MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT. GUIDING QUESTION W hy was there an increase in concern for African...
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Transcript of MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT. GUIDING QUESTION W hy was there an increase in concern for African...
MODERNMODERN CIVIL RIGHTSCIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTMOVEMENT
GUIDING GUIDING QUESTIONQUESTION
WWhy was there an hy was there an increase in concern increase in concern for African American for African American civil rights during the civil rights during the 19401940ss and 1950 and 1950ss??
Who? How? How much?Who? How? How much?
Public School SegregationPublic School Segregation
April 4, 1961: A April 4, 1961: A single, dangling single, dangling light bulb and a light bulb and a coal-burning stove coal-burning stove show the show the conditions at some conditions at some black schools in black schools in Jefferson County. Jefferson County. Birmingham Birmingham schools were not schools were not integrated until integrated until September 1963.September 1963.Birmingham NewsBirmingham News, First , First Published Feb 2006Published Feb 2006
Copyright, The Birmingham News, 2006.
Life for African Americans in the South Life for African Americans in the South (circa 1950)(circa 1950)
De jure segregation – legal De jure segregation – legal segregation through written lawssegregation through written laws
Jim Crow laws – designed to Jim Crow laws – designed to separate blacks and whitesseparate blacks and whites
PlessyPlessy v. v. FergusonFerguson, 1896 – , 1896 – “separate but equal”“separate but equal”
Segregation of beaches, Segregation of beaches, cemeteries, hospitals, restaurants, cemeteries, hospitals, restaurants, schools, transportation, and moreschools, transportation, and more
Disenfranchised – few could vote – Disenfranchised – few could vote – grandfather clauses, literacy tests, grandfather clauses, literacy tests, poll taxespoll taxes
Montgomery Bus Boycott,Montgomery Bus Boycott,1955-19561955-1956
Rosa Parks was asked to give up her Rosa Parks was asked to give up her bus seat to a white passenger in bus seat to a white passenger in Montgomery, Alabama (December, Montgomery, Alabama (December, 1955)1955)
She refused and was arrestedShe refused and was arrested
Activists from the Montgomery Activists from the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) began Improvement Association (MIA) began a bus boycott that lasted over a yeara bus boycott that lasted over a year
1956 – Supreme Court ruled that 1956 – Supreme Court ruled that segregated buses were segregated buses were unconstitutionalunconstitutional
Rosa Parks BusRosa Parks Bus
EMERGENCE OF THE CIVIL EMERGENCE OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTRIGHTS MOVEMENT
Rosa Parks Fingerprinted, Dec. 1955 Rosa Parks Fingerprinted, Dec. 1955 (AP)(AP)
Dr. King arrested for boycotting Dr. King arrested for boycotting the busses, Montgomery, 1956. the busses, Montgomery, 1956. (AP)(AP)
Mass meeting at Holt Street Baptist Church calls Mass meeting at Holt Street Baptist Church calls for a bus boycott, December, 1955.for a bus boycott, December, 1955. (AP)
BrownBrown v. v. Board of EducationBoard of Education, 1954, 1954 Challenged the “separate but equal” Challenged the “separate but equal”
doctrine of doctrine of PlessyPlessy v. v. FergusonFerguson Attorney Thurgood Marshall argued Attorney Thurgood Marshall argued
before Supreme Court led by Chief before Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Earl WarrenJustice Earl Warren
Unanimous decision – “In the field of Unanimous decision – “In the field of public education the doctrine of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place.”‘separate but equal’ has no place.”
