modul blajar bahasa inggris

AMERICAN AND BRITISH CONVERSATION i

ABCAmerican and British Conversation

Modul Pembelajaran

1). Pronunciation

2). Speaking Class

3). Grammer for speaking

Disusun Oleh :

Riki Rismanto

Adi Mifarizky

Noviaranty

Director : Ust. Bairus Salim, M.Pd.I

AMERICAN AND BRITISH CONVERSATION ii

Editor : MD

AMERICAN AND BRITISH CONVERSATION iii

Kata Pengantar

Assalamualaikum wr wb

Puji Syukur Kehadirat Allah SWT, yang mana berkat rahmat-Nya lah sehingga Pocket pembelajaran ini bisa terselesaikan. Tidak lupa pula shalawat beserta salam Allah semoga selalu terlimpah curahkan kehadirat nabi Agung Muhammad SAW.

Pocket pembelajaran ini merupakan usaha untuk mempermudah pembelajaran di American and British Conversation (ABC) yang merupakan salah satu tempat kursus bahasa inggris di Metro. Yang dimana dalam pocket ini dibahas beberapa point pembahasan yaitu: 1) Pronunciation I, 2) Speaking Class, 3) Grammer for Speaking.

Tentunya dalam penulisan Pocket Pembelajaran ini masih ada kekeliruan-kekeliruan. Oleh karena itu, penulis berharap adanya kritik dan saran yang membangun guna perbaikan di masa yang akan datang. Demikian, semoga Pocket Book ini bermanfaat.

Wassalamualaikum wr wb.

Metro, 05 Maret 2012

PENULIS

AMERICAN AND BRITISH CONVERSATION iv

AMERICAN AND BRITISH CONVERSATION v

AMERICAN AND BRITISH CONVERSATION vi

TABLE OF CONTENT

A. Pronounciation............................................................................... 11. Alphabet.................................................................................... 12. Table of Pronunciation Symbols............................................... 23. Matching Alphabet Sounds....................................................... 44. Exercise for / i : / and / I /........................................................ 45. EXERCISE for / e / and /æ /.................................................... 56. EXERCISE For / æ /and /ᴧ /...................................................... 67. EXERCISE for /ᴧ / and / ɒ /.................................................... 88. EXERCISE For / e / dan / eI /..................................................... 99. EXERCISE For / ʊә/ dan / ɒ...................................................... 1010.EXERCISE for / aI /, /ʊә / , and /ɔI /......................................... 1211.EXERCISE for / ʊ / and / u: /................................................. 1212.EXERCISE for / Ɵ / and / ∂ /.................................................. 1313.STRESSING.............................................................................. 1314.EXERCISE for / ʃ / and / ӡ /.....................................................1415.POP Sound............................................................................... 1416.ED- FORM................................................................................ 16

B. Speaking Stage............................................................................ 161. Greeting.................................................................................. 162. Introduction............................................................................. 173. Apologizing.............................................................................. 204. Invitation ................................................................................ 225. British and US Time ................................................................ 256. Practice Cardinal, Ordinal, Number, Reaction and Multicative 257. Asking and Giving Directions ................................................. 278. Offering Help .......................................................................... 309. Expressing Certainty............................................................... 3110.Expressing Doubts.................................................................. 3211.Expressing likes and dislikes .................................................. 3312.Expressing an opinion ............................................................ 3413.Expressing agreement / disagreement .................................. 3514.Money, Current and coins....................................................... 3615.Key of learning........................................................................ 38

C. Grammer Stage........................................................................... 391.The parts of speech....................................................40

1) Nouns................................................................................. 40

AMERICAN AND BRITISH CONVERSATION vii

2) Verbs ................................................................................. 413) Adjective ........................................................................... 424) Adverbs ............................................................................. 425) Pronoun.............................................................................. 436) Conjunction........................................................................ 447) Preposition......................................................................... 458) Interjection......................................................................... 469) Modal (auxiliary)................................................................. 4610)......................................................................................Article

........................................................................................... 472.Sentence................................................................... 503.Tense........................................................................ 50

1) Present .............................................................................. 51

2) Past ................................................................................... 553)Future................................................................................. 57

Reference........................................................................ 60

PRONOUNCIATION 1 0

PRONOUNCIATION 1 1

1.ALPHABETH

A..... B..... C..... D..... E.....

F..... G.... H..... I..... J.....

K..... L..... M..... N... O.....

P..... Q..... R..... S..... T.....

U.... V..... W..... X..... Y.....

1Z.....

STUDENT TASK :

1. spell your name and street name of your address:

E.g :

My name is plankton. And the spelling is P- l-a-n-k-t-o-n

I live on palapa street . it’s P-a-l-a-p-a.

Four important points in pronunciation :

1.Vowel2.Consonat3.Stressing4. Pop sound

1. Vowel

Lax (short ) : [ә , e , I , ʊ ,ʌ , ɜ: , ɒ , u , i ]

Tense (medium) : [ α: , i: , u: , ɔ: , æ ]

Glide (long /difthong) : [ eI , aI , əʊ , aʊ , ɔI , Iə, eә ,ʊә ]

2. Consonant

Voiceless : light voice (wispering)

1“Z” = /zed/ BrE, /zi:/ AmE

p, k , t , tʃ , f , h , Ɵ, s , ʃ

PRONOUNCIATION 1 2

Voice : heavy sound

2.TABLE OF PRONUNCIATION SYMBOLS

There are three pronunciation symbol , that are :

a) Vowel :

Symbol Example in English Example in Indonesia/æ //ə//ɒ//I//ʊ//α://ɜ://ɔ://e//u//u://i://i //ʌ /

Hatagohotsitputarmfursawten

usualtooseeanycut

Embek (suara kambing )Ke

lobakLele

Tut (tidak mengubah wajah)

Aah(mengaduh)Seram

Ndeso...! (bhs.jawa)nenekUtang

Susu..,cucu..Hi...(menjijikan)

Cintakamera

b) Difthong :

Symbol Example in English Example in indonesia

/eI / Pay .........................../ aI / Buy Somai, cabai/ɔI / Join Koin, amboi/aʊ / Now Kalau, atau/eә / Hair ............................/ʊә / Pure .........................../əʊ / Go Toko, logo/Iə / near Iyem

c) Consonants :

Simbols Example in English Example in indonesia

b , d , g , ʤ , l , m , n , v , w, ∂ , j , ɳ , z , ӡ

PRONOUNCIATION 1 3

P Paste pasarB Baby BabeT Test TempeD Damn dandanK Cat kemarinG got ................tʃ Chair,chin ...............ʤ join JokoF fit FitriV Very ..............Ɵ thing Tsanawiyah∂ The ...............S Sad ....................Z Zebra Zakariaʃ Shoe SyaratȜ Vision ..............H Huge HutanM Man MakanN narrow Namaɳ Sing, ring, drink ..................L Let ....................R Rush ....................J Yeah, yes ........................

W Window Warung

3.MATCHING ALPHABET SOUNDS

Which one letters have the same vowel sound ?

