Module 1 How to Use the Dictionary

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TO THE STUDENT

This "Mini-Course" is different from ordinary instruction; it is audio-tutorial leaming. Each modular lesson uses a cassette tape and a responsemanual to help you learn or review. You listen, read a little, answer questionsor work exercises, and find out whether you're right or wrong; then you readand listen some more. This kind of study helps you learn in a different waythan you would with an ordinary textbook. Most important, you mustrespond; the system doesn't work if you just read or listen passively.

The nice thing about this kind of instruction is that you can study with-out having to worry about whether you're keeping up or falling behind. Youare in control, so you can work at your own best speed, going as quickly oras slowly as you like. It's entirely up to you. As soon as you finish an exer-cise, you always have the correct answers available on your cassette, so youdon't have to wait to find out how you're doing. When it's helpful, you canturn to the Back-Up System for an explanation of why an answer is corrector incorrect.

This manual is for Module #1, How to Use the Dictionary, in the Mini-Courses in Developmental Skills: Vocabulary^ Development. Use this manualwith the #1 cassette-"How to Use the Dictionary."

Mini-Courses in Vocabulary Development offers the following program:1. How to Use the Dictionary2. Prefixes, Roots, and Suffixes3. Learning to Use Context Clues4. Working with Look-Alike Words, I5. Working with Look-Alike Words, II

Copyright @ 1975 by Educulture, lnc ,

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any {orm without wrrtten permissron lrom the PublisherPrinted in the United States of America

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Working with Sound-Alike Words, IWorking with Sound-Alike Words, IICommonly Misunderstood Words(Grades 11-12)Working with Sophisticated Words(Grades 12-74\

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HOW TO USE THE DICTIONARY

DICTIONARY REVIEW

Sample word entries

DIRECTIONS: Use the dictionary word entries above to answer the followingquestions:

1. Why is there a dot between the o and the g in slogan?

2. Following each word entry, symbols representing the way the word is pronouncedare given in parentheses. What do you call the symbol a in (sI6'gan)?

What does adj. mean in the entry for sloe-eyed artd sloop-rigged?

sloe-eyed (slorid/) adi. Havins dark. velvetv eves.sloe gin A eordial wifh a gin b--ase, flivored irdth sloes.slog (slog) o.t. & o.i. slogged,

"1qg.ging l. To strike hard:slug. -

2. To-plod (or_re's !yay), as through deep mud. ;m. A heavy blow. [Var. of sl,ucrl

-

glostssT'n.slo.gan (sl6rgan) n. L. A battle of rallvinsliv. orisinallv of'the Highland elins. 2. A catchwor-d oi-r4otto'adoited liy agroup, as a political party. [ < ScottishGaelic sluaoh armv * oairm velll

sloid (sloid)-, slojd Se6 sroyb. -sloon (slotp) n. Naut. A sinsle-masted.foreland-aft' rigsed sailing vessll earry'ingat least one jib, now used principally bs aracins vessel. i < nu. slotiol

sloop"of war 1-. Formerly, i vessel riggedeith-er as ship, brig, or sehooner, and mount-ing between18 and 32 guns. 2. Later, anywar vessel larger than a gunboat and carry-ing guns on one deek only.

slo-op-rigged (slo-oprrigdr) adi. Havingrigging like that of a sloop.

4.

5.

6.

What does Naut. mean in the entry for sloop?What does the symbol ( mean in the brackets following the definition for slogan?Why do such entries as slog, slogan, and sloop of war have more than one definitionIisted?

7. Explain what [

Obiective 1: When you have finished this module, you will be able to find, un-derstand, and use more effectively the Pronunciation Key in anydictionary.

SAMPLE DICTIONARY PRONUNCIATION KEY

a

a

a

ask, bat, catape, cape, hayair, care, rare(containing r sound)alms, art, ahbat, cabbeach, chipdo, saidevery, metbee, evil, meeteal, merefar, find, beefgo, gave, goneheat, highbig, its, inbite, right, icejudge, jump, ledgekeep, kind, makeledge, left, ballmy, aim, marknow, onrirg, washingbox, rockopen, roadball, ought, rawjoint, oil, boybook, look, poortoo, fool, toolout, loud

pr

s

$ttJ')wuu

v

w

v

Z

4ta

poor, stop, stopperrip, nearsee, sister, satshoe, push, hushtop, ten, hitthin, pathsmooth, that, thoseup, loveburn, cur, urge(contains r sound)live, river, victorywave, alwaysyes, yesterday, lawyerzip,lazy, thesemirage, visorcalled the schwo, it occurs only inunaccentuated syllables and indicatesthe sound of:a in above (a buv')e in system (sis'tam)

,'i in easily (c'zalc)o in gallop (gal'ap)u in circus (strr'kas)indicates what syllable should bestressed by being placed after tlrrestressed syllable as in:agree (a grc')dealer (dc' lar)geography (jc og' ra fe)involve (in volv' )

a

bqr,de

c

6rfg

hi1

jkI

m

n,igo

o6oiooo6ou

(')

+Exampleofanentrywordandpreferredpronunciation:phoe.nix (fc' niks)

/ asinZasin

n asin

fasin

la as in

sasin

far find beef

Restart the tape when you haue finished.

