals: ExamplecadmiumAquatic

er atoms thatoms prese

s: dischargan have conthe water.

as high chlo

mical Oxygeeriod of timan incubat The maxim

nic waste. Tplete deplend other for

al Oxygen Danic matterum dichromtest is perfo

ody is mostl

ss: is the mhat have s

e process is in waterand magne

and their dstrial effluenrganisms thnt systems.

can originatof effluentsvarious pro

color and fla

orus: coments, fertilizeslaughterhos of phospSince it is a

eutrophicat

may be soes of metalsm, lead, coorganisms

at are bounent in the sa

ges of sanincentrationsIn coastal

oride levels.

n Demand e, at a spetion tempermum rises iThe presencetion of the rms of aqua

Demand (Cr of a samate. COD vormed in a y due to ind

measure of oap, they tis finalizedr: calcium esium sulfat

derivatives: nts. Phenolhat are pa

e from detas from metaoblems for pavor.

es mainly r industry e

ouses, and horus alonlimiting nuttion process

luble or ads evaluatedopper, chroexposed to

nd to the orgample.

itary sewers that exceregions, th

(BOD): is thecific incubrature of 20in BOD withce of a highoxygen in

atic life.

OD): is themple by mvalues are shorter perdustrial was

water’s abitransform i. There arbicarbonat

te, originat

they appeals are toxic

art of sewa

achment of allurgical indpublic wate

from saneffluents, pe dairy prog with drarient for bioses in natur

dsorbed to d in monitoomium, meo metals ma

ganic struct

rs are impoeed 15 mg Lhrough wha

he amount oation tempe0°C is oftehin a waterh content ofthe water,

amount of eans of a normally g

iod. Increasste.

ility to precnto insolubre four mate, magnesing from th

ar in naturalc to humanage treatme

soils due tdustries. Ev

er supplies

nitary sewesticides, choducts can ained waterological procral waters.

suspended ring progra

ercury, manay cause ac

ture, thus qu

ortant sourL-1 and canat is called

of oxygen cerature. A tn used andr body are mf organic mcausing the

oxygen reqchemical

greater thansed COD co

cipitate soaple complexin compousium bicarbhe dissoluti

waters throns, aquatic ent and in

to erosive pven though because it

wage dischhemicals in

also gener in agricultcesses, exc

particles inms are alunganese, ncute or chro

uantifying o

rces of chlon provoke a

a salt intru

consumed otime periodd referred mostly prov

matter can ine disappea

quired to oxagent, suc

n BOD5.20 loncentratio

p, that is, ixes, not foaunds that cbonate, caion of lime

ough discha organisms

ndustrial eff

processes oit is not tocauses wa

harges. Pogeneral, caerate excetural and u

cess phosp

n surface wuminum, arsnickel and onic toxic ef

only

oride, salty usion,

over a d of 5 to as

voked nduce rance

xidize ch as levels n in a

n the aming create alcium stone

arges s and ffluent

or the oxic, it ter to

owder anned essive urban horus

water. senic,

zinc. ffects,

77

•

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•

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•

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dependinbioaccumchain.

Nitrogensewage.and nitraexcessivAmmoni

• DissolveDO conorganic reductionorganismundesira

• Hydrogehappen Under cemetals ahave est

Organic biodegratoxic to tThey arecrops oagrocheand fura

Surfactacertain sThe indiaestheticblamed f

5.3) M

• Thermot45°C, reKlebsiellonly E. c

• Eschericbeing of gas prodoxidase galactoshuman a

ng on themulate and

n: associate It may be ate. The pve concentra is very tox

ed Oxygen tent indicatmatter by n of DO.

ms that reable aspects

enionic Potenaturally, p

ertain Redoand exert etablished a

Substanceadation belothe biota ore substancer from themicals, orgns), petrole

ants: are despecified coscriminate c impacts cfor the acce

Microbiolog

tolerant coliepresented la, Enterobacoli is exclus

chia coli: Mexclusively

duction at 4negative, d

sidase and and warm-b

e concentrad biomagnif

ed with thepresent asresence of

rations, it isxic for fish.