Brown IIBrown II ruled for school ruled for school desegregation “with all deliberate desegregation “with all deliberate speed”speed”
But strong opposition to decision But strong opposition to decision from whites, and desegregation from whites, and desegregation moved slowlymoved slowly
Southern Christian Leadership Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)Conference (SCLC)
MLK had spoken out in support of MLK had spoken out in support of the Montgomery Bus Boycottthe Montgomery Bus Boycott
SCLC established by Martin Luther SCLC established by Martin Luther King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy in King, Jr., and Ralph Abernathy in 19571957
Nonviolent protest and resistance Nonviolent protest and resistance based on civil disobedience of based on civil disobedience of Henry David Thoreau and Henry David Thoreau and Mohandas GandhiMohandas Gandhi
Christian-themed organizationChristian-themed organization
Little Rock, Arkansas – 1957Little Rock, Arkansas – 1957
““Little Rock Nine” enrolled at Little Rock Nine” enrolled at Central High SchoolCentral High School
Governor Orval Faubus called out Governor Orval Faubus called out Arkansas National Guard to block Arkansas National Guard to block themthem
Eisenhower sent federal troops Eisenhower sent federal troops who stayed for the whole school who stayed for the whole school yearyear
Full compliance with school Full compliance with school desegregation continued to meet desegregation continued to meet resistance in the South, howeverresistance in the South, however
EMERGENCE OF THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS EMERGENCE OF THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENTMOVEMENT
Central High School, Little Rock Central High School, Little Rock (1957)(1957)
““Little Rock Nine”Little Rock Nine”
Little Rock-white student yelling at Little Rock-white student yelling at Elizabeth Eckford, September 4, Elizabeth Eckford, September 4, 19571957(Wide World)
Central High Central High School students School students gathered on the gathered on the sidewalk in sidewalk in front of the front of the school on school on September 4 to September 4 to watch the watch the reporters, reporters, photographers photographers and the crowd and the crowd gathered to wait gathered to wait for the black for the black students to students to attempt to attempt to enter the enter the school.school.© Craig Rains, 1997
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 1960Committee (SNCC), 1960
African American students African American students invigorated by sit-insinvigorated by sit-ins
Ella Baker organized Easter, 1960, Ella Baker organized Easter, 1960, meeting at North Carolina’s Shaw meeting at North Carolina’s Shaw UniversityUniversity
James Lawson spoke about civil James Lawson spoke about civil rights as a “moral issue”rights as a “moral issue”
SNCC organization created a grass-SNCC organization created a grass-roots movement to end roots movement to end discrimination and segregationdiscrimination and segregation
Freedom Riders, 1961Freedom Riders, 1961
BoyntonBoynton v. v. VirginiaVirginia, 1960 – segregation , 1960 – segregation in interstate transportation in interstate transportation unconstitutionalunconstitutional
Freedom ride on two Greyhound buses Freedom ride on two Greyhound buses going from Washington, D.C., to New going from Washington, D.C., to New Orleans, Louisiana – seven blacks and Orleans, Louisiana – seven blacks and six whitessix whites
One bus firebombed in Anniston, One bus firebombed in Anniston, AlabamaAlabama
Other bus attacked by a mob in Other bus attacked by a mob in Birmingham, AlabamaBirmingham, Alabama
U.S. marshals sent in when bus U.S. marshals sent in when bus reached Montgomery, Alabamareached Montgomery, Alabama
Riders arrested in Jackson, MississippiRiders arrested in Jackson, Mississippi Hundreds more were inspired and Hundreds more were inspired and
joined the freedom ridesjoined the freedom rides
CIVIL RIGHTS in the 1960sCIVIL RIGHTS in the 1960s
““Freedom Rides” Freedom Rides” (1961)(1961)
Congress of Racial Congress of Racial Equality Equality (CORE)(CORE)
““Ole Miss” Integrated, 1962Ole Miss” Integrated, 1962Medgar Evers worked to get Air Force Medgar Evers worked to get Air Force veteran James Meredith into the all-veteran James Meredith into the all-white University of Mississippiwhite University of Mississippi
September 30, 1962 – riot sparked by September 30, 1962 – riot sparked by rumors of Meredith’s campus arrival – rumors of Meredith’s campus arrival – 2 killed and 160 injured2 killed and 160 injured
Meredith enrolled, graduating in 1963Meredith enrolled, graduating in 1963
June, 1963 – Medgar Evers June, 1963 – Medgar Evers assassinatedassassinated
1966 – James Meredith shot and 1966 – James Meredith shot and woundedwounded