SAMPLE PRONUNCIATION KEY(short form)

ing lines, usually marked in inehes, feet, ete.; a ruler. ll.Piinting A strip of type-high metal for handling type or forprinting a rule or line. 12. A ruled line.

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ag a rule Ordi-narily; usually.

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rule of courl, Law An order made by acourf, as for regulating the praetiee of the court (geneialrule) or for sending a case before a referee (epeclal rule).

-?. ruled, rul.ing o.t, 1. To have authority or control over;govern. 2. To influence greatly; dominate: Greed has rulcdhis life. 3. To deeide or determine judicially or authorita-tivelv. 4. To restrain: keeo in eheek: Rulz vour temoer. 6.To mark with straight, farallel lines. -6. To make (astraight line) with or as with a ruler.

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o.i. 7. To have au-thority or eontrol; be in command. 8. To maintain a stand-

RumI (rum/al, ro"omral), Beardeley, 1894-1960, U.S. busi-nessman and tax exoert.

rum.mage (rumrij)' u. .magied,.mag.lng o.t. l. Tosearehthroushla plaee, box, ete.) bv turning over and disarrangingthe content-s; ransaek. 2. To find or bring out by searching:with ozt or up.

-

o.i. 3. To make a thorough seareh. -

,1.1. Any act of rummaging; especially, disarringing things bysearching thoroughly. 2. An upheaval or stirring up; bustle.3. A rummase sale. f < MF arrutnooe < arrunwr to stoweargo < rurr-ship's hold < Gme.l J rum/5sg.gr 7r.

rum-mage sale '1. A sale of seeo-nd-hand objects to obtainmonev for some charitable DurDose. 2. A sale of unelaimedarticl6s, or a sale for elearing out articles prior to restocking.

Pnoxuxcrerrox Kpy: add, Ece, cere, pflIm; end, Even; it, Ice;ible, o in melon, u in /oczs; yd6 = u in /use; oil; pout; check;

odd, 6pen, 6rder; td6k, p6l; up, b0rn; e = a in aboue, e in sichen, i in flex-80; rinS; thin; trhis; zh, vision. For A, e, ii, kh, rl, see inside front cover.

DIRECTIONS; Read each word in the K.y, noticing the symbol and sound of eachsymbol being used in the word sample.


aaa

e

b

"3d

e

c6r

fg

h

iI

Part Onelnterpreting the Pronunciation Key

ask, bat,.catape, cape, hayair, care, rare (contains the r sound)alms, art, ah

bat, cab

beach, chip

do, said

every, metbee, evil, meetear, mere (contains the r sound)far, find, beefgo, gave, gone

heat, high

big, its, in

bite, right, ice

Pronounce these words using the key above as an aid:

1. aviary (a' vc er 6) --

2. chela (cha' la)

-

3. grindelia (grin dc' le e)4.' hegari (hi gar'c)

-

Restart the tape.

4

Part Two

jk

I

m

nng

o6ooidoirou


1. factitive (fak' ti tiv) -'

3. phospholipide- (fos fo lip' id)4. photoelasticity (fo to i las tis' i t6)

-

Restart the tape.

lnterpreting the Pronunciation Keyjudge, jump, ledgeIteep, kind, makeledge, left, ballmy, aim, mark

now, ondrg, washing (any ing ending word)box, rock iopen, roadball, ought, rawjoint, oil, boybook, look, poortoo, fool, toolout, loud

V.

:li.'.:W'r -i ,.,]:. .'.ri,, y-

.;.see, sister, sat

', sho, Fush, hush .-:..

'top, ten, hit:,'thin, pathsmooth, that, those

burn,:cur, urge (contains the r sound)live, river, victorywave, always

yes, yesterday, lawyer

' z;ip,lazy, these

mrrage, v$or

,,Pronounce these words using the key above as an aid:

1: orchidaceous (6r ki da' shus)2. thanage (!ha' nij)3. thaumaturgic (fh6 ma tfir' jik)4;', urticaceous (rir ta ka' sJrus) , . iRestart the tape.