E.g: a has the same vowel sound as j

a y

e m

i q

u u

f g

s j

PRONOUNCIATION 1 4

h u

c f

w v

STUDENT TASK :

1. Write the pronunciation symbols of every letter2. Make an arrow or some arrows to the letter which have the same

vowel sound3. Practice to your friend and correct each other

4.EXERCISE for / i : / and / I /

Drills for vowel and consonants

EXERCISE :

/I/ /It/ it/i:/ /i:t/ Eat

/ i: / / I /

Seat set Feel fill Sheep ship Heel hiil Feet fit Leaves lives Reason risen Field filled Green grin Eyes ice

MEANING :

a. a. You ‘can’t ‘sleep on the floor.....................................................

b. You ‘can’t ‘slip on the floor.....................................................

PRONOUNCIATION 1 5

b. a.There’s ‘sheep in the bay......................................................

b.There’s ‘ship in the bay......................................................

c. a.’Oh dear ! I ‘ can’t ‘feel the bath......................................................

b. ’Oh dear ! I ‘ can’t ‘fiil the bath......................................................

d. a. He‘s ‘walking on a ‘high ’heel.....................................................

b. He‘s ‘walking on a ‘high ’hiil......................................................

5.EXERCISE for / e / and /æ /

EXERCISE :

/ e / ...............

Bed

/ æ / ...............

Bad

Burry and Friend back Guess sad Many bag Men hamlet Red hat Said shampo

2On Wednesday the tree deaf men want to read to bury their dead friend.

‘Death’ said edy. ‘will come again many times . I’ll be the next, I guess.

2This text is for exercise of / e / symbol

/e / / æ /

PRONOUNCIATION 1 6

3The man in black hat bent in back map. ‘jack, ‘he said,’stand back . we’re in jam.

According to this plan , this piece of cake of land is hand. So, light the lamp and

lend a hand.

6.EXERCISE For / æ /and /ᴧ /

EXERCISE :

/ æ / .............

At

/ ᴧ / ..............

Up

Bag bug Bat but Cap cup Hat hut Lamp lump Match much Rag rug Ran run Sang sung

MEANING:

1. a. What do you think of my hat ?.....................................................

b. What do you think of my hut ?.....................................................

2. a. She ‘s got a lamp on her head......................................................

3 This text is for exercise of / æ / symbol

/ æ / / ᴧ /

PRONOUNCIATION 1 7

b. She ‘s got a lump on her head......................................................

3. a. He bought a nother cap......................................................

b. He bought a nother cup......................................................

4. a. He’d never seen such a cat .....................................................

b. He’d never seen such a cut.....................................................

5. a. She had a rag to keep her warm.....................................................

b.She had a rug to keep her warm.....................................................

london once run trouble

4huury up.! Run ! Riki’s ready and mother’s come. Once a month she came from London. She brought a ton of luggage with her , and a dozen bunches of jasmines. The fuss and trouble ! treated us like country cousins . You should have seen the colour of her gloves. Must have cost a lot of money.

7.EXERCISE for /ᴧ / and / ɒ /

EXERCISE :

/ᴧ / ......................

Up

/ ɒ / ......................

not

4 This text is for exercise of /ᴧ / symbol

/ ᴧ /

PRONOUNCIATION 1 8

bus boss colour collar cuff cough cut cot duck dock gun gone hut hot lust lost nut not shut shot

MEANING :

1. a. I am afraid the bus will be late.....................................................

b. I am afraid the boss will be late.....................................................

2. a. I could tell him by his cuff.....................................................

b. I could tell him by his cough......................................................

3. a. His colour was blue.....................................................

b. his collar was blue.....................................................

4. a. The policeman shut the door ......................................................

b. the policeman shot the door.....................................................

5. a. They looked for the ducks .....................................................

b. they looked for the docks.....................................................

/ ɒ / / ɔ: /

austria born cough august

PRONOUNCIATION 1 9

orange awful because daughter want fought tom wall yacht war

5 I want to an orange squash . I’m not tell the time. Because my wash was stopped , John said . “ it’s one clock” .And there’s no orange squash . have a cough drop. I found a box on that rich australian’s yacth. I supposed they’re really cough drops , then ! ‘what a lot of rot you talk !

6On morning in August , at dawn , he rode his past the lawn, along the wall to the orchard . ‘how awful not to have been born , he called to his daughter. You fought a war for this . she thought. Then they walked in the cornfields. And thanked the lord for their good fortune.

8.EXERCISE For / e / dan / eI /

EXERCISE :

/ e / ............ get

/ eI / ........... gay

etch eight debt date get gate let main men mate get pain pen raid red sail

MEANING :

5This text is for exercise of /ɒ/ symbol6This text is for exercise of /ɔ: / symbol

/eI // e /

PRONOUNCIATION 1 10

1. a. You won’t sell this boat..................................................................

b. You won’t sail this boat.................................................................

2. a. Don’t forget your debt.................................................................

b. Don’t forget your date.................................................................

7for heaven’s sake ! Be a saint and change the tape. That’s the eighth time you’ve played it. The neighbours will complain. O.K But I say, Help me move this table . It’s such a weight . My back will break . great ! now let’s play a game . such is late on raniny day.

9.EXERCISE For / ʊә/ dan / ɒ /

EXERCISE :

/ ʊә / ............. no

/ ɒ / ............. not

coast cost code cod coat cot hope hop own on road rod won’t want

MEANING :

1. a .He stood near the holy tree ...............................................

b. he stood near the holly tree ...............................................

2. a. The fish is at the end of the road.........................................

7This text is for exercise of /eI /symbol

/ʊә / / ɒ /

PRONOUNCIATION 1 11

b. The fish is at the end of the rod.........................................

Blow Moan Toe No Nose

8No..!.no..! won’t . oh won’t you ? Do as you’re told. Blow your nose , and then go and show your clean clothes to your mother. No....no...no.... ! it’s no joke , you know. Father will throw a fit when he gets home finds you moarning and groaning. And all because I trod on your little toe.

10. EXERCISE for / aI /, /ʊә / , and /ɔI /

EXERCISE :

/ aI / ........ My

/ʊә / ........ Now

/ɔI / .........

boy

1. Eleven nines are ninety nine. The clever girl replied.2. “oil“, said the policeman . what’s all that noise ?3. It’s an noying when prices rise.4. I never enjoy my dentist’s appoinment5. They threw some coins in the lountain.6. I doubt whether any noise an noys an syster.7. I’ve got something in my eye. She sighed.

11. EXERCISE for / ʊ / and / u: /

8This text is for exercise of / ʊә /symbol

/ʊә /

/ ʊ / / u: /

PRONOUNCIATION 1 12

Good do you Put fool queue Should look shoe nuisance

9You fool! You knew It’s not good for you to swim in in the pool. If you don’t come soon. I’ll pull you out. Where did you put your clothes and shoes? You are nuisance! Don’t be so cruel! Look! If I choose to do something I shouldn’t do, they can’t put the blame on you . Anyway , later the pool gets full and there’s an awful queue.

12.EXERCISE for / Ɵ / and / ∂ /EXERCISE :

/ Ɵ / ............

thin

/ ∂ / ............

this

13. EXERCISE for /ʃ / and / ӡ /EXERCISE:

Initial Medial finalSheep Cashier BrushShip Dictionary FinishShoe National RubbishSugar Russia spalshSure washing wash

Medial “s” , “z”

Medial “sion” Final “ge”

Leisure Desicion BeigeMeasure Explosion Camouflage

9This text is for exercise of /ʊ / and / u: /symbols

/ӡ /

/ʃ/

PRONOUNCIATION 1 13

Pleasure Illusion EspionageTreasure Occasion GarageSeizure television massage

10The explosion, he thought , came from behind the shrubs , just near the garage. Had the chauffeur left the machine inside ? he dashed across the garden , knocked over the rubbish bins and shone his torch in the direction of the garage. Sure enough a hole measuring four by four. Further axemination showed that someone had lost a shoe. Caustiously feered through the hole. There was a shirck, “just television”, He said. But “ believe me, there’s precious little pleasure in espionage.

