Modern World History Quick Review

Greece

Organized into city-states– Sparta: military society w/monarch– Athens: Democracy

Most powerful city-state after war with PersiaFamous Leader: Pericles (led direct

democracy)People who don’t participate in government are useless!

Gov’t in Ancient Athens

Monarchy

One ruler

King was born into power

Aristocracy

Few rulers

Rule as a group

Aristocrats had power

Tyranny

One ruler

Rises to power by force

Democracy

Ruling power is in the hands of the people

Direct vs. Representative

Athens is the birthplace

Greek Philosophers

Socrates– Liked democracy

Plato– No democracy– Wrote the Republic– Society should be led by philosopher-

kingsAristotle

– Wrote Politics– “rule of law”

Israelites The first monotheistic

religion (believed in one god) was Judaism

Enslaved in Egypt, until the “Exodus”

Led by Moses to the Promised Land (Canaan)– 10 Commandments

Taught moral and ethical behavior

– Hebrew BibleSociety based on law

Judeo-Christian Tradition

The morals of Judaism and Christianity are at the core of Western society.– fair treatment– Justice

Democracy in EnglandFeudalismStrong monarchsDesire to limit the power of the

monarchs– Magna Carta (1215)– Parliament

Made stronger during the Hundred Years’ War

Parliament

House of Lords

House of Commons

Parliament gains power

King James I behaves like

absolute monarchEnglish Civil War

Commonwealth (Oliver Cromwell

in charge)

Restoration

Glorious Revolution & English Bill of

Rights

Philosophers

Scientific Revolution EnlightenmentPhilosopher Ideas

Locke Natural rights (life, liberty, property)

Montesquieu 1. Separation of powers: divide powers of gov’t into branches

2. Checks and balances

Rousseau Gov’t should be elected by the people (Social Contract)

Voltaire People have the right to overthrow unjust rulers

Wollstonecraft Equality for women in education

American Revolution

“no taxation without representation”Declaration of Independence

– Written by Thomas JeffersonAmericans have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of

happiness. We are forming a free and

independent country!

Natural rights? I think John Locke

is onto something…

United States ConstitutionBased on English Bill of RightsBased on ideas MontesquieuBill of Rights added to protect natural

rights

Before the French RevolutionAncien régime: French society divided into

three social classes– First Estate – Clergy– Second Estate – Nobles– Third Estate – everyone else

Bourgeoisie: educated, successful professionals that made up the middle class, but had no power

Rural peasants

Causes of French Revolution

Social: inequality of three estatesEconomic:

– Large national debt: King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette create large deficit

– High taxes – King refused to follow advice of Jacques-

Necker

French Revolution

Estates-General Meets

Third Estate leaves

Tennis Court Oath: 3rd Estate forms National

Assembly

Parisians storm the Bastille

National Assembly ends

special privileges

Declaration of Rights of

Man

Radicals take control and

execute the king

Reign of Terror (Robespierre)

Napoleon

Industrial Revolution

Factories and machines replace hand tools

Began in Great Britain– Geography: lots of resources– Social: Agricultural Revolution

population growth, urbanization, and willing workforce

– Political: stable gov’t– Economic: entrepreneurs willing to invest

capital

Effects of Industrial Revolution

UrbanizationBad working conditions in factories and

mines protests for better conditionsMiddle class emergesRole of women changes

– Cult of domesticity – fight for women’s rights

Socialist thought emerges– Karl Marx develops communism

Industrial Revolution Imperialism

Colonies were 1. source of raw

materials (like cotton)2. source of new

customers & markets for products

3. outlet for excess population

Four Reasons for Imperialism after 1870

1. Economic

2. Political: nationalism & balance of power

3. Humanitarian and Religious Goals

4. Social Darwinism

social reasons

ImperialismAfrica

– Boer War– Ethiopia and Liberia not colonized

Asia– Great Britain in India– Spheres of influence & Open Door Policy

in China– Japan modernized (Meiji Restoration)

Latin America– Spanish-American War– United States created Monroe Doctrine

Reactions to Imperialism

Sepoy Rebellion & Gandhi in IndiaBoxer rebellion in China

The M.A.I.N. Causes of WWI

1.Militarism

2.Alliances

3. Industrialization & Imperialism

4.Nationalism These are the underlying causes of the “Great War”

Triple Entente = Allied Powers (“Allies”)Triple Alliance = Central Powers

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand caused the alliances to collapse into war

New technology changed warfare– New weapons– Trench warfare

MAIN + A = MANIA(If A stands for assassination)

