Modern Asia
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Transcript of Modern Asia
24.1 Communist China
• Chinese Revolution– Communists take over after long civil war between Nationalists and communists
• By 1949 Mao Zedong est the People’s Republic of China– Chiang Kai Shek and Nationalists fled to Taiwan•Est the Republic of China there
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China Under Mao
• 1955 Chinese gov launched a program to build a socialist society– Land taken away from lords and given to poor peasants
– Most private farmland was collectivized•Attempted to increase food production which would allow more people to work industry
– Most industry and commerce was nationalized
Great Leap Forward (1958)
• Collective farms turned into communes– >30,000 people lived and worked together
• Mao hoped would lead to true communist (classless) society
• Proved to be a disaster– Food production decreased due to bad weather and people’s hatred of system
– Almost 15 mill starved to death– 1960 gov began breaking up communes into collective farms with some private plots
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Mao’s Dream
• A permanent revolution where China could achieve the final stage of communism = a classless society
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Cultural Revolution (1966)
• Mao’s Little Red Book was source of knowledge in all areas– Red Guards formed to further the revolution• Tried to eliminate the “Four Olds”
– Old ideas– Old culture– Old customs– Old habits
• Some of Red Guard attacked people• Many people did not support them and wanted a permanent revolution
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China After Mao
• Died in September 1976• Practical-minded reformers led by Deng Xiaoping seized power– Ended the Cultural Revolution
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Deng Xiaoping’s Policies
• Four Modernizations: focused on advancing China in 4 ways– Industry– Agriculture– Technology– National defense
Updating China
• Had been isolated for 20 years– Government invited foreign investors into China to help make up for that
– Thousands of Chinese students sent abroad to study science, technology, and modern business techniques
New Agricultural Policy
• A little capitalism was allowed:– Collective farmers could lease land to peasant farmers
– Anything produced on the land beyond amount of “rent” could be sold on the private market
– Peasants allowed to make goods and sell them to others
Modernization Worked
• Overall, policy was a success• Many complained that it failed because it didn’t create a democracy– New leaders still did not allow direct criticism of the Communist Party
More Problems in late 1980s
• More people studied abroad• More information reached highly educated Chinese people
• Economic improvements led to pressure for better living conditions and more freedom to choose jobs in the cities after graduation
• Rising inflation led to discontent among salaried workers, especially in the cities
• Corruption and special treatment of officials and party members led to criticism
Tiananmen Square
• Students gathered to protest in May of 1989– Called for an end to corruption – Led a mass demonstration in Beijing
• Deng Xiaoping ordered tanks and troops into the square to squash the demonstration
• Some killed• Outraged many
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China’s Relations with the West
• Strained relations– Human rights violations– Its determination to unify with Taiwan
– Its increasing military power
• China does maintain diplomatic relations with the West
Social Changes Under Communism
• Women’s roles– Not allowed to participate in politics– New marriage law in 1950 allowed women equal rights with men
– New regime tried to destroy the influence of the traditional family system because it undercut loyalty to the state•Similar to USSR
• Children encouraged to report parents who said anything against the system
After Mao’s Death
• Shift away from revolutionary fervor and return to family traditions– Meant better living conditions– Parents could choose own names for children, not patriotic names
– Clothing choices also changed more toward Western fashions
Shifting Balance of Power in Asia
• In 1950s relations between China and the Soviet Union began to deteriorate– In the 60s their military units often clashed along their border
• China had internal problems causing it to focus on relations with USA– 1972: Nixon became 1st president to visit the People’s Republic of China since its creation in 1949
– 1979: diplomatic relations est between China and US
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Relations with China
• During 1980s relations between China and the Soviet Union improved
• In 1990s, China began to play a more active role in Asian affairs
• In the 200s, China is still strengthening trade relations around the world– In 2002 China joined the World Trade Organization
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24.2 India, Pakistan, Bangladesh
• India– After WWII the leaders of India realized that British India would have to be divided into 2 countries•India – Hindu•Pakistan – Muslim
– Would be separated into 2 regions with India in between
Gaining Independence
• 1947 India and Pakistan became independent• Millions of people migrated to areas where their religion would be more accepted
• Millions died as a result of the mass migrations
• Mohandas Gandhi was assassinated in January of 1948
• Ceylon, off coast of India, also became independent in 1947– 1972 changed name to Sri Lanka– Many ethnic struggles exist there
India
