Modeling Time, Dates, & Periods for Historical Geographic...
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DH 2013 Lincoln
Merrick Lex Berman
Harvard CGA
Modeling Time, Dates, & Periods for Historical Geographic Data
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Space
geographic scope
fundamental geographic unit
Time
temporal range
temporal granularity
Description
names
ontologies
Core decision points for modeling space-time objects
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Time range and date definitions: an example from CHGIS
Space
geographic scope
fundamental geographic unit
Time
temporal range
temporal granularity
Description
names
ontologies
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CHGIS - Fundamental Geographic Unit: County
Historical map source for 1911 Historical locations pinned to modern basemap
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CHGIS - Base layer of 1911 counties
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boundary changes annotated on printed maps
CHGIS - time series of county boundaries
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Each space-time object gets a new row
CHGIS - time series of county boundaries
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Relationships for hierarchy & sequence
CHGIS - time series of county boundaries
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CHGIS - Resulting Time Series Vectors are Asynchronous Objects
Each object is a row with Begin and End Dates
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Time in GIS - Asynchronous Objects
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Time in GIS - time slices can be derived from Asynchronous Objects
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Rule 1: Year is set according to a pan-Dynastic period, such as "Qin Han," or " Song Yuan"
Rule 2: Year is set according to a Dynastic period, such as "Tang," or " Ming“
Rule 3: Year is set according to a Dynastic Title or Reign Period, such as "Shundi," or "Zhizheng"
Rule 4: Year is specified, such as "13th Year of the Kangxi Reign Period"
Rule 5: Season or Month is specified, such as "4th month of the Lunar year," or "autumn"
Rule 6: Date is specified, such as "jiachen day”
format: day, month, year? ISO 8601 format: YYYY-MM-DD or YYYYMMDD
Time Definition - Format, Granularity and Fuzziness
fuzzy >
precise >
granularity: year [for CHGIS time range of 2,100 years]
date rules:
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Common Eras http://commoneras.ecs.soton.ac.uk/
Time Definition - Pre and Post buffers for fuzziness
Buffer between Outer and Inner > time bands
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Time Definition - Dates based on Named Time Periods or Chronologies
For the Placename: Rutu-piae (lat) [ georeferenced to modern location: Richborough (eng) ] Dates: 43 CE (begin) – 43 CE (end) (authority: x) (note: invasion landing site) Period: 41 CE - 54 CE (Claudius reign) Context: 44 BCE – 395 CE (-0044 to -395) (Roman Empire)
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Time in GIS - Visualization methods
• Time Slices
• Time Series
• Networks
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Time in GIS - Time Slices
Data: NHGIS https://www.nhgis.org/ http://ruralwest.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/web/Viz_DemographicChangePage.php
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Time in GIS - Time Slices
Data: NHGIS https://www.nhgis.org/ http://ruralwest.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/web/Viz_DemographicChangePage.php
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Time in GIS - Time Slices
Data: NHGIS https://www.nhgis.org/ http://ruralwest.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/web/Viz_DemographicChangePage.php
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Time in GIS - Time Slices
Data: NHGIS https://www.nhgis.org/ http://ruralwest.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/web/Viz_DemographicChangePage.php
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Time in GIS - Point-phases
z-axis as time (earliest at bottom)
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Time in GIS - Point-phases and transitions
Transitions can have durations
and can be classified…
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Time in GIS - Nodes in a sequence of movements
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Time in GIS - Nodes in a sequence of movements – Animation triggers
Animation triggers
1) Transition Vector Appear
2) Node Appear
3) Transition Vector Disappear
4) Transition Vector Trail Remains
5) Node Exist
6) Next Transition Vector Appears
7) Node Disappear
http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis/work/docs/papers/ouyi_flash_demo.swf
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z-axis as time (earliest at top)
Time in GIS - Nodes in a sequence of movements = spatio-temporal paths
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Combining both distance and time buffers
Time in GIS - Proximity queries on spatio-temporal paths
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Time in GIS - Nodes as hierarchical elements of a network model
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Time in GIS - Spatio-temporal point objects -> network model in KML
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Time in GIS - Animation of network model in Google Earth
https://cga-download.hmdc.harvard.edu/publish_web/Geo_Tools/teKML/examples/
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Time in GIS - Visualization of spatio-temporal polygon objects
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Time in GIS - Visualization in ArcGIS 10: Time Properties
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Time in GIS - Visualization in ArcGIS 10: Time Slider
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Time in GIS - ArcGIS 10 Time Slider cannot use negative years
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Time in GIS - Asynchronous polygons for animations
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ew1xaUiBQC4
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Time in GIS - Asynchronous polygons for animations
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ew1xaUiBQC4
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Time in GIS - Asynchronous polygons for animations
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ew1xaUiBQC4
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Event-based space time model
event 1
See: Peuquet and Duan (1995) http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02693799508902022
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Temporal GIS model
http://ncgia.ucsb.edu/conf/SANTA_FE_CD-ROM/sf_papers/yuan_may/may.html
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Extended Dynamic GIS Model - EDGIS
http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~good/papers/491.pdf
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Thanks!
mberman [at] fas.harvard.edu
http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis/ http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis/gazetteer/