Modeling Ontologies with Natural Language
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International Conference on computer science – research and applications IBIZA 2014
21 March 2014 UMCS Lublin
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Alessandro SegantiData Engineer @Cognitum
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Modeling Ontologies with Natural Language
Fluent Editor and Ontorion Server
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OWL and OCNLintroduction
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Semantic Web: Multiple ontologies written in OWL/RDF, locally or in the web
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DL
OCNL
SWRL
Horn Logic
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{New−York}⊑(city)⊓(∃(belong−to).({New−York−State}))
New-York is a city and belongs-to New-York-State.
DL
OWL
OCNL
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intermediate−customer⊑customer
Every intermediate-customer is a customer.
DL
OWL
OCNL
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industrial−customer≡(customer)⊓(∃(have−industry).(⊤))
Something is an industrial-customer if-and-only-if-it is a customer that has-industry something.
DL
OWL
OCNL
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⌂city(?city0)⋀state(?state0)⋀belong−to(?city0,?state0)→contain(?state0,?city0)
If a city belongs-to a state then the state contains the city.
SWRL
OCNL
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Ontorion CNL : Basic ConceptsSemantic technologies
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Concept/Class definition
young-male-man very-beautiful-girl
Every parent is a person.
Class identifiers start with a small letter and they use dashes between words, e.g. very-beautiful-girl, young-male-man.
Classes are defined when their names are used in at least one sentence.
OWL → FE CNL: VeryBeautifulGirl → very-beautiful-girl
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Instances
John is a person.
Instance identifier = each part starts with a capital letter and they are separated with hyphens
John-Dow Tanker-Accident-X
OWL → FE CNL: JohnDow → John-Dow
The-”K22 P2”
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Dealing with namespacesAt first line, when creating a new ontology model in FE, you can declare a default namespace for your ontology.Namespace: 'http://www.ontorion.com/ontologies/family-model-instances'.
At last lines, you can define references of other ontology models that you can use when writing the current model.References: [family] 'http://www.ontorion.com/ontologies/family' ('.\family-model.encnl').
Then, writing the model, you use the reference name with [] together with notions of referenced ontology.Mary is a woman[family]. Rose has-parent[family] Mary.
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Fluent Editor and OntorionSemantic technologies
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Fluent Editor™ 2
User is precisely guided during the entire editing process
Hints
Explanations
Predictive editor
Taxonomy preview
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Fluent Editor™ 2
build complex scenarios using referenced ontologies from Web or servers
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Architecture Overview
Executors
Any huge documentrepository
modularizator
reasoner
Ontologydatabase
reasoner
reasoner
reasoner
External data stream(social, logs, sensors)
CNL Semantic Applications (Desktop or Web)
OCNL
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Cognitum CNL : OWL equivalenceSemantic technologies
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Concept subsumption
Every boy is a young-male-man.
Saying that one concept subsumes the other we define IS-A/taxonomic relation and a concept hierarchy.
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Concept equivalence
Something is a boy if-and-only-if-it is a young-male-man.
Every boy is a young-male-man.Every young-male-man is a boy.
Saying that two concepts are equivalent we say that they also subsumes each other.
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Concept intersection
Something is a young-male-man if-and-only-if-it is a young-thing that is a male-thing and is a person.
We can define intersections and unions of any given length.
Something is a young-male-man if-and-only-if-it is a young-thing and is a male-thing and is a person.
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Concept union
Something is a child if-and-only-if-itis a boy and-or is a girl.
We can define unions of concepts with the use of and-or keyword.
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Negations / Complement
Something is a young-thing if-and-only-if-it is not an adult-thing.
No young-thing is an adult-thing.
Every-single-thing that is a young-thingis not an adult-thing.
Everything in the world is an adult-thing or a young-thing.
Every young-thing is not an adult-thing.
The classes of young-thing and adult-thing are disjoint.
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Value partition / Disjoint union
Something is a person if-and-only-if-it-eitheris a child, is a young-thing, is a middle-age-thing or is an old-thing.
A disjoint union axiom states that a class C is a disjoint unionof the class expressions CEi , 1 ≤ i ≤ n, all of which are pairwise disjoint.
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• Existential role restrictions
• Universal role restrictions
Every person is-a-child-of a parent.
Every person is-a-child-of nothing-but parents.
These restrictions are complementary to each other. However, they do not imply each other.
Something is a happy-person if-and-only-if-it has-child a happy-person and has-child nothing-but happy-persons.
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Restrictions
Something is a johns-children if-and-only-if-it has-parent John.
Something is a my-birthday-guests if-and-only-if-it is either John, Mary or Bill.
Property value
Enumeration of individuals
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Property restrictionsEvery person is-a-child-of at-most two parents.
Every person is-a-child-of at-least two parents.
Every person is-a-child-of two parents.
keyword less-than more-than
≤ at-most
≥ at-least
≠ different-than
= -
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Restrictions & inversion of roles
Every child is loved by parents.
We can use inverse of properties in ontology axioms using „be” and „by” keywords in FE.
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Keys in ontology
Keys are for uniquely identifying an individual.
Every X that is a person is-unique-if X has-id something and X has-name something.
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Cognitum CNL : Property CharacteristicsSemantic technologies
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Property subsumption
If X loves Y then X likes Y.
Role inclusion
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Axioms on properties (1)
If X has-ancestor something that has-ancestor Y then X has-ancestor Y. has-ancestor is
transitive
X has-sibling Y if-and-only-if Y has-sibling X. has-sibling is
symmetric
has-child is an inverse of has-parent
X has-child Y if-and-only-if Y has-parent X.
If X has-child Y then X not has-spouse Y. has-spouse and has-child are disjoint
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Axioms on properties (2)
Domain of is-a-wife-of property is a woman class
Every-single-thing that is-a-wife-of is a woman.
Range of is-a-wife-of property is a person class
Every-single-thing is-a-wife-of nothing-but persons.
Every-single-thing is not a thing that has-sibling itself.
Every person likes itself.
has-sibling is irreflexive
likes is reflexive
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Complex role/property chainshas-parent has-brother
has-uncleIf X has-parent something that has-brother Y then X has-uncle Y.
Object property chains provide a means to define properties as a composition of other properties.
SubObjectPropertyOf ( ObjectPropertyChain( OPE1 ... OPEn ) OPE) states that any individual x connected with an individual y by a chain of object properties expressions OPE1, ..., OPEn is necessary connected with y by the object property OPE.
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Data property assertions
John has-name equal-to 'John'.
Lenka borns-on-date equal-to '1975-11-10'.
Tanker-Accident has-time equal-to '2013-07-08T9:30:40.40'.
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Data property domain & range
Every-single-thing that has-name (some-value) is a person.
Every-single-thing has-name nothing-but (some-string-value).
Keywords used to define date property values are:some-value, some-string-value, some-integer-value, some-boolean-value, some-real-value, and some-datetime-value.
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Data property axioms
Every adult-person has-age greater-or-equal-to 18.
= equal-to greater-than lower-than
≥ lower-or-equal-to
≤ greater-or-equal-to
≠ different-from
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Regular expressionsEvery-single-thing that has-name that-matches-pattern '.*a' is a female-person.
Regular expressions
[] alternative sign in square brackets, e.g. [A-Z], [tT]he
[^ ] negation, e.g. [^0-9]
| disjunction, e.g. the|The
? optional previous char, e.g. colou?r
* 0 or more of previous char, e.g. [A-Z][a-z]*
+ 1 or more of previous char
. any char
^ beginning anchor
$ end anchor
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to learn more visit our website:
www.cognitum.eu/semantics/