Part Fourlnterpreting the Pronunciation Key

,(a) Known as the 6chwa, it occurs only in unaccentuate@fullables and indicated the,

(') Known as the accent mark, it indicates what syllables should be stressed by beingplaced after the stressed syllable as in:

sound of:

a in above

e in system

r rn easrly

o in gallop

u rn clrcus

agree

dealer

geography

involve

(a buv')(sis' t a m)(c' ze lc)(gaI' ap)(strr'kas)

( a grc')(dc' I a r)

I a- r

ue og ra Ie)(in volv')


1 suspiration (sus pa ra' than)2. reminiscent (rem a nis' ent)

-

3: molybdate (ma lib' dat)

-

4. linoleum (li no' le am)

Restart the tape.

Pronunciation KeyEXERCISE 1

DIRECTIONS; Fill in the blanks with the words represented by the pronunciationsymbols as shown in the example. Use the Pronunciation Key onpage 2 of this manual, if you need to do so.

Example.' en kloz

1. dis gras'2. b6k'n3. ta bak'o

-,+. nyoo mar.,,

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b. trsh ooh

-,b.eze7. biz' c8. a w6k'

-,y. myoo zrK

10. sa spens'

,^rlr*to I


Pronunciation l(eyEXERCISE 2

DIRECTIONS: Pronounce the following words as they are represented in the Pare.n,theses. They are all words you probably know. If you believe that thepronunciation symbols are not correct for any of the words, place agheck mar]

DIRECTIOIIS;

Pronunciation KeYEXERCISE 3

Using the Pronunciation Key on page 2-9f y:'r manual' fill in theblanks with the first word listeJ in [n. K.v that is used as an exampleof the way the pronunciation tY*Uof :9";q:' For instance' if a wordIisted below rras trr" ci sound, yo., *o.rld write alms in the blank

space'

since that is the first word listed in the Key as an example of the

sound. The first one has been completed for you'

FRAME 1

pan.o.plY

a.

b.

c.

Go to Frame 3.

(pu.' a plc)the o in the sYllable Pon sounds

theosoundinthesecondsyllablesoundsliketheschwaain

the y in the third syllable sounds like the e in

like the o in osk

FRAME 2

What are Youhere, so go to

doing here? You were directed to FrameFrame 3.

3. There's nothing of interest

FRAME 3

Check your answers to Frame 1 with these:

b. galloPc. bee

If you missed one orIf you answered both

both of these, go to Framequestions correctlY, go to

4.Frame 5.

FRAME 4

ro answer question b. correctlv, You srrou]a |11: Y"I:1T*:l:""i:i1'HJ#jil[;.,X[H'rf,]?J"""1,?;,1?ili"ffi,'"" ,l;;;;h"re it gives an example or each or the--^r -,,1,, ot ^rrld havp looked for o anci,':H?::1:::."""#:";T","ffi;J';;'"rii;; '";;i, vJu should have looked

ror o and-r :-- rr^^ .,,^-.1 nn-r-rrtl\t iS SOftf

;:X*ffif;j'l#1,i"'*l';to'gJi.o. rhus, the o sound in the word, panoptv is sounded10

Frame 4 (Continued)

Iike the o rn gallop. To answer c. correctly you should havetion of the y in panoply is marked with an a. The first wordnunciation Key is bee; thus, the y sound in panoply sounds

Now go to Frame 5 and try again.

noticed that the pronuncia-Iisted under @ in the Pro-like the e in bee.

FRAME 5in.fi.nite (in' f a

a. the ib. the ic. the i

nit)in the first syllable sounds like the i inin the second syllable sounds like the schwa e in

in the last syllable sounds like the i in

Chech your answers in Frame 7.

FRAME 6con,fine (ken fin'; kon'f-rn)

a. the k sound is the same as in the word

in the second pronunciation it is on the

Check your answers in Frame 8.

b. the a in the first pronunciation given is the same as the o rnc. the o in the second pronunciation is the same as the o in

d. the i in both pronunciations is the same as the i ine. the accent in the first pronunciation is on the syllable and

syllable.

FRAME 7a. big b. easily c. big

If you missed any of these, go to Frame 9.If you answered all these correctly, go back to Frame 6.

11

FRAME 8a. keep b. gallop c. box d. bite

If you answered all items correctly go to Frame 10.e. last; first

If you missed any items, return to Frame 6 and using the correct answers given here,refer to the Pronunciation Key on page 2 to see where you made your mistake. Then goto Frame 10 when finished.