(DO): indiste the presaerobic baThe absen

elease subss to water.

ential (pH): pH also affox conditioneffects on npH betwee

s: non-biodong to this r they may es that orig disposal anochlorine

eum derivati

efined as coonditions. Srelease of aused by th

eleration of

gical

iforms: micrmostly by Eacter and Csively fecal

Main bacteriy fecal origi44.5 ± 0.2°Cdoes not hyβ-glucuron

blooded fec

ations. Sofy, boosting

e releasemolecular

f ammonia s also asso

spensable tosence of oacteria is acnce of oxystances th

In addition fects the p

ns, pH may nutrient solun 6 and 9.

degradable group. In tbioaccumu

ginate fromof differen

e substanceives, etc.

ompounds Sanitary sew

detergents he formationeutrophicat

roorganismEscherichia

Citrobacter gin origin.

um of the n. It fermen

C in 24 houydrolyze urenidase. E.cces and is r

me metalsg their harm

of domestand organicindicates

ociated with

o aerobic oorganic matccompaniedgen favorsat provoke

to influenchysiology ocontribute t

ubilities. Aq

pollutants othe aquatic late in the tindustrial pt kinds of es (polychl

that react wers have 3

into naturan of foams. tion, since t

s capable oa coli and algenera. Am

subgroup onts lactose ars. It produea and hascoli is presrarely detec

s, such asmful effect

tic, industric nitrogen, recent poll

h eutrophica

organisms. tter. The dd by the cos the growte a bad o

ing chemicaof various ato the preci

quatic life p

or those witenvironme

tissues of sprocesses, f

waste. Exorinated bi

with methy3 to 6 mg Lal waters leDetergentshey contain

of fermentinlso by someong these m

of thermotoand mannitces indole f

s activity of sent in grected in the a

s mercury,along the

ial and ferammonia, ution evenation proce

Waters witecompositioonsumption

wth of anaeodor, taste

al equilibriaaquatic spepitation of h

protection c

th a slow raent these casome organfrom agricuxamples inphenyls, di

ylene blue uL-1 of detergeads to negs have also n phosphoru

ng lactose ae bacteria omicroorgan

olerant colifotol, with acidfrom tryptothe enzym

eat quantitiabsence of

can food

rtilizer nitrite ts. In

esses.

h low on of n and erobic and

a, that ecies. heavy riteria

ate of an be nisms. ultural clude ioxins

under gents. gative been

us.

at 44-of the

nisms,

orms, d and phan, es β-es in fecal

78

•

5 •

•

•

•

5

•

pollutionin fresh w

• Enterococontaminfreshwatdirectly rthe most

5.4) H

• ChlorophChlorophindicatorthe troph

• Phytoplaeuglenofcyanobamostly ievaluatepresencecausing cyanobaorganismhealth.

• Zooplanksuspensdominanmaintainregulatornutrients

• Benthic their life exampletolerancecontinuoprovide tthey allointermitte

5.5) E

• Ecotoxicsampleschronic ogoal. Th

n. It is conswater.

occi: a valunation of ter waters hrelated to tht efficient ba

Hydrobiolog

hyll a: one hyll a is ther of the algahic state of a

anktonic comfacial alga

acteria. It can reservoir

e some of e of some srestrictions

acteria, whicms has been

ktonic comion, being

nt groups inning balancr of the ph

s, in addition

communitycycle on th

e, take placees at vary

ously subjecthe tempora

ow got the ent and diffu

Ecotoxicolo

cological tes and used ones in wate test resul

idered the

uable bacterecreationa

have indicathe quality ofacterial indi

gical

of the pigm most univeal biomass aquatic env

mmunity: coe, chrysop

an be used ars, and thethe effects

species in hof its treatm

ch have pon related to

mmunity: fog protozoan freshwatece in the ahytoplankton to serving

: correspone substrate

e in all kindsying degrect to changeal componemedium- anuse release

ogical

est with Cto evaluat

er bodies wt is express

most appro

erial indicatal surface ted that gasf the recreacators of wa

ments respoersal of chloand is con

vironments.

