Himmet HAYBAT

Modernism is modern thought, character, or practice. More specifically, the term describes the modernist movement, its set of cultural tendencies and array of associated cultural movements, originally arising from wide-scale and far-reaching changes to Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

In general, the term modernism encompasses the activities and output of those who felt the "traditional" forms of art, architecture, literature, religious faith, social organization and daily life were becoming outdated in the new economic, social, and political conditions of an emerging fully industrialized world.

Vancouver

Modernism rejected the lingering certainty of enlightenment thinking and also rejected the existence of a compassionate, all-powerful Creator God in favor of the abstract, unconventional, largely uncertain ethic brought on by modernity, initiated around the turn of century by rapidly changing technology and further catalyzed by the horrific consequences of World War I on the cultural psyche(ruh) of artists.

Modernism is marked by a strong and intentional break with tradition. This break includes a strong reaction against established religious, political, and social views.

Modernism was a revolt against the conservative values of realism.

Manhattan-US

British ModernismThe horrors of World War I (1914-19), with its accompanying atrocities and senselessness became the catalyst for the Modernist movement in literature and art.

American ModernismKnown as "The Lost Generation" American writers of the 1920s Brought Modernism to the United States. American Modernists rejected traditional institutions and forms.

The term was first used around the 1870s Postmodernism is a philosophical movement

away from the viewpoint of modernism. More specifically it is a tendency in contemporary culture characterized by the problem of objective truth and inherent suspicion towards global cultural narrative or meta-narrative.

According to the Postmodern Worldview, the Western world society is an outdated lifestyle disguised under impersonal and faceless bureaucracies. The postmodernist endlessly debates the modernist about the Western society needing to move beyond their primitiveness of ancient traditional thought and practices.

LONDON-UK

"Postmodernism" is used in critical theory to refer to a point of departure for works of literature, drama, architecture, cinema, journalism, and design, as well as in marketing and business and in the interpretation of law, culture, and religion in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

Indeed, postmodernism, particularly as an academic movement, can be understood as a reaction to modernism in the Humanities.

Postmodernism is often associated with difference, plurality, textuality, and skepticism.

When capitalist industrialization transformed cities in the 19th Century, people began to speak ‘modernism’ that is, the articulation of technology, democracy, architecture, consumerism, and city life

With regard specifically to urbanism, modernism was exemplified(örneklediği) by a movement of architects and planner s in the period between World War I and World War II in the 20th Century

Furthermore, their designs were placed in new land use patterns by modernist principles of planning that stressed zoning of like functions into segregated districts, an emphasis on transportation corridors and a preference(tercih) for high rise skyscraper buildings surrounded by open space.

The era of postmodernism was ushered(başlattı) in as a critique of modernist architecture in the 1970s, as described by Charles Jenks

In one way or another their buildings abandoned the slavish(aynı) adherence to the sharp edges of modernist geometry and replaced it with flowing designs that included a return to embellishment of the exterior.

Than skyline of rectangular skyscrapers, downtown sections of cities began to possess buildings with peaked, triangular or multiple-leveled roofs, more ornamentation on the exterior of buildings and explosive or deconstructionist features that reconfigured their iconic, rectangular shape

Now many other urban areas across the US and elsewhere are exhibiting aspects that might be classified as postmodern

Ethnic diversity is increasingly replacing the once homogeneous cities in places like Europe

Spain

ModernHomogeneous

functional zoningDominant

commercial centreSteady decline in

land values away from centre

PostmodernChaotic multinodal

structureHighly spectacular

centresLarge ‘seas’ of

povertyHi-tech corridorsPost-suburban

developments

ModernFunctional

architectureMass production of

styles(seri üretim sitilleri)

PostmodernEclectic ‘collage’ of

stylesSpectacular(olağanüs

tü)Playful(şakacı) Ironic(alaycı)Use of

heritage(miras)Produced for

specialist markets

ModernManagerial–

redistribution of resources for social purposes

Public provision of essential services

PostmodernEntrepreneurial–use

of resources to lure mobile international capital and investment

Public and private sectors working in partnership

Market provision of services

Modern IndustrialMass productionEconomies of scaleProduction-based

PostmodernService-sector based.Flexible production

aimed at niche markets

Economies of scopeGlobalisedTelecommuncations

basedConsumption

oriented.

ModernCities planned in

totalitySpace shaped for

social ends

PostmodernSpatial ‘fragments’

designed for aesthetic rather than social ends

ModernClass divisionsLarge degree of

internal homogeneity within class groups

PostmodernHighly fragmentedLifestyle divisionsHigh degree of

social polarisationGroups

distinguished by their consumption patterns

Diverse technical systems crammed into compact spaces typify modern cities. A Berlin tourist boat cruises up the Landwehr Canal through a mesh of automobile, pedestrian, rapid-transit, communication, and commercial networks—even a sprig of nature

Berlin

A struggle with water and space has defined Amsterdam from the seventeenth century through today. Canals were even filled in to create space for housing and transport—until their tourist potential proved(ispat) irresistible(dayanılmaz)

Amsterdam

Open modern street in Berlin

Mexico City

Mexico City

Hong Kong

Valencia