14. STRESSING

Stress is the degree of loudness or force with which a syllable is spoken. In English, there are four degrees of stress that are importance.

Primary stress ( ∕ ) Tertiary stress (¿) weak stress ( • )

go, calender , above exercise , understand excitement , manager

15. POP Sound

Pop sound will happen on the letter by the ending letters :

E.g:

Bob , rob, tube, cube , coach,....................................................................

Porch , pouch , church , chinch , ..............................................................

10This text is for exercise of /ʊ / and / u: /symbols

p , tʃ , k , t , b , d , g , ʤ

PRONOUNCIATION 1 14

Pop, soup, peep, type , tape , rape, .........................................................

Speak , take , work , make , look, book, took , break..........................

Right, don’t, cat, seat , set, bet, bat, ....................................................

Did, kid, word, bed , bad, wood , sound..................................................

Dig, bag, beg, reg , egg,.............................................................................

Judge , adage , age , cottage, courage , coverage , edge, emerge , advantage,.....................................................................................................

16. ED- FORM

The Ed – form is really significant to bat around . the Ed- form in past tense Verb has three diffrent sounds.

1. Ed = “t”

Ed- form is pronunciated “ t” after voiceless.

Eg: stopped , kissed , talked , walked

2. Ed = “d”

Ed- form is pronunciated “ d “ after voice .

Eg : called , controled , mixed , killed

3. Ed = “id”

Ed- form is pronunciated “id “ after the ending letter “T” and “D”.

Eg : wanted , needed , ......................,....................,..................

SPEAKING STAGE 15

SPEAKING STAGE 16

GREETING

A. These are the words to greet somebody:

This is used for most of LA people informal:

Hello Hi Hola

Common greeting or formal:

Good morning ~ Good morning, Sir/Madam

Good afternoon ~ Good afternoon Good evening ~ Good evening Morning Plankton ~ Morning Kiki

Note : Good night can be used when leaving or closing meeting or parting.

B. Asking condition or health

There are some word that’s used formal and informal:

Fomal :

How are you?I’m fine, thanks and you?

How are you today?I’m very well, thanks

How are you this morning?I’m not bad, thanks

Informal:

How’s life?Not too bad, thanks

How are you doing?Very well thanks

How’s everything?Everything is under control

How are you getting on?Pretty good

How is it going?Ok. What about you?

Are you doing Ok?Yupp. I’m doing ok

What’s up?Alive and kicking

Note : “how do you do?” is used for someone we never meet.

C. Expression :

Followed by there, dear, guys, man

SPEAKING STAGE 17

Give my regard to your father…Thanks I will

Give my love to my sweety/girl..Sure, I will

Say hello to PlanktonSure

D.Bye bye/ farewells

Good bye Bye Good night Night See you later see you See you tomorrow ok See you soon Fine/Ok

I’m leaving nowPlease

Take care of your selfPlease

Be good on the way Fine Have a good time

Thanks

Note : If you are going to meet again in the same day, see you later, see you soon, see you are used.

INTRODUCTION

A. Introducing your self

Formal

I’d like to introduce my self my name is... it’s pleasure to meet you

May I introduce my self? I’m...it’s nine to meet you

Exuse me, my name’s...I’m glad to meet you

How do you do? Hello, I’m......

Demonstration

Jhon : May I introduce myself? My name is Jhon Plankton

Ardo : How do you do? I’m Ardo Laponco

Richard : Hello, I’m RichardDebbie: Nice to meet you, Richard

My name is DebbieJane : Ladies and GentelmenI would like to introduce my selfMy

name is Jane, I’m student of Standford Informal

Heve we met before? I don’t think you know me

SPEAKING STAGE 18

I’m glad to meet youMy name is........I’m happy to meet you

I don’t think we’ve met HelloMy name is.....Hi

My name is... My name is.... Hello, I’m.... Hi,,,I’m....

Demonstration Mr. Captain : Heve we met before?

My name’s captain.Mr. Adam : Glad to meet you, I’m Adam.

Andy : Hello, I’m AndyAwan : Nice to meet you, I’m AwanLia : Hi, I’m Lia. I’m a college studentof BrawijayaI’m in the

Faculty of Art.Practice 1.Introduce your self to the class mention your name, profession, or occupation and the place where you live, work or study.

Practice 2.You are visiting your friend Lina, at her house, then you see her sister coming. Great her and introduce your self to her.

Pactice 3.You are sitting next to beautiful girl in front of ABC’s office. She and you want to enroll your selves to be an English student at this course. You don’t know her, or you have never me before. Introduce your self to her.B. Introducing other Formal Introduction

Mr. Tant, I’d like to Introduce.....How do you do?

Let me Introduce......................It’s nice to meet you

May I introduce..................I’m happy to meet you

Mr. Tant, I would like you to meet ......

SPEAKING STAGE 19

DemonstrationMr. Captain : Mr. Tant, I would like you to

meet Mr. AdamMr. Tant : It’s nice to meet you,

Mr.AdamMr. Adam : It’s nice to meet you too,

Mrs. BrownInformalIntroductionJack, have you met jhon?I’m happy to meet youLia, do you know ika?Hello

Alvin, meet my brother, Tom,HiOh, look, here’s jane....Bill, this is Mr. Harry

Read the following text!Introduction

Knowing one another is very important in our life. By Introduction, we can establish relations and help one another. And because of it, this world became wonderful and absorbing. Every body has own way to present himself. At times, someone wanting to get acquainted with others needs sacrifice and is thick skinned to reach it. Many times the great affection is arisen by Introduction as well. That’s why, it’s pleasant and impressing.

Answer the following questions and discuss them together.1. How do you fell when you introduce your self to the beautiful girl

or handsome boy? Why?2. What will you do if your friend is indifferent?3. Were you ever disappointed?4. Have you interesting experience during introduction?5. What will you do if someone refuses you to present?

APOLOGIZINGA. Asking people to say something again Formal

SPEAKING STAGE 20

Beg your pardon? Pardon me?

Pardon? Excuse me, what did you say?

DeomonstrationTourist : Excuse me, I’m looking for

the moneychangerBeijie : I beg your pardon?Tourist : I’m looking for the money

changerBeijie : It’s just around the cornerTourist : Thanks youBeijie : you’re welcome

Informal Sorry? What did you say?

What was that again?

Demonstration Alwi : Whose car is that?Anto : That’s my father’sAlwi : Sorry?Anto : My father’sLinda : Wow luxurious!Formal I’m sorry That’s all rightI’m very sorry That’s quite all rightI’m sorry for......... Don’t worry about thatI apologize...I apologize for....Excuse me Never mindForgive me, please... No problemExcuse me, please....

Demonstration Alwi : I’m sorry for stepping on you

shoeAnwar : That’s quite all right

SPEAKING STAGE 21

Ani : I’m very sorry for spilling my coffee on your seat

Nia : Don’t worry about it

Practice 1.You were inviting by your friend to come to the party. You couldn’t come, because you were sick. How to owe him an apology?

