Modern African Nationalism1935 to Present

Nsamba Gonzaga Baker

B.A EDDe (HONS) M.D.KM.A Soc. M.U.K

HEAD OF HISTORY DEPARMENTLUBIRI HIGH SCHOOL

P. 0 BOX ~7237, KAMPALATEL. 041~2719Ö2

MOB. 0712-880459,0753-880459,0752-501741.

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1. CHAPTERl:

TABLE OF CONTENTS

AFRICAN NATIONALISM

~ Definition of Mrican Nationalism 1~ Factors ofthe growth of African nationalism 1~ Characteristics of African Nationalism 7~ Colonial policies 11~ The Italo-Ethiopian crisis 14~ The Second World War '" '" 26~ Super powers/cold war politics 31~ The United Nations Organisation (U.N.O) 35~ The role of Asian Nationalism '" '" 38~ The role of India 41

2. CHAPTER2 : PAN AFRICANISM 44~ Definition ofPan Africanism '" '" '" 44~ Objectives ofPan Africanism '" '" '" 44~ The little impact ofPan Africanism by 1945 '" '" '" .45~ The 1945 Manchester Conference '" '" '" 46~ The 1958 Accra Congress _ '" .48~ Obstacles to Pan Africanism '" '" '" '" 50~ Achievements ofPan Africanism '" 52~ Weaknesses ofPan Africanism '" '" 53~ Factors for the growth ofPan Africanism 54

3. CHAPTER3 : THE NON ALIGNED MOVEMENT (NAM) 55~ Origins ofNon alignment '" '" 55~ The Bandung Conference .56~ Aims and objectives ofthe NAM '" '" .57~ Achievements of the NAM .59~ Problems, Weaknesses and failures ofNAM '" 62~ The Lusaka Declaration '" '" 65

4. CHAPTER4 : THE ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN UNITY 67

~ Objectives ofthe O.AU 67~ Principles and organs ofthe O.AU '" '" 68~ Achievements ofthe O.A.U 69~ Failures ofthe O.A.U '" '" '" '" 71~ Problems encountered by the O.A.U '" '" '" 73

5. CHAPTER5 : THE EAST AFRICAN FEDERATION 74

~ Reasons forthe cJoser union ofEast Africa 74~ Reasons for the failure of the E. A. F 76

6. CHAPTER6 : REGIONAL ECONOMIC INTEGRATION 79

~ THE EAST AFRICAN COMMUNITY (E.AC) 79~ Aims, objectives and structure of the E.A. C 81~ Achievements ofthe EAC 82~ The collapse ofthe East African Community 84~ Effects ofthe collapse ofthe EAC '" 88~ THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES 89~ Aims and objectives of the ECOW AS 91~ Achievements of the ECOWAS 92~ Challenges, problems and failures ofthe ECOWAS '" 95~ THE SOUTH AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COORDINATION

CONFERENCE '" '" 98~ Aims, objectives and problems ofthe SADCC '" 98~ THE SOUTH AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT COMMUNITY '" 100~ Achievements and challenges ofthe SADC 101

Manifestations ofNeo-colonialism '" 111Consequences ofNeo-colonialism 114

European interference in African culture '" 103Positive aspects ofEuropean culture 105Attempts to preserve African culture 106Problems in reviving African culture 108The role of African Writers. " 108

Its causes/failures ofKing Farouk , 117King Farouk' s Achievements 122Its impact on African Nationalism 127The Nationalisation ofthe Suez Canal 132the success oftheEgyptian Revolution 134

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CHAPTER 7 : AFRICAN CULTURE

CHAPTER 8 : NEO COLONIALISM IN AFRICA

CHAPER 9 THE 1952 EGYPTIAN REVOLUTION

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Its causes andeffects '" ; 163-196Factors for its success................................................................ 169

Its causes and effects '" 155-158Reasons for its success 160

Its causes and effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .145-150The 1990 invasion ofRwanda '" '" 151Effects ofthe 1990-94 Rwanda crisis 152