onstituted mphyceae, das an indica

e analysis s that resuhigh densitiment and dotentially to events of a

formed by ns, rotifers

er environmaquatic envn commun

g as food for

nds to the se in aquatic s of aquaticees of poes in the quent in the diand long-termes of variab

Ceriodaphniate the preswhere presesed as acut

opriate indic

or for detewaters. S

stroenteritisational wateater quality

onsible for torophylls (asidered the

mainly by cdinophytes ator of wateof its struc

ult from enes may comistribution. Sxic speciesanimal mort

microscops, cladoce

ments. This vironments ity (using r several fis

set of organenvironme

c ecosystemollution, hauality of the agnosis sinm evaluatiole concentra

a dubia: cence of tox

ervation of ate (when the

cator of feca

rmining theStudies in s associateders and that.

the photosya, b, c, and e main varia

hlorophyllicand xanth

er quality ancture makevironmentampromise thSpecial attes. The occutality and da

pic animalerans and

communityand is ab

it as food) sh species.

nisms that lnts. Macroi

ms, display ve low maquatic en

ce, as contion of the efations of po

conducted xic effects, aquatic life iere is a sign

al contamin

e extent of seawater

d with batht enterococc

ynthetic prod), therefor

able indicat

c, diatomachophyceae nd trophic ses it possibal changes.he water quention is givurrence of amage to hu

ls that livcopepods

y is importable to act and to re

live all or pnvertebratea wide vari

motility andnvironment. inuous monffects of regollutants.

with raw wboth acute

is an establnificant effe

nation

fecal and

ing is ci are

ocess. re, an ive of

eous, and

tatus, ble to . The uality, ven to these uman

ve in s the ant in as a

ecycle

part of es, for ety of

d are They

nitors, gular,

water e and ished

ect on

79

5

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6. W WatecharaBrazResoResothe s 6.1)

The for frFor standqualienvirwatethe infores

the survthere is within ththere is n

• Reverseassay, itcause ganimals.sample genetic public sdifferent the STP

5.6) B

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Water Qua

er quality acteristics iil are prot

olution No.olution No. standards fo

CONAMA R

National Enresh, salt aeach classdards gettinity parameronmental g

er quality gontended preseen in the

ival of the oa significa

he seven dno evidence

mutation at is efficienenetic dise A positiveof one or material anupply and levels of tr

.

Bioanalytics

nation of eof interferinto the re

ly aquatic onation fromto the soil. S

of endocrol, estriol, nol A, PCBs

lity Standa

standardsin the watetected by t 357/2005274/2000 a

or the disch

Resolution N

nvironmentand brackishs, current ng set or a

eters estabguidelines foals or objecedominant e National

organisms wnt effect onay trial pere of any tox

assay (Amet at detecti

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more compnd causing

that showreatment, as

s

estrogenic ng in the peproductiveones. These

m domestic Several clarine disrup

ethinyl es, pesticides

ards

express ers in orderthe standa, Ministry and CONAarge of efflu

No. 357/200

al Council (h water bodor future

adopted, wblished in for the clasctives to beuses over tWater Res

within the inn the reproriod). The sxic effects o

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desirable r to meet t

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AMA Resoluuents into w

05

(CONAMA)dies throughpredominan

which corresthe laws. sification of

e achieved otime. This c

sources Po

nitial 48 hooduction ansample is c

on test organ

Also called variety of mtumors in

mes test indat are capa. Samples

agenic activreduction i

endocrine dor action of mune systeds can affe

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physical, their predomrth in the Ordinance

ution No. 43water bodies

) determineh CONAMAnt uses arspond to th

This resof water bodor maintainclassificatiolicy, define

ur period) ond/or survivconsidered nisms.