Practice 2.You are playing football. You kick your friend’s head. How to make an apology to him for you?Disccuse the following topics.

1. Is apologizing necessary when we do mistakes?2. What will happen if there is no pardon in the world?

INVITATIONA. Formal expression

Would you like to...? Would you like to join me? Would you like to take a walk

with us?

Would you like to go shopping with me?

Would you be free to come to the concert tonight?

Accepting InvitationThanks you, I’ll be glad toThanks you, I’d like to very muchRefusing InfitationI’m very sorry, but...I’m very sorry, but I don’t have much timeI’m very sorry, but I can’t come. My father is sickThank you, but I’m afraidThat’s very kind of you, but I’m afraid

I’d like to but.....I’d like to but I’m not feeling well todayI’d like to but I’m very busy right now

No, thank youNo, thank you. I hope you will invite me again sometimesNo, thank you. I have just eaten

SPEAKING STAGE 22

B. Informal expression Let’s........Let’s go to the restautantLet’s take a walkLet’s go shopping

How about....How about joining me?How about taking a walk?How about going to the cinema?Will you join us for dinner?

What about.........?What about going to the movie?What about having breakfast?What about playing music?

Why don’t.........Why don’t you join me?Why don’t we go to restaurant?Why don’t we take a walk?

Accepting invitationThanks I’d love toThanks I’d like toSure, that sounds greatSure, that sounds like funYes, with pleasure

Refusing InivitationThanks but....Thanks but I have’t much timeThanks but I must be right back home

I’m sorry, but........I’m sorry, but I’m very busy right nowI’m sorry, but I get busyI’d love to but.......I’d love to but I’m not feeling well todayNo, thanks

SPEAKING STAGE 23

DemostrationTony : Hello, how are you enjoying your stay in pare?Sari : I’m enjoying it very much, thank youTony : By the way, what are you doing tommorrow night?Sari : Nothing special as far as I knowTony : Well, would you like to come for a ride in the country?Sari : Thanks, I’d love toTony : Fine, let’s meet here about seveno’clock?Sari : That would be very niceTony : Good, see you tomorrowSari : Fine

Practice 1.Change the acceptances to refusals in the demonstration above!

Practice 2.You have a plan for going to picnic on you holiday make short conversation about it. By acceptance or refusal response.

Ask your friend the following question, then make a short presentation to the class.

1. Do you always invite your friend for a ride around the country?2. Where you ever dissaponted in your friend’s invitation?3. How do you feel if your girl/ boy friend refuse your invitation?4. Tell me your impressing experience of your inviting a friend of

yours!5. Do you always take responsibility when you invite a friend of

yours?

Expression :If you’d like, I’ll show you around:Kalau kamu mau, ku akan mengajakmu keliling

BRITISH and US TIME

There a bit different to tell the british and U.S Time:A. Brithish

07:00 Seven O’clock 08:31 Twenty nine to nine

SPEAKING STAGE 24

07:30 Thirty past seven08:15 Quater past eight

09:45 Quater to Ten01:58 Two to two

B. American 07.00 Seven O’clock07.30 Seven thirty08.15 Eight fifteen

08.31 Eight thirty one09.45 Nine forty- five01.58 One fifty- eight

Am (Ante mederium) 00.00 - 12.00Pm (Post mederium) 12.00 – 00.00Sosial Language

Time is money It’s about time to..... It’s the time punctual? It’s 5 minutes faster/slower At 7 sharp Tell me the time “cause my

watch has stopped

No buying time! Time off Time is over/up! Time after time Time will tell! Let’s wait and see! What time is it?

PRACTICE CARDINAL, ORDINAL, NAUMBER, RFACTION AND MULTICATIVE

I was bron in LA one the 27th of AugustI’m 22 years old nowA have 3 elder vbrothers 1 younger sister and 1 youngr brotherSo, we are 6 of usI’m the fourth child in my familyThe 6th one still studying in 2nd level of elementary schoolWe live on the 2nd floor of an apartment buildingWe’d moved house twiceCARDINAL

01 11 21 1012 12 22 1023 13 23 334 14 24 445 15 25 556 16 26 667 17 27 778 18 28 88

SPEAKING STAGE 25

9 19 29 9910 20 30 222

ORDINAL1at– 2nd -3nd – 4th – 5th - 6th – 7th – 8th – 9th – 10th – 11th – 12th –21st – 22th – 23nd – 24th – 25th – 26th – 27th – 28th– 29th – 30th – 101st – 102nd .......etc.FRACTION

1/2 a half 2/2 two helf 2 ½ two a half1/3 a thrid 2/4 two fourth 14 ¼ fourteen and quarter1/5 a fifth 2/5 two fifth 50 1/5 fifty and fifth1/6 a sixth 2/6 two sixth 16 2/3 sixteen and two third1/8 a eighth 2/8 two eighth 8 ¾ eight and three fourth

MULTICATIVEOnce – twice – three (thrice) – four time – etc.Exemple: heve you ever been to Bali?

I’ve been to Bali once.

ASKING AND GIVING DIRECTIONS

A. Asking Directions B. Giving DirectionsHow do I get to.....? Go straight onWhich way is it to.....? Go straight a headCan you tell me the way to....? Go down this streetWhich bus goes to..........? Follow this streetIs this the right way to......? Is this the right way to......?

Turn left at the end of the street

Turn on the left at the end of the street

It’s on the right It’s on the corner It’s on the right corner

It’s about five houses away from here

Take The first turning on the right

It’s about two kilometers away from here

You can’t miss itDemostration James : Excuse me Ispector : Yes, sir!James : How can I go to pare?Inspector : It’s very easy, there is a bus

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every ten minutes from stopnumber two,and the ticket to pare ten thousands. It take two hours to get there.

Practice 1.Tell the class about your home town.

1. What’s your name?2. Where are you from?3. What’s the nick name of your hometown?4. How far is it from here?5. Can you tell us how to get there? By bus or train?6. What’s about the weather?7. What’s your hometown famous for?8. Is there anything that you don’t like about your hometown? What’s

it?

Practice 2.Someone is asking about library. It’s too near from your hometown. How to give him direction?

Vocabularies Highway : Jalan rayaBorder : PerbatasanRoad : JalanBend : TikunganSide walk : TrotoarA sharp bend : Tikungan tajamCrossroad :Simpangn empatThorough fare: Jalan tembusanThree jucntions : PrtigaanShortcut : Jalan pintasStadium : StadionBlind/dead alley : Jalan buntuGate : GerbangZig zag : Jalan berliku-likuShop : Toko

Right side : Sebelah KananInn : WarungLeft side : Sebelah kiriMosque : MasjidCircle : BundaranFence : Pagar/tembokTraffic llight : Lampu lalulintasTower : MenaraFlower Garden : TamanGas Station : Pom BensinBridge : JembatanField : LapanganRice field : SawahCalling station : WarnetGrade : Tanjakan

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OFFERING HELP

A. Expression FormalMay I.....?Could I....?Would you like me to....?

Accepting OffersThank you very muchThank youIf you don’t mind, thank youI’d appreciated it

Refusing OffersNo, thanksNo, I appreciate your offerNo, thanks not necessaryInformalCan I.......?Shall I....?Let me help you with.....?

