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Module 1: Introduction to Animal Emergency Management forVeterinary Professionals
Module 2: Bio-Defense and Zoonoses
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Module 1: Introduction to Animal Emergency Management for Veterinary Professionals
To provide an overview of the knowledge, skills and abilities that enable veterinary professionals to effectively participate in the Colorado Veterinary Medical Reserve Corps and local animal emergency response programs.
Objective:
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Target Audience
Veterinarians Certified Veterinary Technicians Students
Veterinary medical Veterinary technology
Support staff Veterinary assistants Hospital administrators/managers Animal professionals
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COVMRC Training Program
FEMA IS 100 and IS 700 Unit 1: Overview of animal emergency
management for veterinary professionals Unit 2: Bio-defense and biological risk
management Unit 3: Overview of CBRNE hazards for
veterinary professionals Unit 4: Personal preparedness and business
contingency planning
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Under What Authority Does CO VMRC Operate?
Homeland Security Presidential Directive 9 Designates agriculture and food systems as
critical infrastructures Directs federal agencies to take specific steps
to protect food and agricultural systems
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Pet Evacuation and Transportation Act of 2006-signed into law October 2006 (PETS Act) Stafford Act amendment
Requires state and local plans for household pets and service animals
Allows FEMA cost-sharing for services in support of people with household pets and service animals
Allows FEMA director to make contributions for preparedness
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Animal Populations (Mission Areas) Companion animals Production livestock and poultry Backyard livestock and poultry Service/assistance animals Law enforcement/search and
rescue animals Laboratory animals Captive wildlife Native wildlife
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What are the animal and agricultural concerns in disasters?1. Public safety
2. Public and animal health
3. Agro-security
4. Animal welfare
5. Service/police animals
6. Wildlife/environment
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Public Safety Impacts People will risk their lives to protect animals
Can put themselves and responders at risk Redeployment of law enforcement resources This is not just a companion animal issue
Operation Pet Rescue: 1996 Weyauwega, Wisconsin
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Public Health and Zoonosis
Public health and animal health issues intersect broadly
Veterinary professionals are essential in addressing zoonotic disease issues during disasters
A zoonosis is any infectious disease that can be transmitted from non-human animals, both wild and domestic, to humans or from humans to non-human animals.
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Examples of Zoonotic Diseases Rabies West Nile Virus H1N1 Anthrax Brucellosis Tuberculosis Rabies Giardia Salmonella Influenza Plague Q Fever Gram positive bipolar-staining
organisms of Yersinia pestis
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Priority Biological Agents Category A Diseases
Easily transmitted to people, with high morbidity and mortality rates.
Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) Botulism (Clostridium botulinum)* Plague (Yersinia pestis) Smallpox (Variola major)* Tularemia (Francisella tularensis) Viral hemorrhagic fevers ( Lassa fever, Hantavirus, Rift
Valley fever, Dengue,Ebola, Marburg viruses)
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Category B Diseases
Transmitted to people with moderate morbidity and low mortality rates.
Melioidosis (Burkholderia pseudomallei) Brucellosis (Brucella species) Q Fever (Coxiella burnetii) Glanders (Burkholderia mallei) Typhus fever (Rickettsia prowazekii) Toxins Staphylococcal, Clostridial, Ricin Food and water-borne pathogens
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Category C Diseases
Emerging and exotic infectious disease threats
Nipah virus Hanta Virus Tick-borne hemorrhagic fever virus Tick-borne encephalitis virus Yellow fever Influenza virus (H5N1, H1N1) Rabies virus Tuberculosis (multi drug resistant strains)
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Animal Agriculture as a Critical Infrastructure• Basic necessities:
• Food/water• Shelter• Warmth
• Food supply systems• Vulnerable at multiple points• Critical “farm to fork” food pipeline
• Economic impacts• Non-economic impacts
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United States Agricultural Economy US tops world in food
production World’s largest exporter of
agricultural products Animal agriculture >$100 billion Crop agriculture >$100 billion 17% of jobs connected to
food/agriculture 13% of gross domestic product <<10% of income goes to buy
food
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Service Animals Seeing-eye dogs Hearing assistance Hospital visits Mobility assistance Medical warning
Seizures Medical detection
Mental health therapy
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Law Enforcement and Emergency Response Animals
Canine Enforcement/patrol Drug and explosive detection Search and rescue
Equine Patrol/search Crowd control
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Captive/Concentrated Animal Populations
laboratory animals zoos, sanctuaries,
wildlife parks commercial
breeding/pet retail kennels/veterinary
hospitals
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Native Wildlife Impacts on critical environments or endangered
species Impacts of animal diseases
Brucellosis (Yellowstone)
Foot and Mouth Disease
West Nile Virus H1N1 (Swine Flu)
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Animals in the State of Colorado
Colorado (2002 estimate) 4.5+ million people 1.82 million households Up to 60% of households with pets 2.5 animals per household 2.7+ million dogs, cats, and birds Add rabbits, rodents, ferrets, reptiles, etc.
