Modern SPANISH Grammar · vi Contents 4.6 Use of the plural unos, unas 25 5 Adjectives 5.1...
Transcript of Modern SPANISH Grammar · vi Contents 4.6 Use of the plural unos, unas 25 5 Adjectives 5.1...
ModernSPANISHGrammarA practical guide
Juan Kattan-Ibarraand Christopher J. Pountain
London and New York
Contents
IntroductionGlossary
[^^3 Structures
1 Pronunciation and spelling1.1 The Spanish alphabet1.2 Diphthongs1.3 Syllabification1.4 Sinalefa1.5 The written stress accent1.6 Punctuation1.7 Capital letters
2 Gender and gender agreements2.1 Masculine and feminine2.2 Plural2.3 General rules for gender2.4 Words which are both masculine and feminine2.5 Nouns which vary in gender2.6 Agreement classes of adjectives2.7 The neuter2.8 Lo
3 Plurals and number agreement3.1 Plural forms3.2 Number agreement
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4 The articles4.1 Definite article 204.2 Principal differences between the use of the definite article
in Spanish and English 214.3 Definite article + que and de 224.4 The indefinite article 234.5 Principal differences between the use of the indefinite
article in Spanish and English 24
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4.6 Use of the plural unos, unas 25
5 Adjectives5.1 Shortening of adjectives 265.2 Adjective position 275.3 Adjectives used as nouns 295.4 Adjectives used as adverbs 29
6 Comparative forms of adjectives and adverbs6.1 Lack of distinction between 'more...' and 'most...' 306.2 Syntax of comparative constructions 31
7 Numbers7.1 Cardinal numbers 327.2 Ordinal numbers 337.3 Expressions involving numbers 34
8 Personal pronouns8.1 Subject pronouns 368.2 Object pronouns 388.3 Reduplicated pronoun structures 41
9 Demonstratives9.1 Forms 1 439.2 Order 439.3 Usage 44
10Possessives10.1 Forms 4510.2 Use 46
11 Relative pronouns11.1 Que 4811.2 Elque/elcuaLetc. j . 4811.3 Quien(es) 4911.4 Cuyo (adj.) 50
12 Interrogative and exclamatory forms12.1 iC6mo?/iC6mo! 5112.2 *Cual? and $Qu6?/jQu6! 5212.3 iCuando? 5312.4 £Cuanto?/iCuanto! 5312.5 jD6nde?/jAd6nde? 54
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12.6 jPara que?/ jPor que?12.7 £Qu£tal?12.8 jQuie"n(es)?12.9 jVerdad?,^no?
13 Indefinite and negative pronouns and adjectives13.1 Alguno and ninguno13.2 Alguien and nadie13.3 Uno13.4 Algo and nada13.5 Cualquiera13.6 Quienquiera13.7 Todo
14Adverbs14.1 Formation of adverbs in-mente14.2 Other adverbs
15 Negation15.1 No15.2 Negative element following the verb15.3 Expressions requiring a negative15.4 No . . . s ino . . .15.5 Negation of adjectives15.6 Negative questions
16 Verb forms16.1 The overall pattern
17 Use of the verb forms17.1 Present17.2 Perfect17.3 Imperfect17A Preterite17.5 Future17.6 Future perfect17.7 Conditional17.8 Conditional perfect17.9 Pluperfect17.10 Past anterior17.11 Infinitive17.12 Gerund17.13 Imperative
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18 Use of the subjunctive18.1 The subjunctive in complements of verbs and verbal
expressions 9118.2 The subjunctive after conjunctions 9418.3 The subjunctive in main clauses 100
19 Sequence of tense19.1 In reported (indirect) speech19.2 Constructions involving the subjunctive
20 Other forms of the verb and their uses20.1 Estar +gerund20.2 Ir a + infinitive20.3 Iievar + gerund20.4 Acabar de + infinitive20.5 Ir +gerund20.6 Venir + gerund20.7 Tener + past participle
21 Modal auxiliary verbs and expressions21.1 Poder21.2 Deber (de)21.3 Saber21.4 Querer21.5 Tener que21.6 Haberde21.7 Haberque
22Serandestar22.1 Ser22.2 Estar
23 The reflexive23.1 Literal reflexive23.2 Inherently reflexive verbs23.3 The reflexive corresponding to an English intransitive23.4 Reflexive verbs with prepositional objects23.5 The intensifying reflexive23.6 The impersonal reflexive23.7 The passive reflexive
24 The passive24.1 Ser + past participle
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24.2 Estar + past participle24.3 The passive reflexive24.4 Use of indefinite subjects24.5 Bringing the object to the front of the sentence
25 Prepositions25.1 Basic use of prepositions25.2 Groups of prepositions
26 Complementation26.1 Sentence complementation26.2 Infinitive complementation26.3 Gerund complementation