Accepting offersPlease, thanksYes, thanksSure, thanksWould you? Thanks

Refusing OffersNo, thanks you a lot for you’re askingNo, thanks any wayNo, don’t botherm I can do it myselfNo, it’s right, I can manage itThanks a lot, but I’m Ok

Read the following text!Giving Mutual Aid

Giving mutual aid is one of the human activities as social creature, and it is a shape of the human consciousness in the weakness and limits he has. It is so important that most of people bring it out and maintain it. It forms a part of culture as well. On occasion, one views the kindness of others by this culture.

1. When do you need help?2. What will you do if your friend refuses your asking help?3. Do you always help your friends because of your kindness or

because of culture?4. What kind a help do like?5. How to maintain this culture? Give three ways!

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EXPRESSING CERTAINTY I’m sure I believe I believe for sure

DemonstrationMichael : I have a bad cold todayJohn : Wait minutesMichael : What’s that?John : Here is The medicine you need take it three times a

day and I’m sure you’ll get better soon.Michael : Thanks a lotJohn : It’s nothing

DemostationRara : Olieve, is this your dictionary?Clieve : No, It’s not mine, I think It’s Desy’sRara : Are you sureOlieve : Yes, I’m sureRara : It has name on the back let me seeOlieve : Yes, you are right. I’ll give it to him later

DemonstrationReza : Please, sit down here and wait for him, He’ll come and help

you for sure!Rifa : Ok. Thanks

Expression :He’s bound to successDia pasti berhasilI can fell it in my bonesItu pasti terjadiYour promotion is up in the airKenaikan pangkatmu belum pastiIt’s sure thing/it’s in the bagItu hal yang sudah pastiThere’s no telling whetherTidak ada kepastian apakah......

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What will the out come be?It’s tough and goGimana hasilnya? Hasilnya belum, dapat dipastikan

EXPRESSING DOUBTSI don’t knowI’m not sureMay be Perhapas I don’t thinkI have my doubt

Demonstration 1Richard : Hi, DavidDavid : Hi, RichardRichard : where’s Jhon?David : I don’t knowRicahrd : Is He sleeping?David : Maybe

Demostration 2Adam : What’s wrong with you Kumara?

You look unhappy todayCaptain : Well, you know, I’ll have a test tomorrow and I’m worried

about thatAdam : Why?Kumara : I don’t think I can do it wellAdam : Come on, keep spirit to study here and you will pass the test

Demonstration 3Dadang : Look, is that new building?Devy : That’s rightDadang : Is that a house or a school?Devy : I don’t know, but I don’t think it’s a school building

EXPERSSING LIKES AND DISLIKESA. Expressing Like

I like I do like I enjoy I’m

I keen on I love I do love I really enjoy

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B. Expressing Dislike I don’t like I’m afraid, I don’t like I hate

I can’t stand.... I’m not keen on

Demonstration A : How do you like ABC?B : Oh I like it very much it’s a big city. And it’s right place to know

little bit more about English Language.A : Do you play chess?B : Yes, I’m very keen on itA :What do you think of Vida?B : Oh, I’m fond of her, She is so friendly and understrandingDemosntrationHow do you like Borobudur?I like , but I don’t like all the noise around itDo you like badminton?No, I’m keen on itHow about the weather?Do you enjoy it?No, I can’t stand it. It’s too cold for me

Answer the Questions below!1. Do you like milk? Why?2. Do you love dangdut music? Why?3. Do you enjoy staying at ABC? Why?

EXPRESSING AN OPONIONA. Asking for opinions

Do you like.....?How do you like.....?What do you think of.....?What do you think about....?How do you feel about...?What’s you opinion about...?

B. Expressing opinions I believe.........I think/I’m afraid

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In my opinion.....I don’t care....I don’t really careIt doesn’t matterIt doesn’t make difference to me

DemonstrationFatma : How did you enjoy your trip?Riyan : Oh, I liked Australia very muchFatma : What did you think of the food there?Riyan : Well, it was very different form Indonesia food, of course

some were quite nice but, I don’t care much for the bread and potatoes

Fatma : No, I’m not very fond of potatoes either but, I must say, I’d rather eat potatoes than noodle what about the weather?

Riyan : It was very nice

Practice Express your opinion about:1. English language2. ABC Anglophile community is the right place for beginner to know

English3. Music 4. Experience5. The most famous place in Indonesia to learn about English is PARE.

EXPRESSING AGREEMENT/ DISAGREEMETA. Agreement

Of course Absolutely You are right That’s a good idea I agree

I agree with (someone) I agree to (something) I’m for it I’m all for it I fell the same way

B. Disagreement Expression No way It’s impossible I’m against

I don’t think.... I don’t agree....

Demostration

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Romeo : Let’s go to the shopping centerDo you agree?

Rama : Of courseWhat about you Synta?

Synta : I’m all of it

DemostrationTeacher : Any Question?Student : Excuse me sirTeacher : Yes. Please, what is it?Student : May I go home now?Teacher : No way

PracticeGive an agreement/disagreement response with the following statement!

1. Everybody can be alive without air2. Money is all the human need3. Love is blind4. Study needn’t be at school5. Study without going steady is difficult to be success

MONEY, CURRENCY AND COINSA. The other Name of Money

Dough Lucre

Moolah The green

B. Currency One dollar bill Two dollar bill Five dollar bill Ten dollar bill

Twenty dollar bill Fifty dollar bill A hundred dollar bill

Note : 1 dollar = 1 buck, 2 dollar= 2 buck, ect.C. Coins

1 cent : A penny 5 cent : A nickle 10 cent : A dime

25 cent : A quarter 50 cent : A half dollar $1 coin : Silver dollar

Expression : o Make line, please!o You should get bank a loan.

o You owe me a bundle.o You are loaded.

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o I’m in debt.Read the following text!

Two Kinds Of PeopleThere are two kinds of people. One kind likes to get up early in the

morning. The other kind likes to stay in the bed.Art Jhonson is the first kind. He gets up early, brushes his teeth,

shaves, takes a shower, combs his hair and gets dressed. He has enough time to eat a good breakfast and walk to work.

Carl Morgan, his roommate, like to stay in bed. He does the same things art when he gets up, but he does them in a hurry. He runs too work. He’s usually late, work. He felt much better all day.

That night, like all the Carls in the world, he said to himself,”why don’t I do this every day?

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Key Of learning

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ContentsThe parts of speech

1. Nouns2. Verbs 3. Adjective 4. Adverbs 5. Pronoun 6. Conjunction7. Preposition8. Interjection9. Modal (auxiliary)10. Article

Tenses

1. Present Simple Continous Perfect Perfect continuos

2. Past SimpleContinousPerfectPerfect continuos

3. FutureSimpleContinousPerfectPerfect continuos

The concept of parts of speech might be the basic of all English grammar discussion.

Before going to the next stage, you have to finish mastering this course material, so that you can continue to the next stage.

I. THE PARTS OF SPEECH

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1. NOUN

What is noun?

Noun is a part of speech which is used to represent a person, place, or thing.

Noun:

1. Person : Man, woman, Jane, Abdul, Maria. 2. Place : House, Home, Campus, Jakarta, Metro.3. Thing : Animal, tree, sugar, grass, flight.

How to recognize noun?

A noun can be recognized by the ending, position, and function.

1. Noun ending

Word ending Examples-ity Capability, responsibility, nationality-ment Government, development, improvement -ness Sadness, kindness, brightness -ation Relation, assumption, evaluation-hood Brotherhood, sisterhood, childhood, -dom Freedom, wisdom, kingdom

2. Noun position

A noun commonly comes after the determiner. A determiner is a word such us: a, an, the, this, my, such.