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Colorado Horses and Other Livestock Species
Horses: 145,000-225,000+ All Cattle: 2,400,000
Mature dairy cows: 98,000 Mature beef cows: 710,000
Sheep & goats: 420,000+ Poultry: <20,000,000 (variable) Swine: 770,000 Captive deer, elk, bison Llamas, alpacas Emu, ostrich
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QUESTION 1
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Definitions
Hazards Threats of all types
Vulnerability People, property of systems that are subject to
hazards Consequence
Degree of potential impact Risk
Overall sum of hazard, vulnerability, and consequence
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Colorado Weather Hazards
Tornado Blizzard Ice storms Hail Wind Lightning Mudslide Avalanche Floods Drought (wildfire)
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Geological Hazards Earthquake
Trinidad area 2001, series with largest at 4.6
Rocky Mountain National Park November 7, 1882 Estimated near 6.2 Richter
Latest estimates max impact= $24 billion damages, 800 fatalities
Volcanic eruption Mount Saint Helens
Tsunami (Pacific coastal)
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Wildfire
Natural, Accidental, Intentional Low to high impact Usually April-October
Risk magnified by large wilderness-urban interface areas
2002 Colorado wildfire season Wildfires are a threat every year
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Animal Welfare Emergencies
Animal “hoarders” and large-scale cruelty Dozens or even hundreds of animals kept under
terrible conditions May exceed local capacity to provide care
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Other Hazards
Accidental Hazardous Chemical spills/releases Nuclear/radiological hazards Infrastructure failure
Power blackouts, dams, bridges, buildings Accidental explosions
Transportation accidents Major urban fires
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Intentional Threats
CBRNE: Chemical Biological
People, animals, crops Radiological Nuclear Explosive
Extortion, hoaxes and fraud Market manipulation
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Animal Emergency Management Systems
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Emergency Management Priorities
1. Protection of human life/health
2. Protection of property
3. Protection of the environmentFor many
people, animals are the top
property priority
Providing animal emergency management services allows all of these priorities to be achieved
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All-Hazards Emergency Management
Flexible to adapt to all emergency situations
Standardized to improve overall response and interoperability.
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QUESTION 2
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National Incident Management System
www.fema.gov/nims
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Homeland Security Presidential Directive – 5
Directed the development of a National Incident Management System and a new National Response Framework
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National Incident Management System“…a consistent nationwide approach for
federal, state, tribal, and local governments to work effectively and efficiently together to prepare for, prevent, respond to, and recover from domestic incidents, regardless of cause, size, or complexity.”
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National Response Framework
The National Response Framework is built on the template of the National Incident Management System. It provides the structure and mechanisms for coordinating federal support to state, local and tribal incident managers … and for exercising direct federal authorities and responsibilities.