27 Conjunctions ,27.1 Coordinating conjunctions27.2 Subordinating conjunctions
28 Word order28.1 Statements28.2 Questions
| Functions
/ Social contacts and communication strategies
PartB
29 Making social contacts29.1 Greeting someone29.2 Conveying greetings29.3 Asking people how they are29.4 Introducing someone29.5 Taking leave29.6 Drinking a toast and wishing somebody bon appetit29.7 Congratulating somebody29.8 Using the phone29.9 Common phrases used in letter writing
30 Basic strategies for communication30.1 Attracting someone's attention and responding to a call
for attention ' 18230.2 Starting up a conversation 18330.3 Asking people to repeat something you have not heard
properly, and responding 184
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30.4 Apologizing for your Spanish and asking people toexplain something or speak more slowly 186
30.5 Checking whether people have understood 18730.6 Signalling that one is following the speaker 18830.7 Asking people how to pronounce or spell a word 18830.8 Interrupting a speaker 18930.9 Using fillers 18930.10 Formal development of a topic 191
II Giving and seeking factual information
31 Asking questions and responding31.1 Asking questions requiring a yes or no answer 19631.2 Asking questions seeking partial information 19831.3 Asking polite and indirect questions 19831.4 Asking negative questionsv 19931.5 Responding to a question with another question 20031.6 Responding to a yes or no question 200
32 Negating32.1 No + verb/auxiliary 20332.2 Limiting the scope of negation 20432.3 Negating adjectives and nouns 20432.4 Other ways of expressing negation 205
33 Reporting33.1 Direct and indirect speech 20933.2 Indirect speech 20933.3 Reporting statements 21133.4 Reporting questions 21433.5 Reporting yes and no answers 21533.6 Reporting commands and requests 215
34 Asking and giving personal information34.1 Stating one's name and asking someone's name 21834.2 Stating nationality 21934.3 Stating origin " 22034.4 Referring to marital status 22034.5 Asking someone's age and stating one's own age 22034.6 Asking people when and where they were born and giving
similar information about oneself 22134.7 Stating occupation 221
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34.8 Defining professional status or rank, religion and politicalaffiliation
35 Identifying people, places and things35.1 Identifying oneself and others35.2 Identifying places35.3 Identifying things
36 Describing people, places and things36.1 Describing people, places and things in terms of
attributes considered as inherent or as a physical ormoral property of the subject
36.2 Asking questions regarding attributes of a person, aplace or a thing
36.3 Describing people, places and things as seen at aparticular moment in time
36.4 Describing people, places and things in terms ofattributes which denote a comparative notion
36.5 Describing people in terms of their physical or mentalstate or condition
36.6 Asking questions in relation to someone's physical ormental state or condition
36.7 Describing things in terms of the material they aremade of
36.8 Asking what something is made of36.9 Describing events36.10 Describing facts or information36.11 Describing social manners36.12 Describing the weather
37 Making comparisons37.1 Expressing comparisons of inequality37.2 Expressing comparisons of equality37.3 Comparing more than two objects
38 Expressing existence and availability38.1 Asking and answering questions regarding existence38.2 Talking about the existence of facilities38.3 Expressing availability
39 Expressing location and distance39.1 Expressing location with regard to places, people and
things
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39.2 Asking where places, people or things are 24639.3 Talking about the location of events 24739.4 Indicating precise location 24839.5 Indicating distance 251
40.1 Expressing ownership and possession 25240.2 Emphasizing possessive relations 25440.3 Expressing possessive relations involving parts of the
body and personal effects 25540.4 Asking and answering questions regarding whose
property something is 25540.5 Asking and answering questions regarding what people
