MODERN TRENDS

IN HYPNOSIS

MODERN TRENDS

IN HYPNOSIS Edited by

DAVID WAXMAN Chairman of the Scientific Program International Society of Hypnosis London, England

PREM C. MISRA Gartloch Hospital Glasgow, Scotland

MICHAEL GIBSON Child Guidance Centre Edinburgh, Scotland

and

M. ANTHONY BASKER British Society of Medical and Dental Hypnosis Westcliff-on-Sea, England

PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Main entry under title:

Modern trends in hypnosis.

"Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine, held August 22-27, 1982, in Glasgow, Scotland" - T.p. verso.

Includes bibliographies and index. 1. Hypnotism- Therapeutic use-Congresses. 2. Hypnotism-Congresses. I. Wax­

man, David. II. International Congress of Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine (9th: 1982: Glasgow, Strathclyde) [DNLM: 1. Hypnosis-congresses. W3 IN415 9th 19821 WM 4151612 1982n] RC490.5.M6 1985 616.89'162 84-26432

ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-4915-0 DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4913-6

e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-4913-6

Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine, held August 22-27, 1982, in Glasgow, Scotland

(C) 1985 Plenum Press. New York Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1985

A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

To Eric Wookey, MC, LDS, Honorary Consultant Dental Surgeon of the Royal Free Hospital, First President of the London Dental and Medical Society for the Study of Hypnosis. He imparted his enthusiasm and knowledge of hypnosis widely, and thus played a prominent part in securing the acceptance of hypnosis by professional colleagues throughout the United Kingdom.

FOREWORD

The 9th International Congress of Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine expresses the continuity in the effort to gain scientific knowledge of hypnosis and scientific status for it, ever since the 1st International Congress for Experimental and Therapeutic Hypnotism was held in Paris in 1889, attended by many of the best-remembered psychiatrists and psychologists of the day - men such as Babinski, Bernheim, Binet, Delboeuf, Freud, James, Lombroso, F.W.H. Myers, Ribot, and many others. The continuity was broken by the period of reduced interest in hypnosis between the time of the 2nd Inter­national Congress for Hypnotism in Paris in 1900, and the revival of interest shown by the 3rd International Congress for Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine in Paris in 1965. Since then, the Congresses have met more regularly, making the one of which this is the report, the 9th.

The programs of these Congresses have become increasingly rich through the years, with many of the older problems still with us but now studied more dispassionately in the light of new knowledge and new scientific methods in the design of investigations and the vali­dation of scientific findings.

An examination of the titles of the papers and the places from which their authors come shows how diverse and widespread the interests in hypnosis have become, both in the effort to define the nature of hypnosis and its boundaries in relation to other categories of behavior and experience, and to explore its potential service in psychotherapy and other social applications, as in forensic medicine.

On the side of understanding hypnosis itself, there are the papers on the nature of hypnotic responsiveness and its physiological

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viii FOREWORD

correlates, on the subjective experiences within whatever the hyp­notic condition may be found to be, the nature and consequences of self-hypnosis, and the characteristics of the dissociative phenomena manifested in hypnosis. On the clinical side there are cases and discussions reflecting the use of hypnotic methods in the treatment of disorders of self-control, in obstetrics, in pain and anxiety reduction, in psychosomatic disorders, in symptoms met in dentistry, and with problems met in children and adolescents. Comparative studies relate hypnosis to meditation and behavior therapy. Hypnosis and the law receives attention in several contributions.

One cannot help but be impressed by the seriousness with which the direction has been taken to move away from "it has been my experience ••• " as the way of validating hypnotic practices to the interest in comparative and controlled studies which place hypnosis on the same status as other medical or psychiatric practices as they are taught and studied in our medical schools and university depart­ments.

The battle to establish hypnosis on a sound scientific basis has not yet been won; even where it is accepted as permissible, there are still too few scientists among those outside its active practitioners who show any enthusiasm for it. The gains that are being made, however, as these Proceedings show, augur well for its future.

Ernest R. Hilgard

PREFACE

Practitioners whose interests extend over the entire spectrum of the healing disciplines assembled in Glasgow from August 22nd to the 27th 1982 to attend the 9th International Congress of Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine. They came to listen to learned addresses, to present papers, often the culmination of many years of research and clinical experience, to participate in workshops and generally to mark, learn and teach a subject as old as mankind and yet amongst the most recent and sophisticated of psychotherapies in the multi­disciplinary field of the treatment of psychological illness.