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NIMS• Aligns command, control, organization
structure, terminology, communication protocols and resources/resource-typing
• Used for all events
Knowledge
Abilities
Resources
LocalResponse
StateResponse or Support
FederalResponse or Support
Incident
LocalResponse
StateResponse or Support
FederalResponse or Support
Incident
NRF• Integrates and applies federal resources,
knowledge, and abilities before, during and after incidents
• Activated for Incidents of National Significance
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Components of NIMS
1. Command and Management
2. Preparedness
3. Resource Management
4. Communications and Information Management
5. Supporting Technologies
6. Ongoing Management and Maintenance
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Incident Commander
Safety OfficerLiaison Officer Information Officer
OperationsSection
LogisticsSection
FinanceSection
PlanningSection
Basic ICS Command Structure
IS-100 Incident Command Systemshttp://training.fema.gov/IS/crslist.asp
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Statutory AuthorityLegal Authority is basis for incident command
Local animal authorities Law enforcement
Animal control Public health Emergency management
State animal authorities State veterinarian Public health Emergency management Wildlife agencies Public safety
Federal animal authorities USDA: livestock diseases HHS: public health impacts DHS: emergency management DOJ: Terrorism
Colorado’s 9 Homeland Security Regions
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Multi-Agency Coordination: National Response Plan Emergency Support Functions (ESF)
ESF1: TransportationESF2: CommunicationsESF3: Public works and engineeringESF4: FirefightingESF5: Emergency managementESF6: Mass care, housing, and human servicesESF7: Resource supportESF8: Public health and medical servicesESF9: Urban search and rescueESF10: Oil and hazardous materials responseESF11: Agriculture and natural resourcesESF12: EnergyESF13: Public safety and securityESF14: Long term community recovery and mitigationESF15: External affairs
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GeneralPublic
Animal/Agricultural Emergency Issues
CommercialAgricultural Production
PublicHealth
Food Processing
& Distribution
Veterinary Medicine
Research EducationLaboratory
Regulatory Agencies
AnimalWelfareEntities
EmergencyManagement
Agencies
Wildlife Agencies
Law Enforcement &
Counterterrorism
ElectedOfficials
Support IndustriesMedia
VoluntaryOrganizations Transportation
Public Works
Foundations
State Multi-Agency Coordination
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Response Originates on the Local Level
Multi-agency coordination Plan development Interoperable
communications Resource development
Equipment & supplies Training
Professionals Volunteers Credentialing
Citizen preparedness
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Local Multi-Agency Coordination Local Emergency Managers Animal care and Control agencies Law Enforcement Brand Inspectors Veterinary Community CSU Extension Animal Related industry Fairgrounds Livestock Associations Kennels and pet Service Providers Livestock Producers Pet Breed Rescue and Associations Community Public Health Fire and EMS County Mapping Wildlife Agencies and Zoos Concerned Individuals
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QUESTION 3
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Local Planning Matrix for Animal Issues
Table of functions vs. community resources
Combine with risk assessment
Basis for building a written response plan
L L S S S
S L S
S S S S L
U L S
S S
Eva
cuat
ion
She
lterin
g
Vet
erin
ary
Car
e
Dis
posa
l
Res
cue
Animal control
Animal shelter
Veterinary Prof.
CSU Extension
Livestock Assn.
lead (L) unified lead (U) support (S)
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Veterinary Specific Roles Triage Veterinary clinical care
Field care Hospital care Mass casualty care Euthanasia
Biological risk management Public health/medical support Foreign animal disease support
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Animal Disease Mission Tasks Diagnosis Quarantine Surveillance Epidemiology Mortality management Decontamination Permits Bio-security/compliance Outreach/education Mental health issues Repopulation/recovery
Goal is agricultural system continuity
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Sheltering Animal safety, security and bio-
security Identification and
recordkeeping Proof of ownership
Shelter situations Permanent +/- expansion Temporary Temporary co-located
Co-shelter with people shelters is preferred
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Animal Search and Rescue (ASAR)
NRF will provide: ESF#9 (USAR) lead for
rescuing people with animals
ESF#11 (ASAR) lead for rescue of animals
Need standardized training, typing, credentialing
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Mental Health: Animal Issues for Victims General emotional trauma
Helplessness Emotional attachment to animals
Displacement Housing and care concerns
Loss Animals may be missing or
status unknown Death
Human and animal Livestock depopulation impacts
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Questions?