FRAME 9

To answer item a. correctly, you should have noticed that the i in the first syllable hasno marks on it. Checking the Pronunciation Key on page 2 you will see the first sampleword for the i with no marks is brg. To answer b. correctly, you should have noticed theschwa a in the second syllable represents an i sound. Finding the e symbol on the Pro-nunciation Key, you then needed to look for the i the symbol represents. The wordlisted is easily. To answer c., you repeat the same method for a. above. When you under-stand your mistake, go back to Frame 6 and try a new word.

FRAME 1Ore.deem.ing (ri dc' mi6'g)

a. the i in the first syllable is the same as the f inthe ee in the second syllable is the same as the e sound i

c. the fg sound is the same as the ng in


FRAME 11e.lu.ci.date (i loT' si dat)

a. the accent is on theb.

c.

d

syllable of the word.

the u sound in the second syllable is the same as the o-o sound in

the o sound in the last syllable is the same as the d sound in

the e in the first syllable and the i in the third syllable sound the same as the,tn


12

FRAME 12a. second b. too c. ape d. big

If you missed any item s, return to Frame -l I and using the correct answers given here,,.f., to the Pronlnciation Key on page 2 to see where you made your mistake. If youdid not miss any items, restart the tape.

This ends Exercise 3. Restart the tape.

FRAME 13a- big b. bee c. ring

If you missed any item s, return to Frame 10 and,using the correct answers given !,.t",refer to the pronlnciation Key on page 2 to see where you made your mistakes. If youdid not miss any items, So to Frame 71 now.

ObieCtiVe 2,'When you have finished with this module, you will be able to under-stand and use more efficienUy the Abbreviation Keys found indictionaries.

SAMPLE ABBREVIATION KEY

:abbr.adj.adu.AFalter.Alg.ALAmer.Am. Ind.Am. Sp.ant.Ar.B.C.Biol.Bot.Brit.Brit. Dial.C.D.E.esp.F.fem.fis.G.ger.Geog.Gk.Gram.Heb.i.e.

1,4

word origin (etYmologY)descended or derived fromequivalent toabbreviationadjectiveadverbAngIo-FrenchalterationAlgebraAnglo-LatinAmericanAmerican IndianAmerican-SpanishantonymArabicBefore ChristBiologyBotanyBritishBritish DialectCenturyDutchEnglishespeciallyFrenchfemininefigurativeGermangerundGeographyGreekGrammarHebrewthat is

Ital.IEinf .LMath.MEMFmasc.

mod.n.

naut.obs.OEOFOLorig.pass.philos.pl.prep-pron.prp-s.

sing.sp.subj.syll.syn.trans.U.

uar.

u.i.u.t.

ItalianIndo-EuropeaninfinitiveLatinMathematicsMiddle EnglishMiddle FrenchmasculinemodernnounnauticalobsoleteOId EnglishOld FrenchOld Latinoriginally, originpassivephilosophypluralprepositionpronounpresent particiPlestemsingularspellingsubjunctivesyllablesynonymtranslationverbvariantintransitive verbtransitive verb

3.

lnterpreting Abbreviation KeysEXERCISE 4

DIRECTIONS; Using the Abbreviation Key on page 14, answer the followingquestions.

1. What do the following abbreviations mean?a. OEb. fem.c. Heb.d. pl.e. u.i.f.Lg. ant.h. n.i. s.j. syll.

2. What do the following symbols mean?a.=b. t1

Using the Key, answer the questionsdictionary word entry.

bea.uer2 (bclvar) n. 1. A movlower face. 2. The visor ochild's bib < baue salival .

What part of speech is beauer?From what language is the word derived?What is the original word?What does the original word mean?

listed below regarding the following

able piece of medieval Elrmor covering thef a helmet. 3. Slang A beard. [

lnterpreting Abbreviation KeYsEXERCISE 5

DIRECTIOIIS: using the Abbreviation Key on page 14, answer the following ques-tions about the dictionaly entries in each frame. Remember to goonly to the Frame you are directed to read'

FRAME 1co.gent(ko' jant), adj. l. believable orconvincingby beingforcibly clear' 2' to thepoint, or relevant. [< L cAgent- (s. of cogens, PrP' of cOgere to drive together' collect'compel) = cog

-

(co- * ag-t root of agere to drive) + -entl -co'gent'ly adv'a. What part of speech is the word cogent?

From what language ts cogent derived?

c. The Latin cogent is the stem of what word?

d. What form of sPeech is cogentlY?

Check your answers in Frame 3-

FRAME 2No

- no - no. This is

not paying attention.

Go to Frame 3.

not Frame 3.Which is it?

It's Frame 2. You're either overly curious or you're

FRAMEa.

b.