the Salmonmutagenic humans an

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of water syvity suggesn contamin

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ems of higect aquatic sicides or otan cause es and syntgens or o

chemical minant usesfollowing

e No. 291430/2011, ws.

d the wateA Resolutiore associathe threshololution alsodies, that ised in a stren is one of d by Law

or chronic (val of organ

non-toxic

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and biolos. Such uslaws: CON4/11, CON

which establ

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s, the mandetch accordf the instrumNo. 9433/

when nisms when

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mental n the h the ed for ed for ces at

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mones utants

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asses 2005.

quality of the s the datory ing to ments 1997,

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icipal healthnative suppot observe t

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s ordinance iving water2005. Accoents that h

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7. Spatial a

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er sampling,informationh thus allo

ution, such atened, therncies (Figur

mental for tAMA Reso

esh water, 4ter bodies wine and braticle 42 of C

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establishese of water qs the comph secretariaply solutionsthe determi

Resolution N

defines themary contacd on the resllected weeResolution N

regulates tr bodies c

ording to thhave or havfollow the pecific legisagency, andthat are in d

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n obtained fows for the

as stretchrefore enabe 59).

the manageolution No4 for brackiswere frameackish wate

CONAMA Re

nance No.

s the procequality for hpetencies aats and for s for humannations con

No. 274/200

e criteria ofct recreationsults for anaekly from theNo. 430/201

the conditiocomplemenis resolutiove not beeprovisions slation or d not confedisagreemen

oral variatio

ne of the mand tempotive and quy analysis, ffrom monitoe identificathes of rivebling preven

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2914/2011

edures andhuman consand respons

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water resour05 establishnd 4 for sal Decree Nmust meet

No.357/2005

responsibsumption asibilities for

ponsible for ion, as wellhe ordinanc

water bodieblishes clasal coliforms ce.

ndards for tamending rect released to treatmolution whe

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to evaluates based oater. For thd others tese to diagnos

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81

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ChanpointperiocontrIn lakof theas al

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82

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ween 2010 aer thrown inonly 4.9%.

es

age still plad agriculturCETESB, 2omestic sewass of a par

Contributio

estic sewagd the remai. This load iorganic mattreatment,

e purpose oe that was aOP).

OP x C x T x

n x 0.054 (kg Load (t BOof sewage cof sewage trof the efficiesion factor

ays the evo2010 and 2and 2015 into the state

ys a signifiral regions, 2016). Onewage is thrticular pollu

n (g m-3) x F

ge load thatining organis obtained ter generatas well as

of calculatinadopted from

x E) ] x 0.00

kg BOD habOD d-1); collection; reatment; ency of the (t kg-1)

lution of the2015. A reds observede’s water bo

icant role inot only in

e of the moe quantificutant per un

Flow (m3 d-1

t is releasenic load, rep

from the poted per inha the overa

ng the remam the litera

01

bitants-1 day

system

e annual reduction of td, meaning odies. Com

n the degrthe state o

ost importanation of thnit of time:

1) x 0,001 (k

ed without tpresented botential orgabitant per dll efficiency

aining organture was 0.

y-1);

emaining BOhe remaininthat aroun

pared to 20

adation of of São Paulont aspects e tributary

kg g-1)

reatment inby the biocanic load, wday and they of the senic load in t054 kg/day

OD load in tng BOD load 225 t B

014, howeve

water bodio but also aof water qloads, whi

nto the recechemical oxwhich repree percentagewage treatthe State o

y for the pot

the State oad of about

BOD d-1 weer, this redu

ies in at the uality ich is

(1)

eiving xygen sents

ges of tment f São tential

(2)