CIVIL RIGHTS CIVIL RIGHTS in the 1960sin the 1960s
James MeredithJames Meredith (1962)(1962)
Sept. 30-Oct. 1, 1962: Mississippi National Guardsmen detain a student protester on the University of Mississippi campus after James Meredith tried to enroll.Birmingham News, First Published Feb 2006
MLK and SCLC in Birmingham, MLK and SCLC in Birmingham, Alabama, 1963Alabama, 1963
Birmingham considered most segregated Birmingham considered most segregated citycity
City leaders got a ban on SCLC City leaders got a ban on SCLC demonstrationdemonstration
MLK joined demonstration and arrestedMLK joined demonstration and arrested Famous “Letter from Birmingham Jail”Famous “Letter from Birmingham Jail” Public Safety Commissioner T. Eugene Public Safety Commissioner T. Eugene
“Bull” Connor turned fire hoses and “Bull” Connor turned fire hoses and police dogs on protestors, including kidspolice dogs on protestors, including kids
Nationwide sympathy for demonstrators Nationwide sympathy for demonstrators resulted from national news coverageresulted from national news coverage
CIVIL RIGHTS CIVIL RIGHTS in the 1960sin the 1960s
Birmingham Birmingham desegregation desegregation drivedrive (April-May (April-May 1963)1963)
SCLCSCLC
““Bull” ConnerBull” Conner““Children’s Children’s March”March”
Dogs turned on Birmingham demonstratorsDogs turned on Birmingham demonstrators(Wide World)
March on Washington, 1963March on Washington, 1963
August 28, 1963August 28, 1963
NAACP, SCLC, SNCC, and other groupsNAACP, SCLC, SNCC, and other groups
Over 200,000 peaceful demonstratorsOver 200,000 peaceful demonstrators
MLK’s “I Have a Dream” speech at the MLK’s “I Have a Dream” speech at the Lincoln MemorialLincoln Memorial
Broadcasted live on national televisionBroadcasted live on national television
CIVIL RIGHTS CIVIL RIGHTS in in the 1960sthe 1960s
March on March on Washington Washington for for Jobs and FreedomJobs and Freedom (1963)(1963)
““I have a dream”I have a dream”
Copyright 2005 Life MagazineCopyright 2005 Life Magazine
Martin Luther King, Jr. at Civil Martin Luther King, Jr. at Civil Rights March on Washington Rights March on Washington D.C., Aug 1963D.C., Aug 1963
CIVIL RIGHTS IN CIVIL RIGHTS IN THE 1960sTHE 1960sGUIDING QUESTIONGUIDING QUESTION How did the goals, strategies, and How did the goals, strategies, and support of the movement for African support of the movement for African American civil rights change during American civil rights change during the 1960s?the 1960s?
Civil Rights Act of 1964Civil Rights Act of 1964
Southern senators tried using a Southern senators tried using a filibuster to block its passage – 80 filibuster to block its passage – 80 days of long speechesdays of long speeches
July, 1964 – became lawJuly, 1964 – became law Established the Equal Employment Established the Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission (EEOC)Opportunity Commission (EEOC) Justice Department could prosecute Justice Department could prosecute
discrimination based on race, color, discrimination based on race, color, sex, or national originsex, or national origin
Outlawed segregation in public Outlawed segregation in public accommodationsaccommodations
Required schools to desegregateRequired schools to desegregate
CIVIL RIGHTS CIVIL RIGHTS in the 1960sin the 1960s
2424thth AmendmentAmendment
Freedom Freedom SummerSummerCivil Civil Rights Act Rights Act of 1964of 1964
LBJ Signing Civil Rights Act of 1964. July 2, LBJ Signing Civil Rights Act of 1964. July 2, 19641964
States using a States using a poll tax in poll tax in 19651965
Freedom Summer, 1964Freedom Summer, 1964
Major voter registration drive in Major voter registration drive in the Souththe South
Despite murders of Chaney, Despite murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner, Goodman, and Schwerner, approximately 1,000 black and approximately 1,000 black and white student volunteers white student volunteers participatedparticipated
Formed Mississippi Freedom Formed Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP) because Democratic Party (MFDP) because Democratic Party of Mississippi Democratic Party of Mississippi was 100% whitewas 100% white
Selma March, 1965Selma March, 1965SCLC march in Selma, Alabama, for SCLC march in Selma, Alabama, for voting rights legislationvoting rights legislation
Edmund Pettus Bridge, between Edmund Pettus Bridge, between Montgomery and Selma Montgomery and Selma
““Bloody Sunday” – March 7, 1965Bloody Sunday” – March 7, 1965
Alabama state troopers and others Alabama state troopers and others violently stopped marchersviolently stopped marchers
March 15, 1965 – LBJ spoke for a March 15, 1965 – LBJ spoke for a federal voting rights law on federal voting rights law on national televisionnational television
CIVIL RIGHTS in the 1960sCIVIL RIGHTS in the 1960s
