ModernizationCh. 12

Vocab

China - resources and products, Opium War, Boxer Rebellion, Taiping Rebellion, Dowager Empress Cixi, Open Door Policy

Japan - Meiji Era, Commodore Perry, Treaty of Kangawa, Russo-Japanese War, Conflicts over Korea

US - Panama Canal, Spanish-American War, Monroe Doctrine, Roosevelt Corollary

Mexico - causes of instability, exports, Mexican Revolution, Santa Anna, Juarez, Pancho Villa, Zapata, Diaz, Mexican Constitution

What is modernization

Vocab

- Opium War- Extraterritorial

rights- Open Door Policy- Taiping Rebellion- Boxer Rebellion- Treaty of Kangawa- Meiji Era- Russo-Japanese War- caudillo

- Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna

- Benito Juarez- Francisco Madero- “Pancho” Villa- Porfirio Diaz- Emiliano Zapata

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.

QuickTime™ and aSorenson Video 3 decompressorare needed to see this picture.

China

Chinese were prideful - looked down on all followers 1793 - emperor finally agreed to see

an ambassador from England Ambassador brought many inventions

from Europe, but the Emperor was not impressed, said the Chinese had everything they needed

China

• Self sufficient, had quick-growing rice and traded a century ago for sweet potatoes, maize, and peanuts

• Rich in natural resources• Tin, salt, silver, iron

• Manufactured silk, porcelain and cotton

Tea-Opium Connection

Chinese only traded with Europe at Guangzhou balance of power in China’s favor

European merchants wanted to find a product that the Chinese would desire Opium in exchange for tea (eventually 12

million Chinese were addicted to it)

Emperor complained to Queen Victoria to end the trade (she refused)

Opium War 1839-1842

Mostly naval battlesBritish had steam-powered gunboatsChinese were humiliated

Signed Treaty of Nanjing Awarded Hong Kong to England

1844 - allowed foreign countries extraterritorial rights (foreigners not subject to Chinese law at trading ports)

Taiping Rebellion People began rebelling against the Qing

dynasty because of deteriorating conditions in the country population increased, but food production

did not Opium addictions increasing

Hong Xiuquan - began recruiting followers to help him build the “Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace” all people would share wealth

Taiping Rebellion By 1850s, 1 million people had joined the

rebellion Began taking control of southeastern China

Claimed Nanjing as the new capital Hong Xiuquan withdrew from society, and

placed his family members and trusted lieutenants in charge

Qing, French and British forces all attacked the Taiping

1864 - Taiping government was brought down by internal fighting and outside assaults

Foreign Influence

Internal uprisings and foreign powers were putting pressure on the government

Empress Cixi was committed to traditional values, but enacted reforms to improve the country Education, diplomacy, military,

manufacturing

Foreign Influence

other countries took advantage of this time period, and attacked After each treaty negotiation, foreign

nations had more control over the Chinese economy

US was concerned that other countries would try to colonize China and shut out US influence 1899 - US declared the Open Door Policy China’s ports were to be left open to all

nations

Boxer Rebellion

1898 - Emperor Guangxu wanted to modernize China Education, economy, military and

government

Qing officials saw this as a threat, and had the Empress Cixi arrest the young emperor and then reversed his reforms

Chinese became frustrated

Boxer Rebellion

This frustration led to violence Peasants resented the privileges of

the rich and the Chinese Christians

Peasants formed a secret organization (Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists) called the Boxers

1900 - Boxers descended on Beijing and surrounded the European section of the city

Boxer Rebellion

Empress Cixi supported the Boxers, but did not send them any aid

A force made from several European countries quickly defeated the Boxers

Even through defeat, there was a surge of nationalism believed that their country must resist

foreign influence and have a government that meets their needs

Beginnings of Reform

Qing Dynasty realized that China needed to change to survive

Empress Cixi sent a group of officials to travel the world and study how other governments operate Japan, US, Britain, France, Germany, Russia &

Italy

Came up with China turning into a constitutional monarchy Finally established 11 years later

China experienced unrest for the next 40 years

Review

Write down 8 questions from the section on China. must be short answer-style

Leave space for an answer.

Japan

Under the Tokugawa shogunate, people lived under the Closed Country policy

society was a very tight feudal system - prevented civil war and assured peace and prosperity

continued to trade with Chinese and Dutch (via Indonesia)

Foreign Trade

1800s - Western countries wanted to trade with Japan would often make attempts to trade,

but Japan would refuse

1853 - US Commodore Matthew Perry took 4 ships to Tokyo Harbor the cannons and the size of the ships

amazed the Japanese The Shogun agreed to speak with

Perry

Foreign Trade

Perry presented Shogun with a letter from President Millard Fillmore

Letter asked for free trade between Japan and the US Perry said he would be back in 1 year with a

larger fleet to hear Japan’s decision

Japan responded with the Treaty of Kangawa would open 2 ports to trade

By 1860 Japan had many ports open to trade, granted extraterritorial rights

Meiji Era (Reign of Mutsuhito)

Japanese were angry that the shogun gave in to the westerners turned to the young emperor-

Mutsuhito he took control in 1867

Mutsuhito knew the best way to keep Japan from being too influenced, was to modernize sent advisors to different countries to

find the best new ideas

Meiji Era (Reign of Mutsuhito)