f São t 18% re no uction

83

Figur

In spResopoputhe rof theis anUGRremathe re

re 60 - Evolutio

patial termsources Manulation densremaining loe total load

n expressiveRHI 6. The aining load emaining lo

on of the rema

s, Figure 61nagement sity in the Moad of the Ad released ine BOD load

UGRHI 5 into the Pir

oad generat

FigureM

aining load in t

shows theUnits (UGR

MetropolitanAlto Tietê (Unto water b concentrat– PCJ wit

racicaba, Cted in the St

61 - RemainiManagement U

the State of S

e remainingRHIs) of thn Region of UGRHI 6 -

bodies in theted in the stth 102 t Bapivari andtate of São

ng BOD load Unit (UGRHI) (

São Paulo - 20

g BOD loadhe State oSão Paulo579 t BODe State of Stretch of theOD d-1, re

d Jundiaí rivPaulo.

per Water ReCETESB, 201

10 to 2015 (C

s for each of São Pau and the sad-1) is resp

São Paulo. e Tietê Riveeleases the vers and rep

sources 16)

CETESB, 2016

of the 22 Wulo. Due toanitation indponsible forTherefore,

er inserted e second lapresents 10

6).

Water o the dices, r 55% there in the

argest 0% of

84

7.2 D Chansub-sdiffusbefor

Acco

1

2

3

Diffuse Sou

nges in watsurface zonse sources re reaching

Fig

Rain(fainf

ording to No

. Atmosph• pollut

2. Terrestri

• polluttransp

• erosioprecip

• dissol

3. Sub-surf• Chem

the gr• Chem

urces

ter quality frnes, in add

are transp the receivi

gure 62 - Trans

n/Permeablast)/evapotfiltration/gr

ovotny (200

heric sourceants loads

al sources ants accumported in theon of soil ppitation andlved pollu

face sourcemical constitroundwater

mical constit

rom diffuse ition to urb

ported throung bodies (

nsport of pollutsub-surface (a

le surface/iranspiratioroundwater

3), the diffu

es in dry and

mulated one surface ruparticles an runoff and

utants from

es tuents applby infiltratio

tuents trans

sources caban drainagugh both th(Figure 62).

tants of diffuse

adapted from N

impermeabon/paved sr/body of w

use loads ca

wet depos

n impermeaunoff; nd associattransported

m soil a

lied to the on; sported by t

an originate ge systems.he surface a

e origin acrossNovotny, 2003

ble surfaceurface/Soil

water/basal

an be derive

sition (pollu

able surfac

ted pollutand by surfacend transp

surface of

he horizont

from air, la The pollutand sub-su

s the surface a3).

e/surface rul and sub-sl runoff (slo

ed from:

tion from th

ces that ar

nts in perme flow; ported by

soils and l

al flow in gr

and surfacetants loads

urface of the

and

unoff soil ow)

he atmosph

re washed

meable area

surface

leached tow

roundwater

s and from e soil

here).

d and

as by

flow;

wards

;

85

4

It shodiffusthe iweatas di

Surfaevensurfaflow metethe son thand contrcompfrom

The valuesoil ustretcquanand o

It waHowecondof pobasinagricmagnhydro

• Infiltraunder

• Leakagroun

4. Miscella

• S• E• E• C

ould be statse load, esimplementather contribiffuse charg

ace flows ants. The floace runoff, wdirection a

ers per secsoil and thehe soil surfamay be chribution of tponent thatthe dischar

surface loaes or functiuse, or wech of a ba

ntification inon the dem

as originally ever, the N

ducted in theollutants in tn, instead ocultural use,nitude in a rological poi

ation into grground facage of contndwater;

neous sourSolids accumErosion of dErosion of baChemical su

ted that thepecially in

ation of sewutions relat

ge (Menego

and loads ow componwhich is eqnd a velociond. Howe leaching oace (e.g. feanged to athese loadst carries therge of groun

ads of diffusons represighted over

asin may ben a basin beographic, g

assumed thationwide Ue Great Lakthe runoff th

of urban soil, within the relatively honts of view

roundwaterilities; taminants fr

ces mulated in srainage chaanks and riv

ubstances re

e release of those muniwage colleted to untren Jr, 2005).