Achievements ofEmperor Haille Sellasie _................ 191Failures ofHaille SellasieIThe 1974 coup in Ethiopia '" 193The impact ofthe 1974 coup '" 196

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mE 1964 ZANZmAR REVOLUTION

NATIONALISM IN ETBIOPIA

CHAPER 11 :

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CHAPTER 12'< : mE 1969 LmYAN REVOLUTION

CHAPTER 13 : THE GBANAIAN REVOLUTION

CHAPTERI4:

Problems encountered '... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136Gamel Abdel Nasser '" 138The Suez Canal crisis of 1956 140CHAPTER 10 : THE 1959 RWANDA REVOLUTION 145

Reasons for the early independence of Ghana , 171Obstacles in Ghana's independence struggle '" '" '" '" 173Stages in Ghana's search for independence '" 175The role of political parties 177Ghana's independence and African Nationalism 180Nkrumah's role '" 182The down fall ofNkrumah/1966 coup 185The 1972 coup in Ghana 189Nkrumah as a Pan Africanist '" '" '" 190

CHAPTER 15: mE ERITREAN WAR OF SECESSION

Causes, '" , '" 200Obstacles to the Eritrean Liberation war 203Factors for its success 204Effects ofthe Eritrean War ofsecession 206Instabilities in the horn of Africa 207

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16. CHAPTER16: BELGIAN CONGO AN D TUE KATANGASECESSION 171

~ Reasons for delayed Nationalism in Congo 210~ Factors forthe rise Nationalism in Congo 212~ The Katanga secession (its causes & effects) '" 214~ Reasons why it flopped .217~ The political crisis in Congo. .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219

17. CHAPTER17 : NATIONALISMINNIGERIA 221

~ The road to independence in Nigeria 221~ The role of the NCNC 222~ Dr. Namdi Azikiwe's role '" 223~ Obstacles to Nigeria's search for independence 224~ Political instabilities in Nigeria 226» The Biafran war ofsecession '" 229» Its causes, effects and why if failed .. , 229-234

18. CHAPTER18 : THE ALGERIAN WAR OF INDEPENDENCE1954-1962 235

» Its causes and effects '" '" '" 235-243» Factors forits success 243» Obstacles to the Algerian war ofliberation 245» Ben Bella's achievements and failures (1965 coup) 247-249

19. CHAPTER19 : NATIONALISM IN KENYA 250

» Factors forthe rise ofKenyan Nationalism , '" 250» The Mau Mau rebellion of 1952 (causes & effects) 254-261» The Mau Mau as a Nationalism rebellion '" '" 262» The defeat ofthe Mau Mau '" 263» Stages in Kenya's path to independence '" .265» The role of political parties " 268» Problems in Kenya's independence struggle _ 270» lomo Kenyatta's career 271

20. CHAPTER20 : NATIONALISM IN PORTUGUESECOLONIES 274

» Delayed Nationalism in Portuguese colonies 274-278

21. CHAPTER 21: NATIONALISM IN ANGOLA 279

~ Causes ofthe Liberation war in Angola 279~ Its course 282~ The role ofthe MPLA '" '" '" '" 285~ The role of Augostinho Neto 286~ Factors forthe sucress ofthewar 286~ ObstacJes encountered , '" , 288

22. CBAPTER 22 : THE ANGOLANCIVIL WAR 289

~ Its causes and effects 272 - 276

23. CBAPTER 23 NATIONALISM IN MOZAMBIQUE 294

~ Causes of the Mozambican war of independence " 294~ The course of the war 297~ The role ofFRELIMO 299): Factors forthe success ofthe war '" 300~ ObstacJes encountered '" ., '" 203~ Effects of the Mozambican liberation war .303~ The Mozambican civil war (1977-94) .305~ Problems in post independent Mozambique 307