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BREAK We will take a 10 minute break….
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Module 2: Bio-Defense and ZoonosesObjectives:
1. Define terms related to bio-defense2. List basic disease transmission routes3. Give examples of Zoonotic agents4. List examples of high consequence/emerging diseases5. Describe hand hygiene/barrier protection6. Identify basics of cleaning and disinfection7. Identify the components of a biological risk management plan8. Give examples of agricultural bio-security9. List veterinary emergency biologic risk management/infection
control roles 10. Discuss current H1N1 situation
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Definitions1. Bio-defense2. Bio-security3. Biological risk management4. Infection Control5. Zoonoses6. Reportable disease 7. Foreign animal disease8. Animal health emergency9. Agro-terrorism10. Agro-security
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Bio-Defense, Bio-Security, Biological Risk Management Bio-Defense
Protecting a nation, industry, or facility from high-impact biological threats
Bio-Security Steps taken at a facility or agency to prevent the
introduction, export, or internal spread of disease agents Biological Risk Management (BRM)
Comprehensive evaluation of risks and mitigation actions to minimize biological risks to an acceptable level
Infection Control (IC) Procedures to limit spread of infectious agents Term commonly used in human health care
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Bio-Security: Bio-exclusion:
Keeping infectious organisms from entering a facility or population
Bio-containment Keeping infectious
organisms from leaving a facility or population
Bio-Containment
Bio-Exclusion
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Zoonotic and Reportable Diseases Reportable Diseases
Foreign animal disease or endemic (native) diseases that must be reported to state or federal authorities.
Zoonotic Diseases Diseases that infect both animals and people
Spread between people and animals Infected by the same vector
A vector is an insect or any living carrier that transmits an infectious agent. Vectors are vehicles by which infections are transmitted from one host to another.
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Foreign Animal Diseases (FAD)
Specific animal or Zoonotic diseases that: Are not normally present in the United States Must be reported to state and/or federal authorities Are reportable to the World Health Organization Will impact livestock industries Will impact international trade
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Foreign Animal Diseases of Highest Importance to the U.S.Avian Influenza* Exotic Newcastle Disease*
BSE (Mad Cow) Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia
Foot and Mouth Disease* Heartwater
Lumpy Skin Disease Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Rift Valley Fever Rinderpest*
Goat and Sheep Pox Peste de pestis ruminants
African Horse Sickness* Contagious Equine Metritis
Dourine Glanders
African Swine Fever* Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera)*
Swine Vesicular Disease Vesicular Exanthema of Swine
Screwworm*
Equine Encephalomyelitis = West Nile Fever, Eastern, Western, & Venezuelan*
* Pose the greatest threat to the U.S.
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Animal Health Emergency
The state veterinarian activates the state emergency operations plan concerning animal diseases
Foreign animal disease or a high-impact endemic disease
May be accidental, natural, or intentional
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Agro-Terrorism and Agro-Security Agro-Terrorism
A criminal act involving intentional harm to agriculture through a biological, explosive, chemical, radiological, incendiary, or explosive attack.
Agro-Security Comprehensive actions to protect agricultural
from both intentional CBRNE threats as well as natural or accidental events, including diseases.
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QUESTION 4
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Society has changed
More people have contact with animals today than they did a century ago
Early 19th century 40% of the population were involved with agriculture
Today less than 2% are involved with agriculture
60% households have at least one kind of pet
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What is a Zoonotic disease?
The simplest definition of a zoonosis is a disease that can be transmitted from one vertebrate animal to another. Another definition is a disease that normally infects animals, but can also be transmitted to humans.
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Of the 1,407 known human disease pathogens, 816 (58%) are Zoonotic diseases.