are intermient carryinuivalent to ity with a raver, sub-su

of pollutantsertilizers analmost horizs to the recem is calledndwater (No

se origin areent the polr a small be expresseeing greatlyeographica

hat unit loadUrban Runokes Region hat could be use. Even same categomogeneou(Figure 63)

r from sewe

rom underg

sewage collannels; verbeds; eleased fro

f domestic sicipalities thction and

eated sewag.

ittent and ong the surfathe residuaange that vurface loadss in the profd pesticidezontal, depeceiving watd the basaovotny, 200

e called explution gene

basin. Theired annually

dependental and hydro

ds could beoff Program-

of the USAe correlatedresults for

gory of cropus region fro).

ers and rain

ground stora

lectors;

m contamin

sewage canhat are not treatment sge disposal

occur only ace water

al precipitativaries froms that depefile, from th

es), have a ending on ter bodies l flow or gr

03).

port coefficierated by ur units for ay in kg ha-1

t on the useological fact

e correlated-NURP, 198

A obtained red only with tthe unitary

ps, presenteom the mete

nwater colle

age tanks a

nated aquat

n be seen auniversaliz

systems. Inshould als

during rainload is refon, with a ncentimeter

end on the e applicatiopredominathe water tis continuo

roundwater

ients or unitnit area ana given soil or kg per

e and occuptors.

to soil use 83 apud Noesults for thhe impermepollutant loa

ed variationseorological

ectors and

and landfills

tic sediment

as a point lozed in relatin this caseso be consid

ny or defroferred to anearly horizrs per secowater infilt

on of substantly verticatable depthous and the

flow, origin

t loads andnd time, for l use or unrson-1, with pation of th

and occupaovotny, 2003he concentreable area oad from s of orders and

other

s into

ts

oad or ion to e, dry dered

osting s the zontal ond to rating ances l flow . The

e flow nating

d their each

niform their

e soil

ation. 3) ation of the

of

86

FigurGreat Agricusludgeunder

Accoinflueduratestimdistrito thpollucorre(Figuareassepa

re 63 - Variatiot Lakes Regioulture in genee; 7-Sprinkler r development

ording to Meence both ttion of the e

mation. Maibution withhe first partutant load. Aesponding ture 64). Hos, just as th

arate from s

ons in unit loadon, USA, in tral, 2- Agricultirrigation; 8- U

t (Source: Nov

enegon Jr. the runoff aevent and tny researcin a surfacet of the floAs a genero 40% of thwever, this

he First Flusewers (USE

ds of suspendthe year 1970tural crops; 3-Urban in genevotny, 2003).

(2005), diffuand the conhe interval chers havee runoff eveow (peak flral rule, it whe surface r rule does

sh effect caEPA, 1983)

ded sediment, 0 before lead- Pasture; 4- Feral; 9- Reside

use loads ancentration, between th

e attemptedent based olow), whichwas assumerunoff, couldnot apply tnnot be ver

).

