Modern Iran (1951-today)
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Modern Iran (1951-today). The Geography of Iran. Iranian Oil Resources. Shah Reza Pahlavi. After WWII, Iran’s leader (1941-1951) Believes in embracing Western government and Western oil industries Remember: pro-Western. Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh , Prime Minister of Iran. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
Transcript of Modern Iran (1951-today)
The Geography of The Geography of IranIran
The Geography of The Geography of IranIran
Iranian Oil Iranian Oil ResourcesResourcesIranian Oil Iranian Oil ResourcesResources
Shah Reza Pahlavi
• After WWII, Iran’s leader (1941-1951)
• Believes in embracing Western government and Western oil industries
• Remember: pro-Western
Dr. Mohammad Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh,Mossadegh,
Prime Minister of IranPrime Minister of Iran
Dr. Mohammad Dr. Mohammad Mossadegh,Mossadegh,
Prime Minister of IranPrime Minister of IranBecame Prime Minister in 1951.
Nationalized the foreign oil companies.
Was toppled in a coup aided by the America CIA in 1953.
The Shah of Iran returns to power.
Q4
Shah Reza PahlaviShah Reza Pahlavi(r. 1941 – 1977)(r. 1941 – 1977)
Shah Reza PahlaviShah Reza Pahlavi(r. 1941 – 1977)(r. 1941 – 1977)
Institutes Western reforms & ties with the West .
But, the majority of his people live in poverty.
Brutal suppression of dissidents SAVAK
Q5
SAVAK
• The Shah’s secret police
• Had extensive help from American CIA
• In operation from 1957-1979
• Tortured and executed political prisoners
• “Most hated and feared institition”
The Shah The Shah & His Wife, Farah& His Wife, Farah
The Shah The Shah & His Wife, Farah& His Wife, Farah
Iranian elite/upper- and intellectual classes: verypro-Western.
““The White The White Revolution”Revolution”
The Shah’s Reform Program The Shah’s Reform Program (1963)(1963)
““The White The White Revolution”Revolution”
The Shah’s Reform Program The Shah’s Reform Program (1963)(1963)1. Land reform – 90% of Iran’s peasants
became land owners.2. Massive government-financed heavy
industry projects.3. Granted women more political power –
the right to vote.4. Poured government money into
education – especially in rural areas where illiteracy was very high.
5. Nationalization of forests and pasture lands.
Reasons for the Reasons for the Fall of the ShahFall of the ShahReasons for the Reasons for the Fall of the ShahFall of the Shah
The Shah spent the oil profits for top of the line American military hardware.
Little money to reinvest back into the Iranian economy.
Religious leaders angry with the Shah for too much “Westernization.”
Government corruption.
The Shah’s constitutional violations of the basic human rights of his citizens.
Anti-Shah Anti-Shah ProtestsProtests
Anti-Shah Anti-Shah ProtestsProtests
The Shah’s ChiefThe Shah’s ChiefOpponents?Opponents?
The Shah’s ChiefThe Shah’s ChiefOpponents?Opponents?
1. Oil field workers.
2. Students and other intellectuals.
3. Middle class businessmen.
4. Iranian nationalists.
5. Muslim clerics.Q6
Anti-American PinAnti-American Pin(1960s)(1960s)
Anti-American PinAnti-American Pin(1960s)(1960s)
Iranian Students Iranian Students Protest in Beverley Protest in Beverley
HillsHills
Iranian Students Iranian Students Protest in Beverley Protest in Beverley
HillsHills
Anarchy & Anarchy & RevolutionRevolutionAnarchy & Anarchy & RevolutionRevolution
The Shah leaves Iran on 1/16/79.
The Shah leaves Iran on 1/16/79.