Determiner Examples A He is a lecturer.An She buys an egg.The I turn the light.This I like this doll.My This is my room. Such I have such candy.

Besides, noun often come after a determiner and one or more adjectives. Here are some examples:

A good lecturer. A delicious egg. The bright light.

This lovely doll. My small and comfortable

room. Such sweet candy.

3. Noun function

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In a sentence, noun has two function, those are:

1. Subject of sentence:Abdul drives slowly. My lecturer comes on time.

2. Object of sentence:We want freedom.I like candy.

Note: the subject or object of a sentence is not always a noun. It could be a pronoun (we) or a phrase (my lecturer).

2. VERBS

What is verb?

A verb is a part of speech which is used to express an action or an existence. Kind of verbs are verb “be” and verb other than “be”, verb be such as (am, is, are, etc.) and verb other than “be” such as (catch, pull, hit, etc.)

Note:

The concept of verb is very essential in the discussion on English sentence. An English sentence should contain a verb, be it verb “be” or verb other than “be”. For example: I am a student of ABC; I wear a uniform.

3. ADJECTIVES

An adjective is part of speech which is used to qualify or modify a noun. In other words adjective is used to give more information about the noun. Generally, an adjective is used before noun (a wonderful day) , or after noun (the boy naughty).

4. ADVERB

An adverb is part of speech which is used to modify a verb (drive slowly), an adjective (very good), another adverb (very well).

An adverb can be recognized by the function, form, and position.

1. Function

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The function of adverb is to modify a verb, an adjective, and another adverb.

Modify a verb The teacher teaches

seriously. (how) We lived locally.

(where) I never smoke. (when)

Modify an adjective She is really diligent. Alexandra is very smart.

Modify another adverb He speaks too fast. The driver drives

incredibly slowly.2. Form

Many adverbs end in –ly, we form such adverbs by adding –ly to the adjective.

For examples:

(strong) strongly, (quick) quickly, (honest) honestly, (interesting) interestingly.

Not all words that end in –ly are adverbs. Like “friendly”, ‘weekly”, “monthly”, those are adjectives.

Some adverbs have no particular form, for example: well, fast, very, never, always, often, still, etc.

Some adverbs have the same forms as their adjective forms, for example:

Adjective form Adverb formFast FastHard HardLate Late

3. Position

Adverbs have three main positions in the sentence:

Front (before the subject)Now we will study English grammar.

Middle (between the subject and the main verb)We almost study English grammar.

End (after the verb or object)We study English grammar seriously.

5. PRONOUN

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Personal pronoun

Subject Object Possessive adjective

Possessive pronoun

Reflective pronoun

I Me My Mine My selfYou You Your Your Your selfThey Them Their Theirs Their selvesWe Us Our Ours Our selvesHe Him His His HimselfShe Her Her Hers HerselfIt It Its It self

For examples:

- Subject : They catch the cats.- Object : I have them catch the cats.- Possessive adjective : My cats are caught by them.- Possessive pronoun : the cat that caught by them is mine. - Reflective pronoun : I can do it by myself.

Relative pronoun; is used to repeat the meaning of previous noun, they are; who, whom, which/that, whose, where, when, and why. At the same time it connects a relative clause to the rest of the sentence.

Here are the following examples:

The man who loves me is John.

The man whom I loved is John. The car which is parked in

front of my house is mine. I have a cat whose tail is long.

They go to the city where I was born.

She went home when it was late of night.

I didn’t know why he cried.

6. CONJUNCTION

1. Coordinative conjunction

Correlative conjunction; both… and…, either…..or…, neither….nor…., not only, but….also….

Both my brother and my sister are in London now.

You can go to Jakarta either by bus or by plane.

I have neither food nor water.

Mr. William not only has a big house but also a luxurious car.

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Conjunctive adverb;

- Nevertheless, however, yet, = namun

He isn’t a rich man; however he can send his children to university.

- Therefore, accordingly, hence, as a result = oleh karena itu

She always works hard; therefore she is promoted to a manager of the company.

- Thus = dengan demikian

The girl is very beautiful; thus she is adored by the boys.

- Besides, in addition = disamping itu

Mr. Nakata is a kind; in addition he is generous.

- Moreover, furthermore= lagipula

He was very handsome; moreover he was very polite.

2. Subordinate conjunction

Because, as, for, since because of, due to, on account of the fact that= karena- She was absent yesterday because/as/for/since she was sick.

(sentence)- She was sick due to/because/of the cold weather. (noun)

Although, even though, despite, in spite of = meskipun/walaupun- I am happy although I have no money at all.

If (jika, seandainya), unless (kecuali jika), as long as (selama), otherwise (jika tidak)- I will always love you as long as you love me.

When, while, since, after, before, as soon as, until.- I was studying while you turned the music.- She has been living here since 1990.

So that, in order that= supaya- They studied hard in order that they passed the exam.

As if, as though (seolah-olah, as (sebagaimana) than (dari pada)- He walked around as though he was in a daze.

7. PREPOSITION

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a). in ; in a line, in a row, in a queue, in a street, in a photograph, in a picture, in a mirror, in the sky, in the world, in a book, in a newspaper, in a magazine, in a letter.

When I go to the cinema, I prefer to sit in the front of. I live in Jendral Sudirman Street. You live in A. Yani Street. Who is the woman in that photograph? Let me see your article in your paper. It was a lovely day; there wasn’t a cloud in the sky.

b). on; on the left, on the right, on the floor, on a map, on the menu, on a list, on a farm.

In Jakarta we drive on the right. My room is on the second floor of the apartment. Here are the shopping list, don’t buy anything that’s not on the

menu. The farmer worked on a farm.

To understand more about preposition, let us discuss at the following examples:

In;- I live in Bandung.

- I came here in July.

- I was born in 1990.

- I like jogging in the morning.

- The farmers plant the rice in rainy season.

- She slept in my room.

On:- I live on Jend. Sudirman

street.

- I am going to go home on Sunday.

- I put my book on the table.

- I get here on foot.

At: - I stayed at home yesterday.

- I always get up at 5 o’clock.

- She lives at Ahmad Yani street No.18

8. INTERJECTION;

is the word or sentence to express the emotional.

Wow, oh, shit, how, fuck.

How beautiful you are!

What a cold nigh it is!

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9. MODAL

a. Modal present

1. Will (to be going to) = akan- Future ( to tell something that will happen in the future)

Example: He will arrive tomorrow. - Polite request

Example: Will you open the door, please?2. Shall = akan

- Future ( to tell something that will happen in the future)Example: We shall leave here next month.

- Agreement Example: shall I open the door?

- To make decision that has to do.Example: You shall open the door now!

3. Must (has/ have to )= harus/pasti- Must

You must study hard to face your final exam.- Conclusion

You got the highest score, you must be smart.4. May = mungkin/boleh

- He is absent, he may be sick.- May I go home?

5. Can = dapat/mampu- I can speak English well.- Can I help you?

10. Article

Article is divided into definite (the) and indefinite (a, an)

We use definite to mean sure, certain. Definite is particular. On the other hand we use indefinite to mean not sure, not certain. Indefinite is general. When we are talking about one thing in particular, we use the. When we are talking about one thing in general we use a or an.

The a, an1. The capital city of Lampung is

Bandar Lampung.2. I have found the mobile that I

lost.3. Have you cleaned the room?