have or do not have 256
41 Expressing changes41.1 Talking about temporary changes 25841.2 Talking about long-lasting changes which are regarded as
changing the nature of someone or something 25941.3 Talking about long-lasting changes not involving a change
in the nature of the subject 26041.4 Talking about voluntary changes 26041.5 Talking about changes which are the result of a natural
process 26141.6 Talking about the result of a process of change 26141.7 Talking about a change in the subject's state or condition
as the direct result of an action or event 26141.8 Other ways of expressing change 262
42 Describing processes and results42.1 Describing processes 26342.2 Describing results 267
43 Expressing cause, effect and purpose43.1 Enquiring about cause 26943.2 Giving reasons and expressing relationships of cause and
effect 27043.3 Other ways of expressing relationships of cause and effect 27243.4 Enquiring about purpose 27443.5 Expressing purpose 274
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III Putting events into a wider context
44 Expressing knowledge44.1 Expressing knowledge with regard to a fact 28044.2 Saying that one knows a person, a place or an object 28044.3 Expressing knowledge with regard to a subject 28144.4 Expressing knowledge of a skill 28144.5 Getting to know, becoming acquainted with or meeting
someone 28144.6 Learning or finding out about something 282
45 Saying whether one remembers or has forgottensomething or someone45.1 Saying whether one remembers something or someone 28345.2 Asking people whether they remember something or
someone 28645.3 Saying that one has forgotten something or someone 28845.4 Enquiring whether someone has forgotten something or
someone 288
46 Expressing obligation and duty46.1 Expressing obligation and duty with regard to oneself and
others 29046.2 Enquiring whether one is obliged to do something 29246.3 Expressing obligation in an impersonal way 292
47 Expressing needs47.1 Expressing needs with regard to oneself and others 29347.2 Asking people about their needs 29547.3 Asking and answering questions about needs in an
impersonal way 29647.4 Expressing strong need 299
48 Expressing possibility and probability48.1 Saying whether something is considered possible or
impossible 30048.2 Enquiring whether something is considered possible or
impossible 307
49 Expressing certainty and uncertainty49.1 Saying how certain one is of something 31049.2 Enquiring about how certain or uncertain others are of
something 314
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50 Expressing supposition50.1 Common expressions of supposition 316
51 Expressing conditions51.1 Expressing open conditions 31851.2 Expressing unfulfilled conditions 32051.3 Other conditional expressions 321
52 Expressing contrast52.1 Common expressions of contrast 327
53 Expressing capability and incapability53.1 Enquiring and making statements about capability or
incapability 33153.2 Enquiring and making statements about learned abilities 333
54 Giving and seeking permission to do something54.1 Seeking permission 33454.2 Giving permission 33754.3 Stating that permission is withheld 338
55 Asking and giving opinions55.1 Asking someone's opinion 33955.2 Expressing opinions 34155.3 Enquiring about other people's opinions 34555.4 Reporting on other people's opinions 345
56 Expressing agreement and disagreement56.1 Expressing agreement 34756.2 Expressing disagreement 34856.3 Asking about agreement and disagreement 349
IVExpressing emotional attitudes
57 Expressing desires and preferences57.1 Expressing desires 35257.2 Enquiring about desires 35557.3 Expressing preferences and enquiring about preferences 35657.4 Expressing preferences involving others 357
58 Expressing likes and dislikes58.1 Saying that one likes or dislikes something or someone 35958.2 Enquiring about likes and dislikes 361
58.3 Other ways of e:
59 Expressing surpri59.1 Set expressions
60.1 Expressing satis60.2 Expressing diss£60.3 Enquiring abou
61 Expressing appiw61.1 Expressing appr61.2 Expressing disaj61.3 Enquiring aboul
62 Expressing hope62.1 Saying what one62.2 Expressing hope62.3 Expressing hope