• Congress Party led by Nehru– Nehru worked closely with Gandhi for Indian independence
• Under Nehru’s leadership– Gov took ownership of major industries, utilities, and transportation (socialism)
– Private enterprise was permitted at local level
– Farming left in private hands– Industrial production almost tripled between 1950 and 1965
After Nehru died, his daughter Indira Gandhi became
prime minister• Faced 2 problems
– Biggest problem: huge populationg rowth• During 1950s and 60s the population grew at a rate of 2% a year
• One result of this was worsening poverty
– Ethnic and religious conflict• Many Sikhs (followers of religion based on both Hindu and Muslim beliefs) lived in Punjab and wanted independence
• Gandhi used military force in 1984 • Some Sikhs wanted revenge and Gandhi was assassinated later that year
Next Prime Minister: Rajiv
• Indira Gandhi’s son• Began some new economic policies
– Encouraged private enterprise and transfer state-run industries into private hands (capitalism)
• He was assassinated in 1991 while he was running for re-election
• Conflict continued between Hindus and Muslims– Ex: long-term dispute over Kashmir
Pakistan
• Early years of its independence were marked by internal conflicts– Growing division between East and West Pakistan
• Many in East Pakistan felt government (based in West Pakistan) was ignoring their needs– 1971 East Pakistan declared its independence
– After civil war, it became Bangladesh
Bangladesh and Pakistan
• Have had trouble establishing stable governments– Have had military officials seize control of civilian government many times
• Both are also quite poor
Afghanistan
• Many similarities to both Asia and Middle East
• Taliban– Islamist militant group that ruled parts of Afghanistan
– Connection to Bin Laden
– Ousted with US war on terror
24.3 Other Asian Nations
• Japan– Occupied by US from 1945 to 1952– MacArthur was in charge– September 1951 occupation ended with treaty signed by US and other former WWII allies that restored independence to Japan
– Another treaty allowed the US to use Japanese bases•Gave US a stronghold in Asia
1947 “MacArthur Constitution”
• Set up a parliamentary gov that maintained armed forces at levels sufficient only for defense
• Emperor’s power greatly reduced• Guaranteed basic civil & political rights – Gave women the right to vote
• Showed a lot of American influence• Today: Japan has a stable democracy
Reforms in Japan
• Land reforms: land sold on easy credit terms to tenant farmers– Created a strong class of independent farmers
• Zaibatsu: large business conglomeration– Supposed to dismantle but only effected 19
– New system created of ties between companies
Reforms Cont.
• Education: new system meant to eliminate aggressiveness, stressed individualism
• Women: right to vote– Encouraged to participate in politics but not = to men
– Paid less than men– Most jobs were in retail or service occupations
Japanese Miracle
• Economic• State Capitalism: central gov plays active role in the economy– Est price and wage policies– Subsidized vital industries
• Very fast economic recovery– Between 1946 and 1967 Japan’s gross national product grew at a rate of 10% a year
– In 2000 their GNP was >Britain and France’s combined and ½ of the USA’s
What caused the economic miracle?
• Cultural factors– Group oriented so they cooperate well
– Hard working and frugal– Highly skilled labor force– Share common values and respond in similar ways to the challenges of the modern world
• Practical reasons– More modern factories since they had to rebuild
– Spend more time at work than in other industrial societies
– Corporations reward innovation and maintain good management-labor relations
• Some say unfair business practices like dumping goods at low prices to break into a foreign market and restrict imports from other countries
Problems Still Exist
• 2 recent prime ministers have been forced to resign over improper financial dealings with business associates
• Questions about textbooks detailing crimes committed by the Japanese government and armed forces in WWII
Other Asian Nations
• Most struggling economically• Few exceptions: 4 Asian Tigers/Little Dragons– South Korea– Taiwan– Singapore– Hong Kong
•Have made significant economic advances
South Korea
• Split from North Korea after Korean War (1950-1953)– More advanced than North Korea
• Officially a democratic government– Have an autocratic leader– People often denied their rights
• Economically: lot of economic development– Samsung, Daewoo, Hyundai (Kia is owned by Hyundai)
Taiwan
• Chiang Kai-shek as leader– Have been disputes over what gov controls it, Chiang Kai-shek’s or the mainland gov of China
• Protected by the US military• Land reform program: peasants could own farmland– Doubled food production
• Local manufacturing and commerce are emerging
• After Kai-shek’s death, gov became more democratic but there are still some questions about its independence
Singapore
• Industrial economy– Based on shipbuilding, oil refineries, and electronics
• Major banking center for South East Asia
• Citizens are demanding a more democratic government
Hong Kong
• Industrial powerhouse• Until 1997, it was under British control
• Now China owns it– Has promised to allow it to live under a capitalist system for 50 years and allow it to be self-governing
Australia and New Zealand
• Culturally more like Europe• Political system based on European models• Some trends tie them more closely to Asia
– > ½ of the immigrants to Australia in recent years are from Asian nations
– 60% of Australia’s export markets in East Asia
• Uncertain as to whether they will become an integral part of the Asia-Pacific region