Modern Middle East Notes MR. HARDY RMS IB Middle School 2012-2013.

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Modern Middle East Notes MR. HARDY RMS IB Middle School 2012-2013

Transcript of Modern Middle East Notes MR. HARDY RMS IB Middle School 2012-2013.

Page 1: Modern Middle East Notes MR. HARDY RMS IB Middle School 2012-2013.

Modern Middle East Notes

MR. HARDYRMS IB Middle School

2012-2013

Page 2: Modern Middle East Notes MR. HARDY RMS IB Middle School 2012-2013.

Sources of Modern Middle East Conflict

• Religious Differences– Different religions– Sunnis (leader is a member of the Muslim community) vs. Shia’s

(Direct descendant of Muhammad)• Ethnic Groups

– Persians (Iran) vs. Arabs (Iraq)• Nationalism

– Some ethnic groups wish for an independent nation instead of a multi-ethnic one

– Kurds- mountain people from Armenia, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Syria, and Turkey (Multiple violent struggles for independence)

• Fundamentalism– Belief in following your religion directly, as outline by holy text– Theocratic Government- religion based– Example- 1979, Shi’ite leader Khomeini took over Iran, ended all

westernization and instilled fundamentalist beliefs over the government and country

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BRITAIN & THE BALFOUR DECLARATION

• During WWI the British wanted the U.S. to join the war on their side. They thought if they supported the concept of Zionism, a Jewish homeland in Palestine, that influential Jewish Americans might persuade the U.S. to join the war on the Allied side.

• The Balfour Declaration of 1917 affirmed the British Government’s belief that Zionism should be supported.

• Palestine was controlled by the British, after the defeat of the Ottoman Turks in WWI. They officially took control of Palestine in 1922.

• Controlled by Great Britain, following WWII, Jewish refugees fled Europe for safety, many immigrated to Palestine

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20th Century Modern East History• Palestine- Arab region lived on by Jewish people for over 2000

years• 1945 Jewish terrorist organizations began to kill British soldiers in

Palestine. • 1946 the Zionist terrorist organization, Irgun, bombed the King

David Hotel in Jerusalem, headquarters of the British military in Palestine, killing 91 people.

• 1947- United Nations involved to end disagreement with traditional Arab population and recent Jewish immigrants

• Palestine divides– Part 1 Arab – Part 2 Jewish

• 1948- Israel becomes independent state for Jewish people (Gaza Strip and the West Bank)

• Arab—Israeli Wars– Arab nations declared war, they did not agree with the creation of the

Jewish state– Israel wins the first of multiple wars (1948, 1967, and 1973)

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Arab- Israeli Wars• Over 700,000 Palestinian Arab refugees fled to

other countries during the wars• Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO)- goal

est. an independent Palestinian State• Throughout wars, constant shifts of territory

between Israelis and Palestinians• Peace Attempts– 1979- Egypt makes peace with Israel– 1993- Palestinian and Israel peace agreement signed

• PLO recognizes Israel as a state• Israel gave territory to the Palestinians

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Iran- Iraq War• OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

– Made up of Arabian Peninsula countries who wished to control the global economy of oil prices and shipment, 1960

• Long lasting dispute over who controlled oil rich territory• Revolution in Iran- People upset with the Shah (king)

• Looked to new leader- Khomeini (religious leader)• Shah overthrown• Changed to Islamic Conservative Laws

• 1980- Iraq invaded Iran (Led by Saddam Hussein)• 8 year war

– Over 1 million people died• 1988- cease fire agreement signed (written by the United

Nations)– No clear winner

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Persian Gulf War• 1990 Iraq invades Kuwait for the oil

supply• Saddam Hussein (Iraq’s leader) led the

invasion• United Nations- trade embargo to stop

Iraq from profiting • January 16th, 1991- multi- nation missile

attack began on Iraq• US military titled the operation “Desert

Storm” to help Kuwait• February 24th- Ground attack begins

– Lasted 100 hours• Iraq surrendered

– Saddam’s forces left Kuwait– Both Iraq and Kuwait suffered much

destruction from the attacks

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Journal:

• Describe the similarities and differences between Islam, Judaism and Christianity.

• What are some reasons that make it so difficult for these religions to get along?