C.d.

Now go

3

cogentis an adjective; notice trre adi. abbreviation after the pronunciationsymbols.Latin; notice the first bracket is followed by an (, which means "derivedfrom,,, and the abbreviation following that is L fot Latin.c6gdns; notice the s. following the first parenthesis.adverb; it's the last listing, adu.

to Frame 4.

16

FRAME 4as.cer.tain (as ar tdnl ), u.t. 1. to determine; to leam with certainty; to find out forcertain. 2. Archaic, to make clear. [ate ME, var. of assertafn (MF ascertain (s. ofacertener to make certain).1 -as.cer.tairf.able, adj. -as.cer.tain' a.ble.ness, n.,-as-celtain' a bly, adv. -as.cer.tain'.ment, n. -syn. 1. See learn.

a. What part of speech is ascertain?

b. What part of speech is ascertainment?c. From what languages is oscerfaln derived?

d. What word should you look up for a synonym of ascertain?Check your answers in Frame 6.

FRAME 5Nothing's happening here, man. Try Frame 6.

FRAME 6a. ascertainis a transitive verb, signified by the v.t. following the pronunciation

symbols.b. noun; notice all the various changes with different suffixes added to ascertain

(able, ness, ably, etc.)c. Middle English and Middle French.d. learn; notice the last entry.

Now go to Frame 7.

FRAME 7de.fer.ence (def' ar ans), n. l. submission or yielding toanother. 2. courteous or respectful regard for someone:left. [( F ddfdrencel.

a. What part of speech is deference?

the judgment or opinion ofIn deference to his wishes, she

b. From what language is the word deference derived?c. Whdt syllable of the word deference receives the accent in pronunciation?


FRAME 8de.i.fi.ca.tion (de a f a ka' shen), n. /. the act of making someone a god or godlike.2. the state of regarding someone as a god or as godlike. 3. the result of deifying some-one or thing. [ME deificacion

FRAME 11

bracketed entry.d. deificacion; notice the spelling following ME; that's it.

Now go back to Frame 10.

a.

b.c.

deification is a noun (n.).the fourth.Latin; Middle English came after the Latin as you will note from the

FRAME 12

h as ruminate, a verb. So they are verbs.speecn as rumtnate, a

This concludes Exercise 5. Restart the tape.

a.

b.ruminate is a verb (v.).ruminated is an intransitive verb; notice that only the ending -nated isspelled out following the v. symbol. That's because all the syllables up tonated are spelled the same and sounded the same. The whole spelling of run-on entries is given only when there is a change in the entire word.ruminating is also an intransitive verb; it is indicated by -nating

-

v.i.ruminatingly rs an adverb (adv.); it's one of the last listings in the word entry.Since tlrre ly is added to the word, it changes to another part of speech and isIisted separately at the end of the entryrumination is a noun (n.); it's also listed near the end of the listings.think and reflect; notice the last entry.if they are synonyms to the entry word, they have to be the same part of

c.

d.

e.

f.ob'

ObieCtiVe 3:When you have finished with this module, you wilt be able to definethe term "running heads" and know how to use them for fasterdictionary use.

RUNNING HEADS

"Running heads" are the words listed at the top of each dictionary page indicated bythe arrows above. The word printed at the top left-hand side is the first word listed onthat page. The word on the right side is the last word entry on the page.

When you look up a word in the dictionary, you can find it much more quickly if youuse the running heads as a guide. For instance, if you were looking up the word literal,you could tell by using the running heads in the illustration above that literal wouldappear on page 790 because the first four letters of literal appear alphabetically betweenthe first four letters of each of the running heads on page 790 in the illustration.

Restart the tape.

j

r

20

'i. -

.' :.' : :j'

Using Running HeadsEXERCISE 6

DIRECTIONS: Complete the following frames regarding the use of running heads.An example of what you are to do is provided below.

Example: The two running heads at the top of the page in a dictionary are acqtuaintedand act. Check the blanks in front of the words below if they would appear

. on the same page of the dictionary

'/ acquire (a-c-q-u-i comes after acquainted,before act.)/'/ across (a-c-r comes after d,cqu and before act.)

acorn

d. lacrylic (a-c-r comes after acq andbefore act.)e. aconite

FRAME 1The two running heads at the top of a dictionary page are d.emand,able and. demon.Check the blanks in front of the words below if they would appear on the same page inthe dictionary.

democratic' b. densityc. demeand. demolishe. deluxe

Check your anEwers in Frame 3.

FRAME 2The two running heads at the top of the dictionary page are hostess and hour.Checkthe blanks in front of the words below if they would appear on that pqge.

a. hostileb. hospitalc. hotel :1

a.

b.

c.