1. I was born in a small village of Central Lampung.

2. Jack had an omelet for lunch. 3. I ordered a drink.4. He stands under an umbrella.

S + MODAL + Verb base

Is a good teacher

Is a kindergartenteacher

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4. There are five eggs in the fridge. 5. Please, switch off the TV when

you study.

5. Have you got a pen?

Surely, often we use the or a/an for the same word. It depends on the situation, not the word. Here are some examples;

- He stands under an umbrella. (any umbrella, not a particular umbrella)

- Where is the umbrella? (we already have an umbrella, we are looking for our umbrella, a particular umbrella)

This little story should help you understand the difference between the and a/an.

A boy and a girl were looking for something in a shop. The girl saw a dress that she liked. She asked the boy to buy the dress for her. Then, the boy said: “do you think the shop will accept a credit

card?” I don’t bring cash money.

Special notes:

Use an and the for the words begin with vowel sounds such as; hour, honest, and accident.

Use an and the for the words begin with consonant sounds such as; university, European, book, etc.

We do not use article (a, an) for uncountable nouns like money, advise, etc.

We may use “the” for both countable and uncountable noun.

When “the” is used with adjectives like in; the rich, the poor, the blind, etc, the phrases is always supposed as plural. Example; the poor are not always sad.

“the” is commonly used for Family Name like in ; The Jack, the John.

Common Combination of Parts of Speech.

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Every name is called a noun,As field and fountain, street and town.In place of noun the pronoun stands,As he and she can clap their hands.

The adjective describes a thing,As magic wand or bridal ring.

Most verbs mean action, something done,To read and write, to jump and run.

How things are done the adverbs tell,As quickly, slowly, badly, well.

The preposition shows relation,As in the street or at the station.

Conjunctions join, in many ways,Sentences, words, or phrase and phrase.

The interjection cries out, “Heed!An exclamation point must

follow me!”

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II. SENTENCE

Sentence (kalimat) adalah rangkaian kata yang memiliki kata kerja yang mengandung pengertian yang sempurna.

Macam- macam kalimat:

a. Kalimat berdasarkan penggunaannya diklasifikasikan menjadi empat macam

1. A declarative sentence makes a statement.

It is raining. Tom likes football. The school bell was ringing.

The children are playing with the dog.

Nakata is in Japan.2. An interrogative sentence asks a question. Where are my keys? Why is the sky blue?

Who is talking to the teacher? Is this the way to the ice

skating rink?3. An exclamatory sentence makes a verystrong statement called an

exclamation. It shows a strong feeling such

as surprise oranger. What a kind thing to do!

How beautiful she is! The silly boy!

b. Kalimat berdasarkan kata kerja utamanya diklasifikasikan menjadi 2 macam.

1. Kalimat verbal adalah kalimat yang kata kerja utamanya bukan to be.

III. TENSESThe twelve traditional tenses

A.Present

1. Simple present ( I do, he does) 2. Present Continuous (I am doing, He is doing)3. Present perfect (I have done, he has done)4. Present perfect continuous (I have been doing, has been doing)

B.Past 5. Simple past (I did. He did)6. Past continuous (I was doing, they were doing)7. Past perfect ( I had done, he had done)8. Past perfect continuous (I had been doing, he had been doing)

C.Future

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9. Simple future (I will do, he will do)10. Future continuous (I will doing, he will doing)11. Future perfect (I will have done, he will have done)12. Future perfect continuous (I had been doing, he had been doing)

A. PRESENT

1. Simple present

1) Verbal - She studies Grammar every day- She doesn’t study grammar every day.- Does she study grammar every day?

2) Nominal - He is here every morning.- He is not here every morning.- Is he here every morning?

A. Aturan penambahan s/es 1. Verb yang berakhiran : ss, sh, ch, x, o, ditambah es.

Example:Kiss : kissesWatch : watches Fix : fixes Go : goes

2. Verb yang berakhiran ‘y’ yang sebelumnya konsonan, y diubah menjadi I dan ditambah es.Example: carry : carries , study : studies .

3. Verb yang berakhiran ‘y’ yang sebelumnya vocal, langsung ditambah s.Example ; say : says, play; plays.

4. Selain ketentuan diatas, verb nya langsung ditambah s.Example: write ; writes, read : reads, work : works, etc.

B. Time signal Menggunakan general time signal :Always, often, seldom, never, usually, generally, habitually, sometimes, on and off, now and then, occasionally, every day, every week, once a day, twice a week.

C. Penggunaan1. Menyatakan kejadian yang berulang-ulang (habitual action)

She gets up at 5 o’clock every day.2. Menyatakan kebenaran umum (general truth)

The earth is round.

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3. Menyatakan kecakapan , kemampuan dan watak atau sifat seseorang.Plankton speaks English fluently.My father is very kind.

2. Present continuous

1) Verbal - I am studying English now.- I am not studying English now.- Am I studying English now?

2) Nominal - He is at home now.- He is not at home now.- Is he at home now?

Aturan perubahan verb1 menjadi verb ing Dibentuk dari verb 1 + ing

Contoh : visit : visiting , read : reading. Verb yang berakhir dengan single e laangsung diganti dengan ing

Contoh : smile : smiling , write : writing. Verb yang berkhiran ee langsung ditambah ing

Contoh : agree : agreeing , see : seeing Verb satu suku kata dengan 1vokal dan berakhir dengan single

konsonan, maka konsonan didobelkan dan ditambah ing.Contoh : hit : hitting , stop : stopping, run : running.

Verb yang lebih dari suku kata , akhir suku kata hanya ada 1 vokal dan berakhir dengan 1konsonan, maka konsosan di dobelkan dan ditambah ing. (jika tekanan jatuh pada akhir suku kata)Contoh : begin : beginning , prefer : preferring, admit : admitting .Exception : jika tekanan jatuh pada awal suku kata , maka cukup ditambah ing.Contoh : enter : entering

Kata kerja yang tidak dipakai dalam tenses continuous Mental state (know, believe, imagine, want, doubt, need, forget,

etc.) Emotional state ( love, care, envy, like, hate, mind, fear,

appreciate) Possession (posses, have, own, belong Sense perception ( taste, smell, see, feel) Other exiting states (seem, look, appear, cost, owe, weight, exist,

contain, etc.)Time signal :

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Now, right now, at present , at this moment, this semester, today, look!, listen!, Penggunaan :

1. Menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung saat ini Short term activity : pada saat berbicara proses itu sedang berlangsung’Contoh : she is watching TV right now. Long term activity : pada saat berbicara aktivitas itu tidak harus terjadi, tetapi masih dalam proses.Contoh : I am writing a novel now.

2. Digunakan untuk menyatakan perbuatan berulang-ulang yang mengandung makna jengkel/terganggu, atau untuk menunjukkan rasa kagum. Contoh : He is always disturbing my sister. She is always reading many books.

3. Manyatakan situasi yang berubah.The population of the world is rising very fast.The birth rate in Indonesia is increasing.

4. Menyatakan kebiasaan yang bersifat sementaraI am living in Metro at the moment. (sementara)I live in Metro. (menetap)

3. Present perfect

1) Verbal - She has studied English up to now.- She has not studied English up to now.- Has she studied English up to now?

2) Nominal - I have been in Metro recently. - I have not been in Metro.- Have I been in Metro?