total phosphod was bannedForests; 5- Peential; 10- Com

are affectedbeing the ve events and to chara

on the First h possesseed that in ud have aboto surface rrified from c

orus, total nitrod from fuel. Uerennial/exotic mmercial; 11-

by severalvolume of pnd the variaacterize thFlush conces the grea

urban areasut 60% of thrunoff evencollector dis

ogen and leadUses of the sc cultures; 6-S

Industrial; 12-

l factors thaprecipitationables used fe concentrept, which r

atest part os the initial he pollutant

nts in agricuscharges tha

d in the soil: 1- ewage -Urban

at can n, the for its ration refers of the

flow, t load ultural at are

87

Figurgreate

Time

Even

ConsNatioconcthe r

EMC

re 64 – First Fer fraction of t

e/accumula

nt Mean Co

sidering thonwide Urbcentrations (unoff event

C = ∑QiCi/ ∑

lush concept. he pollutant lo

ated load/c

oncentratio

at there aban Runoff (EMC), whit divided by

∑Qi

In an urban ooad than the fi

constant co

ons

are no conProgram (Nch can be dthe total vo

outflow event, nal fraction (a

oncentratio

ncentrationNURP) focdefined as

olume of flow

the peak flowadapted from N

on/accumu

patterns used its attthe mass ow volume in

w in the hydrogNovotny, 2003

lated flow

within a ftention on of the pollutn a rain eve

graph may co3).

flow eventthe event mtant contain

ent:

ntain a

, the mean

ned in

(3)

88

Whe

Qi =

Ci = c

The relatediscr

The flow charathe vimpasamppercestudy

Load

Whe

CR =

R = p

EMC

re:

simple mea

correspond

EMC therefed to a runrete concen

NURP studvolume, geacteristics wvarious locaacts on EMCpled sites wentile) per y, the follow

d (kg ha-1) =

re:

= runoff coe

precipitation

C = event m

asurements

ding concen

fore represenoff event wntrations wit

dy also coneographic lowere not abations sampC and do nwas combinvariable. In

wing relation

= 0,01 CR x

efficient (dim

n (mm);

ean concen

of flow on t

trations in t

ents the cowhich that, hin the eve

ncluded thaocation, effeble to explaled in the Uot explain s

ned in ordern addition, unship can be

R x EMC

mensionless

ntration (mg

the event’s

the pollutog

oncentrationis in most

nt.

at the correects of soil

ain the similUSA. Since spatial or ter to obtain using the de used to e

s) extracted

g L-1) (= g m

hydrograph

ram

n of a flow-wt cases, mo

elation of Euse, slope

larities or dthese varia

emporal vara characteata and mestimate the

from the re

m-3)

h

weighted coore relevan

MC with va, soil type aifferences ibles do notriability, inforistic EMC ethodology unit load of

elation show

omposite sat than indiv

ariables sucand precipiin EMC bett have signiormation fro(median orfrom the Nf a basin:

wn in Figure

ample vidual

ch as tation tween ficant

om all r 90th NURP

(4)

e 65;

89

Figurthe pe2003)

For erunofthe arainfacorreequaareaCOD

re 65 - Relatioercentage of ).

example, foff coefficienannual unit all of 800 mesponds to ation 3 and . Thus, by

D will be 295

nship betweenimpermeable

or a typical rnt (CR), acc

load of dismm, the med

82 and 176represent tmeans of

5.2 and 633

n the flow coeareas in urba

residential ucording to Fssolved orgdian and 906 mg L-1, rethe charactequation 4,

3.6 kg ha-1, r

efficient (CR = an areas obta

urban area Figure 65, wganic carbo0th percentespectively.teristic EMC, the meanrespectively

volume of ouained from the

that has a 5will be 0.45.on (DOC) inile for the D. These valC for the COn unit load y.

tflow/ volume e NURP study

50% imperm For the can this area

DOC shouldues were oOD in the rand the 90

of precipitatioy (Source: No

meable areaase of estima with an ad be used, wobtained thrresidential u0th percenti

on) and ovotny,

a, the mating

nnual which rough urban le for

90

Bibli

CET2015<http2016

CHApp.

BRASPEEnge

HORpractEnvi

MENSIMOEnge

NOVEd.,

POR

YANEmetreatMana

iographic R

ESB. Relat5. São p://aguasinte6.

APMAN, D. W

AGA, B. , HENCER, M., enharia Am

ROWITZ, Atices: are wironmental

NEGON, Jr. OX-III- na Benharia) – E

VOTNY, V. WNew Jersey

RTO, R. L (O

, S., SUBRArging contament. Pracagement. 1

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