27(Continued next page)

Frame 2 (Continued)

d. houre. howl


FRAME 3The answers to Frame 1 are a, c, and. d. If you missed any of these, go back to Frame 7and re-check your alphabetical figuring. Then go to Frame 2.

FRAME 4The answers to Frame 2 ate a,and re-examine your answers.

c, and d. It you missed any of these, go back to Frame 2Then go to Frame 5.

FRAME 5Now the running heads are return and reuerence. Which words would appear on thatpage?

a. reuniteb. revel

c. retriald. revisee. revenue

Check your dnswers in Frame 7.

FRAME 6The running heads are enuoy and epic. Which words would appear on that page?

a. entranceb. envoyc. enzymed. epicuree. epidemic

Check your ansu)ers in Frame g.22

EttE

tIg[.!

FIa'

tiIrI

t

tt

IIIttrflIIr$

F

Efrhli

E

I

IttLL

II;

i

F

r:t.?

FrTI

FRAME 7Theanswersto Frame Sare a, b, and,e.Ifyoumissedany of them, goback to Frame Sand check your alphabetical figuring. Then go to Frame 6.

FRAME 8The running head words are lake and lamentation. Which words would appear on thatpage?

a.

-

lag

b. lambc. lamed. lancee. lament


FRAME 9The answers to Frame 6 are b and c. If you missed either of these, return to Frame Gand check your error. Then ga to Frame 8.

FRAME 10The answers to Frame 8 are b, c, and e. If. you missed any of these, return to Frame 8and check your mistakes. When finished, restart the tape. This ends Exercise 6.

23

run.a. gate (ru_n/a. gdt)- n tSA, cligg)j. !. deserter ; renegade.2. _4, vagabond;-homeless wl'ilEfFr. [Alter. of nnNecaon;infl. by run, dial. agate on the way

ulr.a.roqryL,,ft13,lgqtrrndr) n. 1 frtlut deceptron;n the body of the

text, as arollfrfl'11'llStFations.run.a.waj (run/a.wfl/) adj. L. Escaping or escaped from re-straint or eontrol; fugitive. 2. Brought about-by runningaway: a runaway mairiage. 3. Easili won: said -of a horseraee. 4. Deeisive; one-side{. 5. Of, pertaining to, or ehar-3. E4sily won: said bf a h-orseacterized by a rapid price rise.

-

n. 1. One who or thatwhich runs awav or flees: also. a horse of which tleirigerphiqh runs aw?y or flees; alsq, a horse of whicht i''' iii*i 1* iln;*i." r. ffi ; # ;i''{d;i fi ;w ;;: "' b Ifr iffi ;lAn easily won vietory, as in a raee. - \,r-

run.ci.ble spoon (runrsa.bal) A fork having three broadtines,_one of which has a sharp edge. [< nuNc(INATE) +

"un."i;rr"te (run/sa.net.

-nit) oal.kthe incisions or teeth in6lined backwEk?lisaid of leaves._ t

Restrictive Usage LabelsEXERCISE 7

DIRECTIONS; Answer the questions following each dictionary entry in the framesbelow. Refer to the Abbreviation Key on page L4 when you needhelp.

FRAME 1beck' (bek) rz. A nod or other gesture of summons.

-

atone's Leck and call Subject to-one's slightest wish.

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o.t.& a.i. To beekon. [Short for nocxoN]beckz (bek) n. Brit. DiaL A small biook. [< ON bekkrstream, brook]

What does the restrictive label Brit. Dial. mean?

b. Would it be correct in the United States to refer to a small brook or streamas a beck? whv?

Chech your answers in Frame 3.

FRAME 2beck.et (bekrit) n. Naut. A device for holding spars, ropes,etc., in position, as a eleat, a strap, loop, or rope, or a smallgrommet. [Origin unknown]

a.

b.What does the restrictive label Naut. mean?In what branch of the armed forces would the word most likely be used?


FRAME 3The answers to Frame 1 are:

a. British Dialect, meaning it's restricted to use in Britain.b. no, because the definition is restricted to British usage-. You could use it, of

course, but probably no one would know what you were talking about.Go to Frame 2.

Zb

FRAME 4The answers to Frame 2 arel.

a. Nautical, meaning sailing or sea term.b. the Navy or Coast Guard.

Go to Frame 5.

