Module 1 Introduction to Radiation
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Transcript of Module 1 Introduction to Radiation
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Module 1
Introduction to Radiation
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Introduction to Radiation
Terminal Objective:DEFINE the fundamentals of radiation, radioactive material, ionization, ionizing radiation, and contamination.
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Enabling Objectives
• LIST the three basic components of an atom.
• DESCRIBE the differences between ionizing radiation and non-ionizing radiation.
• DEFINE radioactivity.
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Enabling Objectives
• STATE the four basic types of ionizing radiation.
• DESCRIBE the shielding materials and biological hazards for each of the four types of ionizing radiation.
• LIST the three techniques for minimizing exposure to radiation and radioactive material (ALARA).
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Why should we be interested?
• Knowledge is good• Natural plutonium incident Eastern Wa.• The dreaded what if• Federal Govt. thinks it’s a good idea
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Radiation Basics Video
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• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons
Parts of an Atom
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Stable and Unstable Atoms
• An atom with too many or too few neutrons contains excess energy and is not stable.
• Unstable atoms give off excess energy (radiation).
• Unstable atoms are radioactive.
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Ionization
Removing electrons from atoms or molecules
Radiation
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Ionizing Radiation
Excess energy (from unstable atoms), capable of removing electrons from an atom
Radiation
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Non-Ionizing Radiation
Non-ionizing Ionizing
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Radioactivity
Radioactivity is the process of unstable (radioactive) atoms trying to become stable by emitting ionizing energy.
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Radioactive Material
Radioactive Material Material containing unstable (radioactive) atoms
Radioactive ContaminationRadioactive material in an unwanted place
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“Radiological” vs. “Nuclear”
“Radiological” deals with radiation or material that emits radiation.
Example Radiological WMD: “Dirty Bomb”
“Nuclear” refers to processes that involve splitting a nucleus (fission) or combining nuclei of atoms (fusion).
Example Nuclear WMD: atomic bomb
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Measuring Radiation
Radiation Dose• Radiation energy absorbed by the
human body
• Dose is measured in units of rem.
• A millirem (mrem) is one thousandth of a rem.
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Measuring Radiation
Radiation Dose Rate• Radiation energy received over a
period of time
• Radiation dose rate is dose per time
• mrem per hour = mrem/hr “strength” of radiation at a location
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Types of Ionizing Radiation
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Types of Ionizing Radiation
• Alpha radiation• Beta radiation • Gamma rays/X-rays • Neutron radiation
Some radioactive materials may emit more than one kind of radiation
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Alpha Radiation
• Range:1 to 2 inches
• Shielding:Paper, Cloth,Dead Layer of Skin
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Biological Hazard • Not an external radiation hazard• Easily stopped by the dead layer
of skin • Internal hazard – If material is
inside the body, then the alpha radiation reaches live cells.
Alpha Radiation (continued)
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Sources• Uranium (nuclear power plant fuel
and nuclear weapons)• Plutonium (nuclear weapons)• Americium (smoke detectors)• Thorium (high-temperature
metals)
Alpha Radiation (continued)
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Beta Radiation
• Range:about 10 feet
• Shielding:Thick Clothing, ¼ Inch Aluminum, ¼ Inch Plastic
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Biological Hazard• External hazard to skin and eyes• Internal hazard if the material that
emits the beta radiation is inside the body. Then beta radiation can deposit energy in a small area of body tissue.
Beta Radiation (continued)
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Sources • Used nuclear reactor fuel • Nuclear weapons fallout (strontium)• Some industrial radioactive sources such
as cesium• Tritium in glow-in-the-dark EXIT signs,
watch dials, and night-sights on firearms• Radioactive nickel in chemical agent
detectors
Beta Radiation (continued)
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Gamma Rays/X-Rays
• Range:Hundreds of feet
• Shielding:Inch of Lead, 3 Inches of Steel, 6 inches Concrete, 1 foot of Dirt
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Biological Hazard • Gamma rays and X-rays easily
penetrate body tissues, outside or inside of the body.
• Whole body (internal and external) hazard
Gamma Rays/X-Rays (continued)
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Sources • Uranium, plutonium, radioactive cobalt,
and cesium• Industrial radiation sources • Medical sources, cancer treatment
machines• Many beta-emitters also emit gamma
radiation.• Potassium in soil, bananas, and potassium
chloride (salt substitute)
Gamma Rays/X-Rays (continued)
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Neutron Radiation
• Range:Hundreds of feet
• Shielding:10 Inches of Plastic, 1 foot of Concrete, 3 feet of Dirt, 3 feet of Water
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Biological Hazard
• Whole body hazard (external and internal neutrons are a whole body hazard).
• Neutrons penetrate body tissues.
• Neutrons cause damage whether the material is inside or outside of the body.
Neutron Radiation (continued)
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Sources • Nuclear reactions inside nuclear
reactor while reactor is operating• Burst of radiation from exploding
nuclear weapon• Plutonium, industrial sources, moisture
gauges with californium or mixture of americium and beryllium
Neutron Radiation (continued)
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Comparison of Ionizing Radiation
Aluminum Lead ConcreteAluminum Lead ConcreteAluminum Lead Concrete
Alpha Radiation
Gamma RaysStopped by a few inches of lead or six inches of concrete
Neutrons
OrganicTissue
Radiation Source Stopped by a sheet of paper or dead layer of skin
Stopped by a foot concrete or water
Beta RadiationStopped by thick layers of clothing or by a quarter inch of aluminum or plastic
3 InchesLead
1 footConcrete
¼ InchAluminum
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Particle Size Comparison
Speck of Dust Atom Alpha Particle
Earth City Ping Pong Ball
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Alpha, Beta, and Neutron “Particles”
Rifle Cartridge Bullet
Radioactive atom Alpha, Beta or Neutron “Particles”
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Comparison of Radiation and Contaminants
• Radiation is energy.• Radioactive contaminants are materials
that emit radiation.
• Radioactive contaminants are radioactive atoms that get onto something unwanted or are in an uncontrolled place.
• Radioactive atoms cannot be neutralized to make them non-radioactive.
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Exposure vs. Contamination
External Exposure External Contamination
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Internal Contamination and Internal Exposure
Radioactive material inside the body
Both contaminatedand exposed
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ALARA
• AAs
• LLow
• AAs
• RReasonably
• AAchievable
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ALARA Video
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ALARA
Minimize time
Maximize distance
Use shielding
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Review
• What’s the difference if I get exposed or What’s the difference if I get exposed or if I get contaminated?if I get contaminated?
• How do I protect myself from alpha, How do I protect myself from alpha, beta, gamma, or neutron radiation?beta, gamma, or neutron radiation?
• How can I practice the principles of How can I practice the principles of ALARA in this situation?ALARA in this situation?
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