Advisors were inspired by: Germany’s strong centralized

government Britain’s navy Germany’s Army US’s public education Industrialization

By early 1900s, Japan had caught up with the West railroads, coal, factories for silk and

tea, shipbuilding

Imperial Japan

By 1890 - Japan was the strongest military in Asia had gained strength, and wanted to

get rid of the foreigner’s extraterritorial rights

reassured the Westerners that they would still be treated well

Japan attacks China

1885 - Japan and China signed a hands-off agreement on Korea 1894 - China broke the agreement

(Korea’s king needed military support)

Japan sent in troops to fight the Chinese (was victorious) drove Chinese out of Korea gained territory in Manchuria

Russo-Japanese War

Japan’s victory made it one of the major powers in Asia

Went to war with Russia over Manchuria Japan offered to recognize Russia’s right

to Manchuria if they stayed out of Korea Russia refused, Japan launched a

surprise attack drove Russia out of Korea, captured Russia’s

Pacific fleet and destroyed their Baltic fleet

Russo-Japanese War

1905 - Signed a peace treaty, aided by President Theodore Roosevelt gave Japan the captured territories forced Russia to withdraw from

Manchuria and stay out of Korea

Japanese Occupation of Korea

1905 - Japan attacks Korea, makes it a protectorate sent in advisors (grabbed more and

more power from Korean government)

1907 - Korean king gave up control1910 - Japan annexes Korea and

takes over the society Newspapers, schools, gave farms to

Japanese, forbade Koreans from going into business

United States

Read completely through section 3, then take notes

organize sections by major headings major facts/ smaller headings

supporting details

When determining what to write - ask yourself if the fact/detail changes your understanding of the topic Some very specific details aren’t worth

writing

Mexico

The result of Spanish colonialism and political instability caused many problems as Mexico tried to develop

Mexico also had to deal the the US and its desire to extend to the Pacific Ocean Much of that land belonged to Mexico

Santa Anna

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna dominated politics during the early 1800s led Mexican independence from

Spain Led Mexico when Spain tried to

reclaim it served as president 4 times led Mexican Army to keep Texas

territory

Texas Revolt

1820s - Mexico invited colonists to move to Texas to populate the country Inexpensive land, but must follow

Mexican laws Anglos’ and Mexicans’ tensions grew Texans wanted more self-government,

but Mexico refused

Texas revolted in 1835

Texas Revolt

Santa Anna led Mexican forces won several early battles, but was

captured at the battle of San Jacinto Santa Anna was released when he

promised to respect Texas’ independence

1845 - US annexed Texas

Texas Revolt

Mexico saw this as a sign of aggression

US and Mexico had a dispute over the border Santa Anna led Mexico for 2 years

1848 - Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo US received 1/3 of Mexican lands

Santa Anna went into exile, returned powerless in 1874

Benito Juarez - Liberty, Order and Progress

As Santa Anna’s power waned, Juarez began influencing politics

Juarez was a poor, orphaned, Zapotec Indian who worked to serve his country

Began La Reforma to change the government Redistribute land Separation of Church and State More education for the poor

Santa Anna sent Juarez and leaders of La Reforma into exile

Benito Juarez - Liberty, Order and Progress

Juarez and the other exiled reformers returned to Mexico

Rich conservative landowners made it difficult for peasants to escape poverty and debt also disliked the new reforms, and launched

a rebellion

Civil war lasted for 3 years, with the reformers emerging victorious, conservative leaders were exiled

Juarez was elected president

French Invasion Exiled conservatives plotted with Europeans

to reconquer Mexico Napoleon III sent an army and took over the

country Appointed Archduke Maximilian to rule

Mexicans fought against European rule, Napoleon III realized it was getting too costly

1867 - French withdraw, Archduke was executed

Juarez is re-elected president Began rebuilding the country - foreign trade, new

roads and railroads, national education

Porfirio Diaz - Order and Progress

During the French Invasion, another caudillo began gaining power thought he would be rewarded for his efforts,

but Juarez refused

Took control by taking power from the president supported by military, Indians and small

landowners

During his reign, elections were meaningless Diaz offered land, power and political favors

to anyone who supported him

Porfirio Diaz - Order and Progress

Became a dictator, but Mexico still progressed Railroads expanded, banks were built,

currency stabilized, foreign investments grew

However, wealthy gained more and more land, and food costs rose

Revolution Many Mexicans began to protest Diaz’s

rule

Francisco Madero ran for president, Diaz had him arrested and exiled Madero called for revolution

Leaders in different parts of Mexico began to gather their own armies “Pancho” Villa - was like a Mexican Robin Hood Emiliano Zapata - wanted to return land to

peasants and small farmers

1911 - Diaz agreed to step down

Power Struggle 1911 - Madero was elected president

many did not agree with his policies (too liberal, not revolutionary enough etc)

1913 - Madero resigned (he knew he could not stay in power), and was later assassinated was replaced by General Victoriano Huerto,

who was overthrown 15 months later

Revolutionary leaders allied with Venustiano Carranza He then turned on those allies (killed Zapata

which ended the civil war)

New Mexican Constitution Carranza began revising the Mexican

Constitution (still in use today) promoted education, land reforms and

workers’ rights Carranza did not approve the final version

He was overthrown by one of his generals

Reforms gained more influence schools taught in Spanish and put an

emphasis on nationalism more land reforms united the country

Review

Make up 2 questions each on: Japan US Mexico

Write the questions on a separate sheet of paper, leave room for answers.