Selma marchSelma marchVoting Rights Act Voting Rights Act (Civil Rights Act of 1965)(Civil Rights Act of 1965)
Impact of Impact of the the Voting Voting Rights Rights Act of Act of 1965 1965
Voting RightsVoting Rights BakerBaker v. v. CarrCarr, 1962 – federal , 1962 – federal
government could have election districts government could have election districts redrawn to halt racial gerrymandering redrawn to halt racial gerrymandering Gerrymandering and 2012Gerrymandering and 2012
ReynoldsReynolds v. v. SimsSims, 1964 – legal principle , 1964 – legal principle of “one person, one vote” via equally-of “one person, one vote” via equally-populated state legislative districtspopulated state legislative districts
Twenty-fourth Amendment, 1964Twenty-fourth Amendment, 1964Outlawed poll taxesOutlawed poll taxes
Voting Rights Act of 1965Voting Rights Act of 1965Outlawed literacy testsOutlawed literacy testsFederal government to oversee elections and Federal government to oversee elections and voter registrationvoter registrationExtended to Hispanics in 1975Extended to Hispanics in 1975
Numbers of African Americans Numbers of African Americans registered to vote and elected to office registered to vote and elected to office multipliedmultiplied
March 25, 1965: Mississippi Highway Patrolmen watch March 25, 1965: Mississippi Highway Patrolmen watch marchers arrive in Montgomery from Selma.marchers arrive in Montgomery from Selma. Birmingham NewsBirmingham News, First Published Feb 2006, First Published Feb 2006 Copyright, The Birmingham News, 2006.
Race RiotsRace Riots Watts, Los Angeles, California – August, 1965Watts, Los Angeles, California – August, 1965
Long-term causes – poverty, discrimination, and police brutalityLong-term causes – poverty, discrimination, and police brutalityImmediate cause – African American pulled over – his brother Immediate cause – African American pulled over – his brother wanted to drive car home but police officer called impound lot – wanted to drive car home but police officer called impound lot – brother and mother arrested during argument – crowd gatheredbrother and mother arrested during argument – crowd gatheredSeveral days of arson and lootingSeveral days of arson and lootingNational Guard called in to restore orderNational Guard called in to restore order35 dead and over 1,000 wounded35 dead and over 1,000 wounded
Newark, New Jersey – July,1967Newark, New Jersey – July,1967Long-term causes – Italian-Americans dominated local politics Long-term causes – Italian-Americans dominated local politics despite a large black population – blacks also suffered from despite a large black population – blacks also suffered from poverty, poor housing, discrimination, and police brutalitypoverty, poor housing, discrimination, and police brutalityImmediate cause – incapacitated African American seen being Immediate cause – incapacitated African American seen being taken to police station and rumors spread that he’d been killed taken to police station and rumors spread that he’d been killed while in police custodywhile in police custody26 dead and hundreds wounded26 dead and hundreds wounded
Detroit, Michigan – July, 1967Detroit, Michigan – July, 1967Long-term causes – police brutality, poverty, and poor housingLong-term causes – police brutality, poverty, and poor housingImmediate cause – police raid on a blind pig (speakeasy)Immediate cause – police raid on a blind pig (speakeasy)$50 million in property damage$50 million in property damage43 deaths and hundreds of injuries43 deaths and hundreds of injuries
Malcolm XMalcolm X Honors student who ended up in jailHonors student who ended up in jail Converted to Nation of Islam while in Converted to Nation of Islam while in
prisonprison XX replaced his “slave name,” replaced his “slave name,” LittleLittle Initially advocated separation of Initially advocated separation of
racesraces 1964 – broke away from Nation of 1964 – broke away from Nation of
Islam, formed own group, and went Islam, formed own group, and went on hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)on hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)
Trip to Mecca, where he saw all races Trip to Mecca, where he saw all races praying together, convinced him that praying together, convinced him that Islam transcended raceIslam transcended race
1965 – assassinated by members of 1965 – assassinated by members of the Nation of Islamthe Nation of Islam
Black Power, 1966Black Power, 1966 ““March Against Fear” voter March Against Fear” voter
registration drive in Mississippiregistration drive in Mississippi
James Meredith shot and woundedJames Meredith shot and wounded
Stokely Carmichael (later known as Stokely Carmichael (later known as Kwame Toure) and others arrested in Kwame Toure) and others arrested in Greenwood, MississippiGreenwood, Mississippi