The excellent of the ambiance, the impressive array of speakers and the high quality of the lectures culminated in a meeting which was without doubt a considerable academic success. As a result the 9th Congress proved an outstanding event, and it is hoped, made a real contribution to the practice of hypnotherapy. The significance of the occasion was additionally marked by the joint sponsorship of the University of Glasgow and the Royal Society of Medicine, as well as the warm support of the City of Glasgow.

In these proceedings appear some of the papers which were pre­sented at this meeting. Although there were over 100 speakers, it is regretted that in view of the restrictions of space, only a very carefully selected number of these papers could ultimately be included in the publication.

Each paper was rated independently by a panel of referees and the final selection represents a wide cross-section of the subject matter outlined in the program.

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x PREFACE

In view of the high quality of all the talks given the referees were faced with a formidable task and it is hoped that those speakers whose papers do not appear in this volume will in no way feel that their efforts were in vain. Abstracts of all papers were published in the issue of The International Journal of Clinical and Experimen­tal Hypnosis of April 1982 and the Editor has given his kind per­mission for this to be used as a citable reference.

The principal aim of the Scientific Program was the encourage­ment of learning and research in hypnosis both in clinical practice and experimental study, with the actual participation of as many as possible in the wide range of subjects which were offered.

The general scientific papers consisted of clinical reports and experimental findings covering as extensive an area as time per­mitted. The subjects included the neuroses, pathological anxiety and the many incapacitating symptoms resulting therefrom. Other papers covered the considerable field of personality problems, the addic­tions and sexual dysfunctions. Hypnosis for the modification of pain and its use in obstetrics and in pediatrics was discussed and a full session was devoted to hypnosis in dentistry. Dynamic and behavioral techniques were included and the many lectures dealing with self­hypnosis proved very popular. Of particular interest were the' case histories which provided evidence of the practical results of hypno­therapy. One fact that has emerged clearly over the past few years is that clinical hypnosis, however good the results, will never be fully accepted unless validated by experimental studies and scien­tific evidence. It is essential that the clinician works closely with the experimental psychologist and the research neurophysiol­ogist. With this in mind, theories explaining hypnotizability and suggestibility as well as the neurophysiology of hypnosis were explored and numerous experimental studies were described. The use of hypnosis in criminology occupied several hours of talks as well as the final Plenary Session.

In addition to the scientific papers Special Invited Addresses were given by recognized authorities and National Presidents talked on their individual specialities. Other Invited Addresses and Speciality Seminars were designed to complement the workshops.

In the concluding paper, the President Elect of the Inter­national Society of Hypnosis, Professor Germain Lavoie combining learned experimental studies with clinical findings, chose as his subject The Clinical Relevance of Hypnotizability in Psychosis. This presentation will undoubtedly prove a valuable contribution to future research.

Thus after five days of intensive work and study, of scientific lectures and learned discussion, the 9th Congress was bought to a close. Perhaps it was because of the considerable amount of well-

PREFACE xi

constructed laboratory investigation, coupled with the clinical experiences so ably reported by so many devoted therapists, that the meeting was such a success. Perhaps it was the Scotch mist, the warmth and generosity of the hosting society or some magnetic influ­ence, but somehow the purple cloak of Mesmer which had hung over the city of Glasgow that August week seemed to have been lifted to allow bright sunshine to penetrate a subject that had been shrouded in myth, mystery and misunderstanding for so many years.

As a result it is hoped that Modern Trends in Hypnosis will influence many to explore further the psychological and neuro­physiological understanding of the hypnotic state and that it will advance the therapeutic skills of all who read it for the ultimate benefit of the suffering.

D.W. P.C.M. M.G. M.A.B.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The editors wish to express their thanks to the Principal and Court of the University of Glasgow and to the President and Council of the Royal Society of Medicine for their sponsorship of this Congress. Also to the President. Council and Members of the British Society of Medical and Dental Hypnosis and the British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis. to Professor M.R. Bond. 9th Congress Chairman. to Professor F.H. Frankel. President of the International Society of Hypnosis. to Professor M.T. Orne and Mrs Emily Carota Orne for their invaluable help in assembling the program as well as to all Members of the Committee of the 9th Congress. Thanks are particularly due to those hundreds of participants who made this meeting such a success.