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Case Example: Monkey Pox Virus
Reportable foreign animal disease
Spread animal-to-human via blood or bite
Human-to-human spread possible
Similar in appearance to smallpox but milder
Also affects other species such as rodents
Wisconsin 2003, 7 confirmed, 34 suspect human cases
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Case Example 2: Q Fever
Rickettsia - Coxiella burnettii Cattle, sheep, goats reservoirs Asymptomatic in animals
Abortion in sheep, goats One organism may cause
infection Inhalation most common Unpasteurized milk, soft
cheeses Flu-like symptoms in people
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Case Example: H1N1 Orthomyxo virus - influenza A virus Reassortment of avian, pig and human
genotypes in H1N1 Zoonotic disease – mostly human to animals
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H1N1 Influenza A
PigsCats
FerretsPoultry
Dogs Cheetah
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Common Zoonotic Disease Risks in Small Animal Facilities Rabies Fungal diseases Cat scratch fever Larval migrans Salmonellosis Plague Tularemia Influenza ? Psittacosis Toxoplasmosis
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Biological Risk Management (BRM) Infection ControlIdentification and handling of animals, animal waste, and diagnostic specimens to minimize risk of transmission of disease to people and/or other animals
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Disaster Bio-Safety Procedures An extension of facility
procedures Veterinary hospitals Animal shelters Kennels Fairgrounds Salebarns
Veterinary planning
and implementation
role
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Infection Control Plans
A written set of policies and procedures that communicate to the CO VMRC how the unit will manage infectious disease risks to people and animals.
1. Scope2. Planning assumptions3. Bio-safety practices4. Unit training5. Community/client outreach6. Plan maintenance7. Appendices/references
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Planning Assumptions
It is necessary for the CO VMRC to have a BRM/IC plan.
1. Protection of all unit members, clients, animals and facilities - Right to Know
2. Reportable diseases3. Standard of care and liability issues4. New or emerging diseases may be recognized
first in animals (e.g. West Nile Virus)5. Bioterrorism may impact both people and
animals
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REPORTABLE DISEASES IN COLORADO
Anaplasmosis (Clinical Disease Only) Anthrax Avian Influenza (Both high or low pathogenic) Brucellosis (Bovine, Porcine, Ovine, or *Canine) Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) Contagious Equine Metritis (CEM) Equine Encephalomyelitis (reportable to CO Dept.
Public Health) Equine Infectious Anemia (Positive Coggins/ELISA) Equine Viral Arteritis Equine Herpes Virus type 1 (Neurological form of
Equine Rhinopneumonitis) Malignant Catarrhal Fever Mycoplasma gallisepticum or synoviae Paratuberculosis (Johne’s Disease) * Plague (reportable to CO Dept. Public Health) * Psittacosis (reportable to CO Dept. Public
Health)
Pseudorabies * Rabies (reportable to CO Dept. Public Health) Salmonella (pullorum or enteritidis) Scabies (Cattle or Sheep) Scrapie Trichomoniasis Tuberculosis * Tularemia (reportable to CO Dept. Public
Health) Vesicular Stomatitis, All Species Vesicular Diseases of all species West Nile Virus
*- diseases of interest to small animal practitioners
Date Last Reviewed: July 23, 2008
ANY DISEASE LISTED ABOVE OR FOREIGN ANIMAL DISEASE OR ANY INFECTIOUS DISEASEOR PARASITE OF LIVESTOCK WHICH WAS NOT PEVIOUSLY KNOWN TO EXIST IN COLORADO SHALL BE REPORTED, ie: ANY DISEASE OF UNUSUAL MORBIDITY OR MORTALITY THAT DOES NOT FIT A NORMALLY EXPECTED CLINICAL PICTURE.
If an animal dies acutely and was exhibiting clinical signs of a reportable disease this incident shall be reported even though no diagnostictesting was accomplished prior to death.