Ayatollah Ayatollah KhomeiniKhomeiniLeads the Leads the RevolutionRevolution
Ayatollah Ayatollah KhomeiniKhomeiniLeads the Leads the RevolutionRevolution
Khomeini returns to Iran on February 11,
1979. Q7
Ayatollah
• A religious leader in Iran
• Supreme leader
• Highest ranking official and religious authority in Iran
Ayatollah Ayatollah KhomeiniKhomeini
(r. 1979-1989)(r. 1979-1989)
Ayatollah Ayatollah KhomeiniKhomeini
(r. 1979-1989)(r. 1979-1989)Became an Islamic scholar
Began to speak out against the Shah in the 1960s.
Arrested and imprisoned several times by the Shah.
Deported in 1978 & went to France.
Hated the US. Wanted all Muslims to overthrow secular governments
Triumphant Muslim Triumphant Muslim Clerics & Iranian Clerics & Iranian
SoldiersSoldiers
Triumphant Muslim Triumphant Muslim Clerics & Iranian Clerics & Iranian
SoldiersSoldiers
Q8A theocracy is
created!
Theocracy
• “the rule of God”
• A government ruled by or subject to religious authority
SAVAK Suspects SAVAK Suspects TakenTaken
SAVAK Suspects SAVAK Suspects TakenTaken
The Fate of the The Fate of the Shah’s GeneralsShah’s GeneralsThe Fate of the The Fate of the Shah’s GeneralsShah’s Generals
Charged With:Corruption on Earth
American Embassy American Embassy inin
Tehran Taken OverTehran Taken Over
American Embassy American Embassy inin
Tehran Taken OverTehran Taken Over
Q9
52 Americans Held 52 Americans Held Hostage for 444 Hostage for 444
Days!Days!
52 Americans Held 52 Americans Held Hostage for 444 Hostage for 444
Days!Days!
Hostage Crisis
• Seizure of the US embassy in Tehran by students unhappy with the US for admitting the Shah for medical treatment
• 1979
• Failed rescue attempt in 1980
• Finally freed after Reagan becomes President
52 American 52 American HostagesHostages
Released in Jan., Released in Jan., 19811981
52 American 52 American HostagesHostages
Released in Jan., Released in Jan., 19811981
The Iran-Iraq WarThe Iran-Iraq War(1980-1988)(1980-1988)
The Iran-Iraq WarThe Iran-Iraq War(1980-1988)(1980-1988)
Q10
The Iran-Iraq War:The Iran-Iraq War:Taking SidesTaking Sides
The Iran-Iraq War:The Iran-Iraq War:Taking SidesTaking Sides
Iraqi Soldiers Iraqi Soldiers At the FrontAt the Front
Iraqi Soldiers Iraqi Soldiers At the FrontAt the Front
375,000 Iraqi casualties & 60,000 POWs!
Iranian SoldiersIranian SoldiersIranian SoldiersIranian Soldiers
Q11
Over 1,000,000 Iranian casualties!
War
• Iraq invades Iran in 1980
• Border disputes, political disputes
• Khomeini called for the overthrow of Hussein
• US secretly gives aid to both sides (afraid of a Communist takeover in Iran)
Khomeini’s Khomeini’s DeathDeath
(June, 1989)(June, 1989)
Khomeini’s Khomeini’s DeathDeath
(June, 1989)(June, 1989)
Iranian Supreme Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Leader Ayatollah
Ali KhameneiAli Khamenei
Iranian Supreme Iranian Supreme Leader Ayatollah Leader Ayatollah
Ali KhameneiAli Khamenei
Ayatollah Ayatollah KhatamiKhatamiAyatollah Ayatollah KhatamiKhatami
The Ayatollah is considered a political moderate.
Q12
Another Nuclear Another Nuclear Power?Power?
Another Nuclear Another Nuclear Power?Power?
US satellite photo of Iranian nuclear facility
near Arak.
An American view An American view of Iranian nuclear of Iranian nuclear
powerpower
An American view An American view of Iranian nuclear of Iranian nuclear
powerpower
PINOCCHIAYATOLLAH Scott Stantis (Birmingham News)
1/28/05
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
• Current leader of Iran (2005-present)
• Photos suggest he was a hostage taker… Iran denies this
• Outspoken critic of the US, Britain, and Israel
• Nuclear program for peaceful purposes?