Carmichael coined term “black Carmichael coined term “black power” in a speech after his release power” in a speech after his release – he later coined the term – he later coined the term “institutional racism”“institutional racism”
Many whites felt threatened Black Many whites felt threatened Black Power MovementPower Movement
CIVIL RIGHTS in the 1960sCIVIL RIGHTS in the 1960s
Watts riots Watts riots (1965)(1965)
de jurede jure andand de de factofacto segregation segregation
““Black Power”Black Power”
Black Panther PartyBlack Panther Party
Black MuslimsBlack Muslims
Malcolm XMalcolm X
Martin Luther King, Martin Luther King, Jr., and Malcolm XJr., and Malcolm X
Race Riot in Watts, 1965Race Riot in Watts, 1965
Black Panthers, 1966Black Panthers, 1966 Formed by Bobby Seale and Huey Formed by Bobby Seale and Huey
Newton in Oakland, CaliforniaNewton in Oakland, California Retaliated against police brutality by Retaliated against police brutality by
organizing armed patrols of black organizing armed patrols of black neighborhoodsneighborhoods
Socialist doctrine – “Ten Point” Socialist doctrine – “Ten Point” program included calls for “Land, program included calls for “Land, Bread, Housing, Education, Clothing, Bread, Housing, Education, Clothing, Justice and Peace”Justice and Peace”
Started urban poverty programs (e.g., Started urban poverty programs (e.g., free breakfasts for kids)free breakfasts for kids)
J.Edgar Hoover called them “the J.Edgar Hoover called them “the greatest threat to the internal security greatest threat to the internal security of the country” and used numerous of the country” and used numerous unlawful methods to destroy the groupunlawful methods to destroy the group
Assassination of MLK, 1968Assassination of MLK, 1968
April 4, 1968, in Memphis, TennesseeApril 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee
Shot on balcony of Lorraine Motel Shot on balcony of Lorraine Motel (now the Civil Rights Museum)(now the Civil Rights Museum)
Killed by James Earl Ray, an ex-Killed by James Earl Ray, an ex-convictconvict
Riots erupted nationwide King Riots erupted nationwide King Broadcast and RiotsBroadcast and Riots
Fair Housing Act, 1968Fair Housing Act, 1968 Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968
Outlawed housing discrimination based on race, Outlawed housing discrimination based on race, color, religion, and national origincolor, religion, and national origin1974 – added sex to list of protected classes1974 – added sex to list of protected classes1988 – disability and familial status added1988 – disability and familial status addedState and local governments (not federal) have, State and local governments (not federal) have, in some areas, broadened their laws to end in some areas, broadened their laws to end housing discrimination based on sexual housing discrimination based on sexual orientation, gender identity, etc.orientation, gender identity, etc.
United States Department of Housing and United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) oversees its Urban Development (HUD) oversees its enforcementenforcement
For example:For example:You cannot be denied housing because you have You cannot be denied housing because you have a child, or even a lot of children.a child, or even a lot of children.You cannot be denied housing because of your You cannot be denied housing because of your race or sex.race or sex.You cannot be denied housing because of a You cannot be denied housing because of a disability.disability.
Affirmative ActionAffirmative Action
Designed to correct racial imbalances in Designed to correct racial imbalances in education, employment, etc.education, employment, etc.
Begun under Kennedy and JohnsonBegun under Kennedy and Johnson
Revised Philadelphia Plan, 1969 – under Revised Philadelphia Plan, 1969 – under Nixon, affirmative action required for all Nixon, affirmative action required for all federally-funded projectsfederally-funded projects
Section 501 of the Rehabilitation Act of Section 501 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 – affirmative action for all federal 1973 – affirmative action for all federal government positions (civil service government positions (civil service jobs)jobs)
Controversial – many considered it to Controversial – many considered it to be reverse discriminationbe reverse discrimination
CIVIL CIVIL RIGHTS in RIGHTS in the 1960sthe 1960s
““long hot summers”long hot summers”assassination of MLK assassination of MLK (April (April 1968)1968)
““affirmative action”/quotasaffirmative action”/quotasRegents v. BakkeRegents v. Bakke (1978)(1978)
Hosea Williams, Hosea Williams, Jesse Jackson, MLK Jesse Jackson, MLK & Ralph Abernathy & Ralph Abernathy April 3, 1968, the April 3, 1968, the day before MLK’s day before MLK’s assassination assassination
Race Riots 1965-1968Race Riots 1965-1968