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Right to Know Laws
Applies to hazards potentially encountered by the unit and the general public
Allows optimal health care of patients (healthy and diseased)
Optimal protection of people
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Risk Assessment What are the key biological threats that the CO VMRC
might face? Animal diseases Zoonotic diseases Human diseases (members and clients)
What are the vulnerabilities? Cages, kennels Common areas Treatment outside of a facility Eating areas for staff Visitors entering restricted areas
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Bio-Safety Practices Risk recognition Traffic flow Isolation procedures Hand hygiene policies Barrier protection Sanitation procedures Bite procedures Rabies prophylaxis Other
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Biologic Risk Recognition Which diseases do we worry about
recognizing early? Zoonoses Highly contagious Highly persistent Significant clinical consequences Regulatory concern
Management: Keep high risk animals isolated
Traffic flow and isolation
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Biological Threats
Viruses (Rift valley fever) Bacteria (strep, salmonella) Fungi (yeast, mold) Prions (mad cow disease) Bio-toxins (red tide, Ricin)
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Disease Transmission Routes
Droplet contact - coughing or sneezing on another person
Direct physical contact - touching an infected person, including sexual contact
Indirect contact - usually by touching soil contamination or a contaminated surface
Airborne transmission - if the microorganism can remain in the air for long periods
Fecal-oral transmission - usually from contaminated food or water sources
Vector borne transmission - carried by insects or other animals
Some diseases may use multiple routes of transmission
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Risk Recognition Tools
Entry recognition Screening when animal
arrives at site Routing infectious cases
away from well animals Isolation Keeping visitors out of
restricted areas
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Risk recognition starts as soon as the animal is brought to the CO VMRC…
For example- if the animal has a history or obvious signs of GI or respiratory disease, move the animal into an isolation area ASAP
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Example: Plague Risk Recognition
Sick outdoor/hunter cat = plague on the radar
Recognition High fever, depression Lymph node enlargement or
abscess +/-respiratory signs Inflammatory leukogram Cytology
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Additional plague precautions: Protective measures
1. Gloves, mask*, barrier gowns worn immediately (inhalant and contact danger)
2. Individuals with specified risks (pregnancy, immune compromise) relieved of case management
3. Contact limited to attending clinician and one other staff
4. Medical waste handled as hazardous
* Respiratory protection must meet OSHA/CDC guidelines with a minimum of N-95
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Hand Hygiene May be the single most
important bio-safety practice! Major challenge is compliance Reasons for noncompliance
include Lack of time to do the “right
thing” Impact of hand hygiene
practices on skin condition Improve compliance by adding
hand sanitizing gels to program
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Methods of Hand Hygiene Broad categories
Surgical scrub=gold standard Hand washing
Regular soap Antibacterial soap
Alcohol gels Alcohol liquid Chlorhexidine-alcohol hand
sanitizer Combination
Example hand washing and a gel or lotion
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Veterinary Medical Perspective Very limited information on optimal hand
hygiene methods for animal care personnel Most of the recommendations have been adapted
from human health care Veterinary medicine
Most veterinary patients are very hairy Most veterinary patients are not bathed daily Use of gloves for all patient contact is not routine
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Essentials for Hand Hygiene
Keep finger nails short and clean under finger nails as needed
Hand hygiene:1. Should be performed between animal contacts
2. Wash station or sanitizers must be readily available and not compromise animal care
3. Should minimize negative impact on skin of animal care providers
4. Can include alcohol based hand sanitizer if hands are not grossly soiled
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Hand Hygiene Summary Those involved in care of animals for the CO
VRMC should: Develop a minimum level of hand hygiene Based procedures on the risk Use hand hygiene as a routine or habit
If risk of contagious disease is high: Use examination gloves along with other needed
barrier precautions Perform hand hygiene after removal of
examination gloves
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Barrier Protections
Gloves Masks
N-95 or better Gowns/coveralls Caps/hair protection HAZMAT protection
Levels A, B, C are seldom used in clinical animal care
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Cleaning and Disinfection Cleaning:
Removal of visible contaminants Must precede disinfection
Disinfection: Application of a suitable chemical
agent for an appropriate amount of time to destroy specific infectious agents
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10 Essential Steps in Cleaning and Disinfection1. Assess the areas to be
cleaned
2. Remove all visible debris
3. Clean with water and detergent or soap
4. Thoroughly rinse the cleaned area
5. Allow the area to dry completely
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Cleaning and Disinfection (continued)6. Select and apply disinfectant
7. Allow the proper contact time
8. Rinse
9. Leave the area free of animals for a sufficient amount of time
10. Evaluate/monitor the effectiveness of the disinfection plan
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Cleaning and Disinfection Assessment
1. Microorganism considerations
2. Disinfectant considerations
3. Environmental considerations
4. Health and safety of people and animals
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Disinfectant Considerations
Label information Statements of efficacy
Medical environment claims Broad spectrum/general purpose
Dilution and use instructions Storage and stability Safety information Environmental considerations
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QUESTION 5
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Bites and Scratches
Rabies and bite policies needed Prevention/safety Post-bite protocols
10 day quarantine Risk recognition in companion animals,
livestock and wildlife Cat scratches
Cat-scratch fever
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Rabies Prophylaxis
Vaccination Given prior to exposure Periodic antibody titer monitoring
Post-exposure prophylaxis Coordination with public health Needed in:
Known positive cases Exposure by animals unavailable for testing (such
as wildlife)
Prophylaxis ( Greek "προφυλάσσω" to guard or prevent beforehand ) is any medical or public health procedure whose purpose is to prevent, rather than treat or cure a disease.