24. CHAPTER24: THEGUINEABISSAUWAROFINDEPEDENCE 309

~ Causes ofthe warofliberation , '" '" 309~ The course ofthe war 311~ Factors forits sucress .312~ Effects ofthe Guinea Bissau War 314~ Amilcar Cabral's career 314

CHAPTER25 : NATIONALISM IN SOUTH AFRICA 316

~ Origins of apartheid .316~ Apartheid laws and reactions to them 317 - 324~ Factors for South Africa's independence '" 324~ ObstacJes to South Africa's independence '" .325~ The impact of apartheid .327> Bantustans and their failure '" .329~ Reasons for increased opposition to apartheid 331~ The roles ofO.AU and U.N.O in ending apartheid 333 -335

~ The roles offrontline states .335~ The role played by the ANC " '" , .336~ Nelson Mandela's career '" .338

CHAPTER 26 NATIONALISM IN ZAMBABWE 340

~ Reasons for the u.n.I. " " , 340~ Tbe delay ofZimbabwean Nationalism '" .343~ Factors for Zimbabwe's Independence '" '" 345

CHAPTER27 NATIONALISM IN NAMIBIA 347

~ The delay ofNamibia's Independence 347~ Factors forNamibia's independence '" 349

CBAPTER28 TBE CIVIL WAR IN CHAD 351

~ Its causes and etfects '" 351-335~ Attempts 10 end the civil war 355~ Tbe role ofthe O.A.U .357

CHAPTER29 TBE SUDAN CIVIL WARS 361

~ Its causes and etfects 361-366~ Etforts to end the Sudanese Civil wars 366~ Obstac1es to the peace process '" 368~ Possible solutions 369

CHAPTER30 ·· NATIONALISM IN UGANDA 370

~ Reasons for delayed nationalism in Uganda .370~ Process of nationalism in Uganda '" '" , 372~ Factors forNationalism in Uganda .375» Tbe Kabaka crisis (causes & etfects) 376~ Buganda's secessionist attempts (causes & effects) 379~ The 1971 coup in Uganda '" '" 382~ Tbe 1972 economic war in Uganda .385~ Features of Amin's rule...... 388~ The down fall ofldi Amin .389~ Tbe NRM rule in Uganda 390

CHAPTER31 ·· NATIONALISM IN TANGANYIKA 393

~ Political and constitutional developments 393~ Factors for nationalism in Tanganyika .396

~ The early independence ofTanganyika .399~ The role ofTANU '" '" '" '" 400~ The role ofJulius Nyerere 402

CHAPTER32 ·· AFRICAN SOCIALISM 405. ~ Reasons why African leaders adopted socialism 405~ Socialism in Tanzania '" 407> Aims, achievements and weaknesses ofUjaama '" '" ..408

CHAPTER33 ·· PROBLEMS IN AFRICAN STATES 412~ The problem of coup de tats '" 412» Military rule in Africa (strengths & weaknesses) '" 414~ Rural urban migration 416» Poverty in Africa. . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . . .. 417~ Corruption in Africa 418~ Political instability in Africa 418~ Population explosion in Africa " " 419~ Unemployment in Africa ,420

CHAPTER34."

POLITICAL PARTIES & POLITICALORGANISATION IN AFRICA 422

~ Origins and types ofpolitical parties ..422» Factors for the emergence of political parties in Africa '" .424> Mass political parties and the independence struggIe 427» SINGLE PARTYRULE IN AFRICA .430-35~ MULTI-PARTYPOLITCS IN AFRICA .437-440» Reasons for the retum to multipartism in Africa '" 443

CHAPTER35 TUE REFUGEE PROBLEM IN AFRICA 445» Its causes and effects '" ; .445-447

CHAPTER36 WESTERN SAHARA AN» TUE POLISARIO WAROF LIBERATION 1976-2000

~ Its causes and effects .: 450-454~ Factors that facilitated the POLISARIO 455