Models of Memo
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Transcript of Models of Memo
11
COGNITION – PSYC 352
Problems with Atkinson and ShiffrinThe role of repetition (Tulving, 1966)The short-term store construct (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974)
Topics covered in this lecture:
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Two major problems with Atkinson and Shiffrin's (1968) modal model
1 - Prediction: … to a certain extent all information in the STS is transferred to the LTS.
2 – Do the recency effect and memory span both reflect the activity of a single short-term store?
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Two major problems with Atkinson and Shiffrin's (1968) modal model
1 - Prediction: … to a certain extent all information in the STS is transferred to the LTS.
Tulving (1966): Is repetition enough to explain learning?
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The effects of repetition in free recall learning
Learning phase:
The participants must read 22 word pairs at a rate of one per second. The lists are presented six times.
Experimental group: List AControl group: List B
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Test phase:All participants do a free recall task with list A items. The task is repeated 12 times.
Hypothesis:If repetition is sufficient for learning, participants' performance in the experimental group should be better.
The effects of repetition in free recall learning
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Results
Number of words recalled in the successive free recall tasks
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Trials
List B List A
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Results
Number of words recalled in the successive free recall tasks
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Trials
List B List A
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Interpretation of Tulving's results
Repetition does not enhance memory. Hence, "time spent" in the STS is not an important factor to understand long-term learning.
Thus, one of Atkinson and Shiffrin's key predictions did not hold.
99
Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968) modal model of memory: short-term store
Short-term store
Working memory
Limited capacity
Controls repetition and encoding
Atkinson and Shiffrin assumed that limited capacity and control processes were different functions of a single memory system.
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Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
Experiment VIII: Memory preload and free recall
The participants are shown 15 lists of 16 words in a series of free recall tasks.
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Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
There were three condtions:
1. Standard free recall task.
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3 digits
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
There were three condtions:
1. Standard free recall task2. Free recall task with a memory preload of 3 digits.
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3 digits 16 words
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
There were three condtions:
1. Standard free recall task2. Free recall task with a memory preload of 3 digits.
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3 digits 16 wordsFree recall
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
There were three condtions:
1. Standard free recall task2. Free recall task with a memory preload of 3 digits.
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3 digits 16 wordsFree recall
Recall digits
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
There were three condtions:
1. Standard free recall task2. Free recall task with a memory preload of 3 digits.
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There were three condtions:
1. Standard free recall task2. Free recall task with a memory preload of 3 digits.3. Free recall task with a memory preload of 6 digits.
6 digits 16 wordsFree recall
Recall digits
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
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Prediction:
If Atkinson and Shiffrin's conception of short-term memory is correct, then adding the preload should affect both the primacy effect and the recency effect.
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
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Results
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Interpretation of Baddeley and Hitch's results
The preload affected the primacy effect, but it did not affect the recency effect.
It must be concluded that capacity and control processes are separate aspects of short-term memory.
Central Executive
Visuospatial sketchpad
Baddeley and Hitch’s (1974): Working memory model
2020
Phonological loop
Working memory is a multi-component system in which an attentional system controls and supervises subordinate, modality specific memory systems.
Central Executive
Visuospatial sketchpad
Visual semantics
Episodic LTM
Language
Episodic buffer
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Phonological loop
Baddeley’s (2000): Working memory model
The phonological loop is a slave system that stores and manipulates auditory information.
2222
Central Executive
Visuospatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer
Phonological loop
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Central Executive
Visuospatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer
Phonological loop
The visuospatial sketchpad is a slave system that stores and manipulates visual and spatial information.
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Central Executive
Visuospatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer
Phonological loop
The episodic buffer is a slave system, which encode, integrates, and retrieves information in the form of conscious awareness.
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Central Executive
Visuospatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer
Phonological loop
The central executive is a limited capacity system, which links the slaves systems and long-term memory. It is also responsible for making plans and selecting strategies.