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CONTENTS

I SPECIAL ADDRESSES

Scottish Contributions to the Development of Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine

M. R. Bond, Chairman, 9th Congress of Hypnosis and Psychosomatic Medicine

Hypnosis - Both Poetry and Science F. H. Frankel, President, International

Society of Hypnosis

Conscious and Unconscious Processes in Hypnosis E. R. Hilgard, Founding President, International

Society of Hypnosis

The Clinical Relevance of Hypnotizability in Psychosis: With Reference to Thinking Processes and Sample Variances

G.F. Lavoie, President Elect, International Society of Hypnosis

II BEHAVIOR IN HYPNOSIS

3

15

29

41

In Search of Hypnosis 67 A. M. Weitzenhoffer

The Relevance of Hypnotizability in Clinical Behavior

F. H. Frankel

Interaction Between Hypnotist and Subject: A Social Psychophysiological Approach

E. I. Banyai, I. Meszaros and L. Csokay

Non-Volition and Hypnosis S. J. Lynn, M. Nash, J. Rhue, V. Carlson,

C. Sweeney, D. Frauman and D. Givens

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89

97

109

Visual Memory Processing During Hypnosis: Does it Differ From Waking?

H. J. Crawford and S. N. Allen

A Study on the Hypnotic Susceptibility of Persons Attempting Suicide: Some Therapeutic Considerations

I. Boncz, L. P. Pallag and J. Fodor

III ELECTROPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES

EEG Evoked Potential, Hypnotic Anosmia, and Transient Olfactory Stimulation in High and Low Susceptible Subjects

A. P. Barabasz and C. Lonsdale

Depth EEG Recordings in Epileptic Patients During Hypnotic and Non-Hypnotic States

G. De Benedittis and V. Sironi

Evoked Potential Correlates of Verbal Versus Imagery Coding in Hypnosis

I. Meszaros, E. I. Banyai and A. C. Greguss

Hemispheric Specificity and Hypnotizability: An Overview of Ongoing EEG Research in South Australia

C. MacLeod-Morgan

Some Neuromuscular Phenomena in Hypnosis M. Pajntar, E. Roskar and L. Vodovnik

IV SELF HYPNOSIS

The Essential Aspects of Self-Hypnosis E. Fromm

Representations of Self-Hypnosis in Personal Narratives

E. Fromm, A. M. Boxer and D. P. Brown

An Investigation into Audiotaped Self-Hypnosis Training in Pregnancy and Labor

G. P. Davidson, N. D. Garbett and S. G. Tozer

Change in Subjective Experiences During Therapeutic Self-Hypnosis

R. Van Dyck, P. Spinhoven and J. Commandeur

CONTENTS

119

131

139

149

161

169

181

209

215

223

235

CONTENTS xvii

V HYPNOSIS AND THE ALLEVIATION OF PAIN

Why is Hypnosis Effective in Pain Control? P. Sacerdote

Hypnosis and Plasmatic Beta-Endorphins G. Guerra, G. Guantieri and F. Tagliaro

VI HYPNOSIS AND ADDICTIVE BEHAVIOR

Hypnosis in the Alleviation of the Smoking Habit M. A. Basker

The Treatment of Alcohol and Drug Addiction: An

249

259

269

Overview 277 D. Waxman

VII HYPNOSIS AND PSYCHOSEXUAL PROBLEMS

Hypnosis and Sexual Disorders P. C. Misra

Hypnotherapy in Male Impotence K. Fuchs, I. Zaidise, B. A. Peretz and E. Paldi

VIII THE USE OF HYPNOSIS IN CRIMINOLOGY

Hypnosis, Coercive Persuasion and the Law: A Historical Perspective

J.-R. Laurence and C. Perry

Hypnosis in Criminal Investigation - Ethical and Practical Implications

M. Kleinhauz and B. Beran

An Examination of the Effects of Forensic Hypnosis H. W. Timm

Hypnosis and the Law: The Role of Induction in Witness Recall

G. F. Wagstaff

IX HYPNOSIS AND ANXIETY

Effects of Hypnosis on State Anxiety and Stress in Male and Female Intercollegiate Athletes

E. W. Krenz, R. Gordin and S. W. Edwards

291

297

309

317

327

345

359

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Results of Anxiety Control Training in the Treatment of Compulsive Disorders

R. P. Snaith

X CASE HISTORIES

On a Case of Urinary Retention Treated by Means of Hypnosis

A. Bottoli, G. Guantieri and V. Azzini

Hypnosis in the Treatment of a Case of Guillain-Barre's Disease

A. Gambacciani and G. Guantieri

Hypnoanalytic Treatment of Severe Borderline , Neurosis by Means of Spontaneous Multiple Personalities: A Case Report

R. Kampman, R. Hirvenoja and H. Karlsson

XI SOME USES OF HYPNOSIS IN DENTISTRY

The Treatment of Dental Phobia with a Meditational and Behavioral Reorientation Self-Hypnosis

G. W. F. Smith

The Difficult Dental Patient J. Gall

Index

CONTENTS

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