Time signal :Just, already, not… yet, never. So far, until now, up to now, up to present, ever since, all day, all my life, recently, lately, since and for.Penggunaan :

1. Menyatakan sesuatu yang telah selesai dilakukan tetapi hasilnya masih dirasakan sampai sekarang. I have already eaten. ( sampai sekarang masih kenyang )He has just washed the car (sampai sekarang mobilnya masih bersih)

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2. Menyatakan sesuatu yang dimulai diwaktu lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang. I have been in Metro since I studied English. They have built the building for two years.He has lived in Jakarta ever since.

4. Present perfect continuous

1) verbal - She has been studying English for a month. - She has not been studying English for a month.- Has she been studying English for a month?2) Non verbal- They have been living in Metro since 1990.- They have not been living in Metro since 1990.- have they been living in Metro since 1990?

Time signal : since, for, so far, ever since, all day, all morning, lately, recentlyPenggunaan : untuk menyatakan perbuatan yang dimulai diwaktu lampau dan masih berlangsung sampai sekarang. Contoh : It has been raining all day. B. PAST

5. Simple past tense

1) Verbal - I studied English yesterday.- I did not study English yesterday.- Did I study English yesterday?

2) Non verbal - She was in Bandung last week.- She was not in Bandung last week.- Was she in Bandung last week?

Aturan perubahan verb 1 ke verb 21. Verb yang terdiri dari satu suku kata maupun dua kata dengan

pola konsonan vocal konsonan , maka konsonan terakhir ditulis rangkap kemodian ditambah ‘ed’Contoh : rob : robbed : merampok, wrap : wrapped : membungkus Transfer: transferred: memindah ,offer: offered: menawarkan, occur : occurred : terjadi

2. Verb yang terdiri dari 2 suku kata yang berakhiran huruf L , maka L dirangkap lalu ditambah ‘ed’Contoh : cancel : cancelled ; membatalkan, travel : travelled : bepergian

GRAMMER STAGE 52

3. Verb yang berakhiran ‘y’ yang didahului dengan konsonan , maka y diubah menjadi I dan ditambah ed.Contoh: try : tried : mencoba , study ; studied : belajar , cry : cried : menangis .

4. Selain verb-verb diatas, maka tinggal ditambah edContoh : love : loved : mencintai , like : liked : menyukai , type : typed : mengetik.

Time signal : this morning, yesterday, 2 days ago, last week, last night. Penggunaan :

- Menyatakan sesuatu yang terjadi pada masa lampau (telah lewat) Contoh : I went to Yogyakarta last holiday.

- Menyatakan kebiasaan yang terjadi dimasa lampauContoh :He always visited me He would visit me.He used to visit me.He was used to visiting me.

6. Past continuous

1) Verbal - They were studying Grammar at 7.00 o’clock yesterday.- They were not studying Grammar at 7.00 o’clock yesterday.- Were they studying Grammar at 7.00 o’clock yesterday?

2) Non verbal- He was at home at this time last night.- He was not at home at this time last night.- Was he at home at this time last night?

Time signal: menggunakan spesifik time :- At this time yesterday.- At 7.00 o’clock last night.

Penggunaan :- Menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sedang berlangsung pada

waktu lampau.I was watching TV at 9’00 o’clock last night.

- Menyatakan konsep dua kejadian.You went out when I was coming to your house.

7. Past perfect

1) Verbal - I had studied grammar for 3 hours. - I had not studied grammar for 3 hours.- Had I studied grammar for 3 hours?

GRAMMER STAGE 53

2) Non verbal - He had gone since 2002.- He had not gone since 2002.- Had he gone since 2002?

Time signal : menggunakan beberapa time signal present perfect, tetapi penggunaanya disesuaikan dengan waktu lampau. Yaitu: just, already, since, for.Penggunaan: past perfect penggunaanya setara dengan present perfect, bedanya : present perfect masih berhubungan dengan masa sekarang, sedangkan past perfect digunakan di waktu lampau yang tidak ada hubungannya dengan saat ini. Contoh : My mother asked me to eat this morning whereas I had just eaten.(tadi pagi ibuku menyuruhku makan, padahal aku baru saja selesai makan)8. Past perfect continuous

1) Verbal - I had been studying grammar for months.- I had been studying grammar for months.- Had I been studying grammar for month?

2) Non verbal - He had been in Jakarta since 1990.- He had not been in Jakarta since 1990.- Had he been in Jakarta since 1990?

Time signal : for, since.

Penggunaan :Menyatakan perbuatan yang sedang berlangsung diwaktu lampau dengan penekanan pada durasi waktu

Contoh : finally, she came yesterday , I had been waiting for her for months. (akhirnya dia datang juga, aku sudah menunggu-nunggu dia selama berbulan-bulan)

C. FUTURE

9. Simple future tense

1) Verbal- I will study Grammar tonight.- I will not study Grammar tonight. - Will I study Grammar tonight?

GRAMMER STAGE 54

Atau - I am going to visit you tomorrow.- I am not going to visit you tomorrow.- Am I going to visit you tomorrow?

2) Non verbal - She will be here later.- She will not be here later.- Will she be here later?

Time signal : tomorrow, tonight, this weekend, soon, later, next month.Penggunaan:Untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang baru akan dilakukan, baik secara spontan maupun melalui perencanaan. Contoh : I will call you later. ( spontan)

She is going to visit me next holiday. 10. Future continuous

1) Verbal - He will be visiting you tomorrow morning.- He will not be visiting you tomorrow morning.- Will he be visiting you tomorrow morning?

2) Non verbal - He will be at home at 7.00 next week.- He will not be at home at 7.00 next week.- Will he be at home at 7.00 next week?

Time signal: at 7.00 o’clock tomorrow, at this time next month, tomorrow morning. Penggunaan :Menyatakan sesuatu yang sedang terjadi dimasa lampau yang akan datang.Contoh: I will be watching TV at 7.00 tonight.Menyatakan seuatu yang sedang berlangsung ketika sesuatu yang lain terjadi dimasa yang akan datang.Contoh: I will be doing my homework when you come to my house. 11. Future perfect

1) Verbal - I will have studied by the end of this month. - I will have not studied by the end of this month.- Will I have studied by the end of this month?

2) Non verbal - I will have been here by next month. - I will have not been by next month.

GRAMMER STAGE 55

- Will I have been here by next month?Time signal: by + indefinite time By the end of this week, by next month, by this weekend.Penggunaan : Untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang telah selesai dilakukan diwaktu yang akan datang.Contoh : by the end of this month, he will have finished his study. Menyatakan sesuatu yang sudah terjadi sebelum sesuatu yang lain terjadi dimasa yang akan datang. Contoh : I will have done the homework before you come to my house.12. Future perfect continuous

Verbal - I will have been watching TV tonight. - I will not have been watching TV tonight.- Will I have been watching TV tonight?

Time signal : by next year… for two years.

Penggunaan :Untuk menyatakan suatu kejadian yang sedang berlangsung dalam durasi tertentu dimasa yang akan datang.Contoh : by the end of this month, I will have been stdying English for two years.

-

GRAMMER STAGE 56

REFERENCE

Murphy, Raymond. English Grammar in Use, New York: Cambridge University press, 1985.

Subkhan, Arif. Bahasa Inggris SMA/MA/SMK, Yogyakarta: Kendi Mas Media, 2008

Irwansyah, Dedi. Structure Course material; 2009

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