FRAME 5slgp-e (sl6p) a. sloped, stop.ing o.i. 1. To be inclined fromthe level or the vertical; slant. 2.To move on an inclinedpath; go obliquely. 3. InformalTo leave suddenlv: run off.-

a.t. 4. "fo eause to slope. -

Syn. See Ttpi. - '- n. l.Any slanting surfaee or line; a deelivity or acclivity. Z. Thedegree of inclination of a line or surfae6 from the plane of theh-orizon. 3. Math. The tangent of the positive dnsle of lesit-!an 180o made by the r-aiis and a stiaight line?rawn inCartesian eoordinates. [Aphetic var. of ailope, AE asloiei,Rgr. of aslupan to slip awdy]

-

slsp/s1. n.' -

slopr;.r".1;AdA. -

Blop/ing.neas ?2.

What restrictive definitions are listed for slope?

b. Would it be correct to use the third definition of the uerb slope in an essayfor an English class?

c. Would it be correct to use the third definition of the noun slope in a Mathtextbook?

Check your anEwers in Frame 7.

26

FRAME 6slop, (slop) o. elopped, slop.ping tt.i. 1. To splash or spill.2. To walk or move through slush.

-

a.t. 3. To cause (aliquid) to spill or splash. 4. To spill a liquid upon. 5. U.S.To feed (a domestic animal) with slops.

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to slop over 1.To overflow and splash. 2. To do or say more than is nec-essary, beeause of excess zeal, sentimentality, etc.

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n. l.Slush; watery mud. 2. A puddle of liquid that has beenslopped. 3. An unappetizing liquid or watery food. 4. Ref-use liquid. 5. pl.Waste food or swill, as from a kitchen,used to feed cattle, pigq, etc. 6. pl. Distiller's mash deprivedof its alcohol. tME sloooe ( OE -slo,rpel

slop: (slop) n. 1-. Obs. A'lbose outer gaime-nt. 2. pl. Articlesof clothing, bedding, ete., supplied to sailors on shipboard.?;rrflrj Cheap, ready-made elothes. IME sloppe < OE

How many restrictive definitions are listed for the first entry?

What are they?

How many restrictive definitions are listed for the second entry?

What are they?

Would it be proper to refer to a loose fitting dress as a slop?whv?

d. Which definition for slopt is used only in the United States?



a. informal and Math definitions.b. no, because it is restricted to informal usage, unless, of course, the essay was

supposed to be written informally.c. yes, because the symbol Math precedes it, meaning the definition is restricted

or limited to that field. As a side note, did you notice that there are fourdefinitions of slope as a verb, and three as a noun? If not, take another lookin Frame 5.

When finished, go to Frame 6.

tk

27


a. one, U.S., meaning the United States.b. one, obs., means obsolete, not used much any more.c. no, because the term is obsolete. That doesn't mean you can't use it, but the

question asked was would it be proper to use it. So the answer is no.d. the 5th one listed, to feed with slop.Now go to Frame 9.

FRAME 9

sub iect (n., adj. sub jikt; u. sab jekd), n. 1. a matter or topic that forms the basisof a conversation, train of thought, etc. 2. a branch of knowledge as a course ofstudy. 3. a person under investigation. 4. someone who owes allegiance to some-one or sovereign state. 5. Gram. a noun or noun phrase that refers to a person,place, or thing performing an action or state of being. 6. Philos. a. that whichthinks, feels or perceives as contrasted with the objects of thought, feeling or per-ception. 7. Obs. the place beneath something.

How many restrictive definitions are listed in the entry above?

To what field or area is definition number 5 restricted?To what field or area is definition number 6 restricted?In what way is definition number 7 restricted?

Check your answers in Frame L L.

c.

d.

FRAME 10Define what is meant by restrictive usage labels:

Check your answer in Frame 12.

28


a. threeb. Grammarc. Philosophyd. it is obsolete

Go to Fmme 10

FRAME 12Answers will vary in wording, but you should have something in your answer to indicatethat restricted usage labels limit a word's definition and show whether or not it isproper to use, or when it is proper to use.

This ends Exercise 7. Restart the tape.

ObieCtiVe 5.'When you have finished this module, you will bechoose the definition of a word when more thanis listed.

able to selectivelyone word definition

Example:

O v.i. = verb intransitive, or a verb that does not require a complement tocomplete its meaning, such as:

(s) (v)He slouched in his chair.

O v.t. : verb transitive, or a verb that does require a complement to complete itsmeaning, such as:

(s) (v) (complement)Ue stoggbgd the hgL over his face.

On. = noun, or a person, place or thing.(n)

His slouch is not becoming to him.

(")or: He is no slouch at baseball.