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Common BRM Flaws
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Designate food storage,preparation, and eating
areas
Designate specimen storage and and handling
areas
Even in the field, the CO VMRC must..
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Implementing BRM/IC
Not an easy task; almost every step will inconvenience someone Particularly during a disaster
Tendency for complacency, convenience to overcome policies, unless we commit to: Education Enforcement Evaluation Continue improvement into the future.
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Agricultural Bio-defense
Defending against the potential volcanic impacts of foreign animal diseases
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Examples of significant FAD agents:
African Swine Fever Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Classical Swine Fever Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia Exotic Newcastle Disease Foot and Mouth Disease Highly-Pathogenic Avian Influenza Lumpy Skin Disease Rift Valley Fever Rinderpest Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis
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Bio-Security Measures for Producers
If FAD response is at a production facility. Limit visitors. Post visitor policies
No visitors from foreign countries for 7 days
Limited access for service providers
Clean/disinfect vehicles entering animal areas
Provide clean garments/boots for necessary visitors
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Security Fencing and locked gates where possible Secure feed and chemicals Report suspicious persons or events to local
law enforcement or FBI
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Employees
Pre-screen employees when possible Train employees on:
Biological risk management programs Continuity of operations plan
Provide clean footwear, coveralls Policy on off-hours contact with animals Reporting of suspicious behavior/events
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BRM for Field Veterinary Services
Monitor refrigerated medication temperatures
Bag and leave waste from each visit
Sites should have “clean” areas and “dirty” areas
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BRM in Animal Sheltering Risk factors
Stress Varying levels of preventive care
Veterinary records not usually available
Congregation of many individual animals in close proximity
Pre-existing illness Exposure to pathogens during
disaster Owner/history may be unavailable
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Biological Risk Management in Community Emergencies
Environmental and infrastructure challenges Utility failure
Sewage infrastructure Water treatment
Flood waters Micro-organism Chemicals Well contamination
Dead animals
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BRM in Animal Emergency Plans Responsible for BRM components
State State veterinarian Universities Public health Veterinary associations
Local Public health Veterinary professionals
Written guidelines for animal response programs Modify protocols to fit each emergency
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BRM Tools in Disaster Obtain records when possible
Veterinary medical history Copies of preventive care
Intake surveillance/triage Especially for livestock Veterinary screening exam for all animals Isolation area for high-risk signs
Onsite preventive care where history is unknown Immunization Parasite control
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Ongoing surveillance Screening examination 1-2 times daily Thorough exam when indicated Isolation for certain signs Establish veterinary care protocols
Limit access to animal areas Sanitation protocols
Written protocols Onsite training: all workers/volunteers OSHA “Right to know” considerations
MSDS availability Training PPE
Personal hygiene protocols Hand washing Eating/drinking
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QUESTIONS 6 and 7
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Questions?To take the required post-test: Log in to your CO TRAIN account Click on “my learning” Click on name of course It will ask you to either “withdraw”
or “complete the course”. Click on “complete”
Click on “take assessment” Complete the test and submit If you passed the test, your
certificate of completion will be added to your CO TRAIN account