Treaty of Versailles Revenge on Germany

– Reparations– Broke up empire– “war guilt clause”

Germany took blame for the war

– demilitarizationSelf-determination led to

creation of new countriesSet up League of

NationsWoodrow Wilson played

a big role in the treaty

Meanwhile…Russia had become the USSR during WWICzar (king) of Russia overthrownCommunist government took over and

renamed the Russian Empire the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics)

Lenin modified communism to fit Russia and led the Bolsheviks to power

Fascism Centralized, authoritarian gov’t that is not communist (in

other words, a dictatorship) Only one political party allowed Intense nationalism Glorify state over the individual Destructive to human rights State control of the economy Usually use police spies and terror to keep control State controls the media & arts to use as propaganda Use of schools and youth organizations to

spread ideas to children

Hitler is an example of a fascist leader.

Rise of Totalitarianism: Italy

Mussolini rose to power in Italy after WWI– Fascist– Kept capitalism– Promised stability for Italy and revived

national pride– Supported by “Black Shirts” – militants– LEGALLY gained power after the

“March on Rome”

Rise of Totalitarianism: Soviet UnionStalin

– Brought economy under gov’t control using “Five-Year Plans”

– Controlled agriculture: used force to eliminate “kulaks” (wealthy farmers)

– Great PurgeStalin’s reign of terrorForced opponents into labor camps (gulags)

in SiberiaKilled lots of military leaders...bad idea!

Rise of Totalitarianism: GermanyHitler (leader of Third Reich)

– Wrote Mein Kampf to express ideas– Rose to power LEGALLY – Promised stability for Germany and revived

national pride by:Blaming Jews for Germany’s problems (anti-

semitism)– Nuremberg Laws– Night of Broken Glass (Kristallnacht)

Promising revenge for Treaty of Versailles– Secret police – gestapo– Set up Hitler Youth

Europe Approaches WarAggression in

Japan, Italy, and Germany goes

unchecked

Hitler goes against Treaty of

Versailles

Appeasement – rest of Europe gave in to keep

peace

Germany, Italy, and Japan form

Axis Powers

Germany takes over Austria and Czech Republic

Germany makes deal with Soviets

to divide up Poland

If we give into Hitler’s demands we can avoid another Great War!

World War IIWorld War II Begins:

– 1939: Germany and Soviet attack Poland– France and Great Britain prepare for war– 1940: Germany attacks France via Belgium

(again!)German Strategy: blitzkrieg (“lightening war”)

used aircraft and tanks to make devastating first strike against enemy

1941: Germany attacks Soviet Union1941: Japan attacks the US at Pearl

Harbor (it had been taking over Asia until this point)

Yalta Conference

Great Britain, Soviets, and US meet to discuss strategy for peace in Europe– Germany divided up– Soviets maintain

control of Eastern Europe

Allies for now, but things are already tense

Churchill (Great Brit.)Stalin (USSR)

Roosevelt (US)

The “Big Three”

Nuclear Attacks

United States uses nuclear bombs against Japan to end war in the Pacific.Hiroshima and Nagasaki destroyed.

Post-WWII Germany divided up among

victors United Nations formed to

govern international relations– All countries part of

General Assembly– Security Council: US,

Soviet Union (Russia), China, France, and Great Britain

Marshall Plan: United States offered aid to Europe to help rebuilding– Soviet Union & Eastern

Europe did not take aid

Cold War: US (and West) vs. USSR

Germany (and Berlin) dividedEastern Europe controlled by

communist Soviets (Soviet Block)US and USSR never fought a war

directly against each other…it was a war of ideas

“Hot” Wars:– Korea– Vietnam– Afghanistan

Events of the Cold War

“Space race” and “arms race” both sides tried to show they were best and strongest

Berlin Airlift: US supplied W. BerlinCuban Missile Crisis:

– Russia put nukes on Cuba. US got mad. Kennedy president

“Hot” Wars

Communism in China

Mao Zedong– Communist dictator– Gov’t control of Chinese economy– “Great Leap Forward” tried to

industrialize China – “Cultural Revolution” tried to eliminate

capitalist ideas from China– Red Guards were secret police– Part of Cold War: Communist China

supports North Korea in Korean War (US supports South Korea)

Soviet Union collapses: 1989-1991

Gorbachev becomes leader in USSR– Reformer

Perestroika – restructures gov’tGlasnost – ends censorship and encourages

people to discuss the country’s problemsCommunist Block falls apart