to a statement
63 Expressing sympa63.1 Saying one is soi63.2 Saying one is gla
64 Apologizing and e;64.1 Apologizing64.2 Expressing forgi
01worry65.1 Set expressions65.2 Other ways of e>
gratitude66.1 Expressing grati66.2 Responding to a
V The language ofpersu
67 Giving advice and67.1 Giving advice ar
speaker
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58.3 Other ways of expressing likes and dislikes 362
59 Expressing surprise59.1 Set expressions 365
60.1 Expressing satisfaction 36860.2 Expressing dissatisfaction 36960.3 Enquiring about satisfaction or dissatisfaction 370
61 Expressing approval and disapproval61.1 Expressing approval 37161.2 Expressing disapproval 37261.3 Enquiring about approval or disapproval 372
62 Expressing hope62.1 Saying what one hopes or others hope to do 37462.2 Expressing hope with regard to other people 37462.3 Expressing hope in answer to a question or as a reaction
to a statement 376
63 Expressing sympathy63.1 Saying one is sorry about something 37763.2 Saying one is glad about something 380
64 Apologizing and expressing forgiveness64.1 Apologizing 38164.2 Expressing forgiveness 383
65 Expressing fear or worry and enquiring about fear orworry65.1 Set expressions 38465.2 Other ways of expressing fear 388
66 Expressing gratitude and responding to an expression ofgratitude66.1 Expressing gratitude 38966.2 Responding to an expression of gratitude 391
V The language of persuasion
67 Giving advice and making suggestions67.1 Giving advice and making suggestions not involving the
speaker 394
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67.2 Suggesting a course of action involving the speaker 39667.3 Asking for advice and suggestions 397
68 Making requests68.1 Set expressions 399
69 Giving directions and instructions69.1 Giving directions 40369.2 Giving instructions 405
70 Making an offer or invitation and accepting or declining70.1 Making an offer or invitation 40770.2 Accepting an offer or invitation 41070.3 Declining an offer or invitation 41170.4 Enquiring whether an offer or invitation is accepted or
declined 411
VI Expressing temporal relations
71 Talking about the present71.1 Describing states which are true in the present 41471.2 Giving information about facts which are generally true or
true in the present 41471.3 Referring to events which are in the present but not in
progress 41571.4 Expressing timeless ideas or emotions 41571.5 Referring to events taking place in the present 41571.6 Expressing disapproval or surprise about an action in
progress 41771.7 Referring to present habitual actions 41771.8 Referring to a present, continuous action or state which
began at some moment in the past 419
72 Talking about the future72.1 Expressing plans and intentions > 42272.2 Expressing uncertainty with regard to future plans 42472.3 Referring to the immediate future 42572.4 Referring to future events 42672.5 Referring to fixed future events 42772.6 Expressing promises 42772.7 Reporting statements about the future 42872.8 Enquiring about future plans and events 428
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73 Talking about the past73.1 Referring to past events which bear some relationship
with the present73.2 Referring to the recent past73.3 Referring to the immediate past73.4 Referring to events which have taken place over a period
of time, including the present73.5 Referring to a prolonged action which began in the past
and is still in progress73.6 Referring to events which are past and complete73.7 Saying how long ago something happened73.8 Referring to events which lasted over a definite period of
time and ended in the past73.9 Referring to an event which was completed before
another past event73.10 Referring to the beginning of a past action or state73.11 Referring to a past action as part of a sequence of events73.12 Referring to ongoing states or actions which took place
over an unspecified period of time73.13 Referring to past habitual actions73.14 Referring to actions which were taking place when
something else happened73.15 Describing past events which occurred before another
past event or situation
Appendix: Table of common irregular verbsBibliographyIndex