Restart the tape.

slouch (sloueh[ o.ilt. 'Io have a downcast or drooping gait,look, or'ppstgap.lo hang or droop in ? careless manE5?-?faf'*fu.tllg. To eause to droop or hang down. fn.1. A droopiihJ the head and shoulilers eaused by deprh/sion, fatigue, ete. 2. A drooping of the brim of a hat. q,A;'; ;1;';;,'tiJu'', y-,' o. i;;;;5 ; ;? J" t ;;H,; ;'' G i

^

t t v i,i t ["negative: He's no sloueh at baseball. [Origin uneertain]"torr.6ry odj. - slouch/i.ly adts. - slouchri.ness zr.

30

Various Word MeaningsEXERCISE 8

eroD (kroo) n. 1. The cultivated produce of the land, asgrdin'or vegetables. 2. The soil produg! of a particular[ind, plaee,6r season: the whgat crop. 3. Theseasbn?l yi-eldof things other than plants: the hgney crop. ^ 4. A colleetionor ouantitv of anvthins produeed: a crop of. graduates. 5.A eioppini, espeeiallv 6f'the hair: a clgde crop. 6. lhe re-sult oi'cro"onin's. as: I A stvle of short haircut, or a head ofhair erooo'eil short. b An eirmark. as on cattle. 7. An en-larsemeilt of the sullet or esophigus in front of the truestolnach. as in bird6: the eraw. 8. The handle of a whip. 9.A whip having a leather loop for a lash. 1O. The entiretanned hide of an animal.

-

o. cropped, crop'ping u.l. I .To cut or eat off the stems or ends of-, as grass. -2. To plq-ckor reap. 3. To cut off closely, as hair. 4. To trim or glip;cut shbrt. 5. To raise a erob or erops on; eause to bearcrops.

-o.i. 6. To appeaf above the surface; sprout:with up or oul. 7. To-develop or eome up unexpeetedlv:with u'p or oul. 8. To bear or yield a erop br crop-s. tOEl

DIRECTIONS: In the blanks before each sentence, fill in the abbreviation and thenumber of the definition in the entry above that best fits how theword crop is being used. The first one has been done for you.

This year's crop of graduate students is fewer in number than last year's.

He wears his hair in a close crop.

She uses a riding crop on her horse.

She cropped thedog's hair.

The gardener crops the hedges once a month.

The problem just cropped up.This year's crop of corn is greater than ever before.

The bird's crop was damaged.

The crop came off the whip.

n.4

10. She cropped off the ends of the plant.

Restart the tape for the answers. (Printed answers also appear in Back-Up 8 in the bqcl?of this manual; )

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

DIRECTIONS:

Gheck TestAnswer the following questions below about the dictionary and thedictionary entrY Printed below.

ru.mor (ro-o/mor) n. 1-. An unverified or unfounded report''i:'Irr"tl,"c'ffi atffig:xnf,";x"J&Fff i"b,.hsits?,tiln'[i rliif ,i'".-"i.' -'+-. obs..-Fame, reputation '

-

o't'il;Aji,;.;;;a-as a rumor; norse abotit. Also Brfl. ru/mour.t

BACK.UP 11. disgrace2. bacon3. tobacco4. humor5. tissue

Restart the tape.

b.7.8.9.

10.

easybusyawokemusicsuspense

t

c

;

I

BACK-UP 21. correct2. should be pcp3. should be plan' it4. correct5. should be un kom' en

Restart the tape.

6. correct7. correct8. strr kya la' shen9. conect

10. fo-ot'bal

BACK.UP 4l-a. Old English1b. feminine1c. Hebrew1d. plural1e. intransitive verb

1f. Latin19. antonymth. noun1i. stem1j. syllable

equalbrackets for word origin or etymologyderived from

3a. noun3b. Old French3c. baue (notice that bauiere is derived from baue)3d. saliva

Interesting, isn't it, how the original meaning has changed over the centuries.Restart the tape.

2a.2b.2c.

BACK.UP 82.3.4.5.6.

n. 6an.9v.t. 3v.t,. 4v.i.7

7. n.28. n.79.' n. 8

10. v.t. 1Restart the tape.

33

1.

,

oo.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Answers to Check Testtwo

the first syllable

the schwa

noun and verb transitive

an older, almost never used definition

obsolete, meaning no longer used

noun

verb transitive

no, because the way it is used refers to the obsolete definition of the word. Thesentence should read, "Because of his reputation, no one would hire him."

derived from, meaning the language the word came from

Latin; if you said OF or OId French, you didn't notice the original language is Lor Latin

L2. usually on the front cover or front page and at the bottom of every other page

Restart the tape.

34

Module 1 How to Use the Dictionary

Documents

Transcript of Module 1 How to Use the Dictionary