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PSYCHOLOGYModernperspectives of psychology

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Modern perspectives of psychology

1) Biological perspective

Attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the

Body. Such as genetic influences, hormones, and the activity of the nervous

System. It investigates at the level of nerves, neurotransmitters, brain circuitry andThe basic biological processes that underlie normal and abnormal behavior

2) Psychoanalytic Perspective:

More focused on the development of a sense of self and the discovery of

other motivations behind a persons behavior than sexual motivations.Aredriven by darkforces of the unconsciousness. Unconscious needs, conflicts, repressed memories, and

childhoodexperiences determine behavior

3) Humanistic Perspective:

People have fr ee wi l l, the freedom to choose their own destiny.Emphasized the humanpotential, the ability of each person to become the best person he or she could be.

S e l f - a c t u a l i z a t i o n - achieving ones full potential or actual self. The influence of self-concept, perceptions, and interpersonal relationships, and on need for personal growth

determine behavior

4)Cognitive perspective:

People are information-processing systems. Focuses on memory, intelligence, perception,problem solving, and learning. Mental interpretation of our experience determines behavior

5) Social perspective:It typically investigates at the level of nerves, neurotransmitters, brain circuitry and the

basic biological processes that underlie normal and abnormal behavior thoughts, emotionsand behaviorshow to explain a variety of demographic, social, and cultural facts in terms of

human social interaction

6) Behavioral Perspective:

People are social animals, so human behavior must be interpreted in social

Context. Cultures, social norms and expectations, social learning determines thisBehavior

7) Developmental perspective:

We undergo predictable patterns of change throughout our lives. Interaction between

heredity and environment determines behavior

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Organizational Perspective:

A)

A Human Resource Manager, Stuart is working in an organization from the last 15years and

he is an excellent employee. His performance in the organization is very good and lowerlevel employees looks upon him. Due to his performance, the organization has increased

his salary by 30% and is giving him various benefits. Stuarts relationship with other

employees is also very friendly and he is always there to help them at any time.

Stuarts family life is running very happily as he have a lovely wife and a son. One day he

receives a phone call in his office that his wife and son have died in a planecrash. From that

day on wards, Stuart felt as his life has been ended as well.

Due to this incident Stuarts work performance declined which had a huge impact on

Organization overall. Moreover, his relationship with his employees was not that good asthey were before and he would become aggressive when his subordinates would show

some sympathy towards him.

Here is the application of modern perspective that how Stuart conceives in his case:

Behavioral Perspective:

As Stuart was really helpful and friendly with his subordinates, his behavior

changed due to the incident. He would like to stay alone for the most of the time, hisconcentration would divert from his work as memories of his wife, and son would come to

his mind. He also observed that in organization, employees show extra care towards him

which irritates Stuart. Organization observed that his performance has declined which is

effecting the HR department largely.

Biological Perspective:

Stuart would become mentally disturb when people would talk to him about his

family. Physically he would have very bad headache, which he could not bear. He was

becoming mentally weak day by day, as he would not look after his health.

Cognitive Perspective:

As this perspective emphasis on how someone process, store, retrieve and use

information, Stuart would not think before speaking when he becomes angry with his

subordinates when they would point-out his mistakes.

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Social Perspective:

Stuarts interaction with his subordinates has become very less as he developed

some conflicts with them due to his lack of performance and aggressive behavior. He would

rather works on his own rather than as a team.

Developmental Perspective:

It is perspectives that focus on development of psychological processes throughout

ones life span. As Stuart has gained a lot of fame and respect in the organization from last

15 years, due to the incident, he has lost all of it to some extent. As his salary was increased

by 30% which was based upon is work performances, the organization has decreased it to

10% only with very few benefits. His development and ability to excel in organization as

eventually ended.

Humanistic Perspective:

As every individual is unique then other, Stuart cannot control unconscious forces

around him. Different employees have different thoughts and perceptions about Stuarts

behavior and attitude. It all depends on Stuarts mental process how he treats or deals with

different situations and different people.

Psychoanalytic Perspective:

As primitive biological urges that are in conflict with the requirements of society.

These unconscious motivations and conflicts are responsible for most human behavior.

Stuarts behavior and mental thinking changed because of the subordinated as they allstarted to point out on his performance. Moreover, persons motivation level decreases

when the environment is not healthy enough.

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B)

Mr. Alex has been working as Assistant Manager Accounts in Cisco Corporation

for more than 8 years and his inputs are really appreciable. The problem is that he has

been asking for a promotion for the last 4 years but it never gets approved.

Here is the application of modern perspective, in case of Alex.

Biological Perspective:

Biologically there are no significant symptoms.

Behavioral Perspective:

Mr. Alexs behavior has changed in terms of motivation and hard work. He now

gives lesser time to his office, as he doesnt expect a promotion anymore.

Cognitive Perspective:

Because of the fact that he hasnt been promoted for almost 4 years, Mr. Alex has

lost all hope to excel in this organization and is currently thinking about quitting thejob.

Social Perspective:

Socially, Mr. Alex has attained a certain level of inferiority complex because his

friends in other organizations have excelled far more than himself with lesser skillsand amount of Work and he no more feels the same way for his bosses and colleagues

as he used to, in the starting years of his job.

Humanistic Perspective:

Currently, its not that obvious, but Mr. Alex is very prone to fall into depression

if thiskeeps going on.

Psychoanalytical Perspective:Mr. Alex seldom gives opinions which are out of the blue and he doesnt really

care for what the consequences of those opinions might be

Developmental Perspective:

During the 8 years of tenure in Cisco Corporation, Mr. Alex was expecting apromotion as he hadlearned and then implemented so many new things to the

organizational processes

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General perspective:

A)Being a university undergraduate student, Im eager to learn and always think about

Scoring good grades.

Biological PerspectiveKeeping the whole situation in mind, I cant really concentrate on what I should be,

Because of my mind pre-occupied all the time about focusing on how to score well andlearning. Over lapping of thoughts, one can say

Behavioral Perspective

Ive started paying more attention to studies than to my diet or co- plusextracurricular act ivities.

Cognitive Perspective

People dont expect me to remember them in the future when they meet me in personAlthough they do.

Social Perspective

As the situations says, I try to interact more and more with class fellows and friendsand teachers of course to increase my social circle and getting maximum information and

help from them

Developmental PerspectiveAs Im really keen and eager to learn and give away positive output, Ive started to

Memorize things more than I used to such as vocabulary, problem solving tactics etc.

Humanistic PerspectiveAs a whole, Im a quick learner and looks forward to positively gain from where ever

I possibly can.

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B)

A 50 years old guy, Kashif is getting mentally disturbed and distressed because

of their familys increasing wishes/demands after retirement.

Biological Perspective

The nervous system has become too weak so he cant handle the stress.

Behavioral Perspective

Because of the uncomfortable environment created at home, his behavior has

become Agitated and aggressive.

Cognitive Perspective

Due to ever rising expenses he has lost all hope to satisfy his familys needs, but

is tryinghard to look up for some compensation in terms of a job in a private

organization.

Social Perspective

Because of his depression he has cut off from all social ties and all kinds ofentertainment activities. This has an adverse effect on his whole family as well.

Developmental Perspective

His current state of tension can very well lead him into a chronic heart disease.

Humanistic Perspective

Due to the stress his abilities to run the house are hindered massively.

Psychoanalytical Perspective

Due to the direct effect of behavioral perspective, he has unconsciously started

acting rude and aggressively towards his family and peers.