Modeling and Simulation of Battery Energy Storage...
Transcript of Modeling and Simulation of Battery Energy Storage...
©2015 www.sandc.com
Modeling and Simulation of Battery Energy Storage Systems for Grid Frequency
Regulation
X. Xu, M. Bishop and D. Oikarinen S&C Electric Company
Franklin, WI, USA
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Outline of Presentation • Overview of energy storage projects in US • Energy storage applications with renewables and others • Modeling and simulations for grid regulations (frequency regulation,
voltage control, islanding operations, reliability, etc.) • Case studies • Real project examples
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Energy Storage Projects and Capacity in US (from DOE Database as of August 2013)
Source: Grid Energy Storage, DOE Public Report, December 2013
Major Applications of Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
Source: 2013 Edition of the DOE/EPRI Electricity Storage Handbook
Schematic Diagram of a Typical BESS
Battery
Modeling of BESS for Grid Level Applications - WECC Overall Model Block Structure
Q Control
P Control
Current Limit Logic
IqcmdIqcmd’
IpcmdIpcmd’
Generator Model
Network Solution
Plant Level V/Q Control
Plant Level P Control
VrefVreg
QrefQbranch
PrefPbranchFreq_ref
Freg
Qext
Pref
REPC_A
Pqflag= 1 (P priority)= 0 (Q priority)
REEC_C REGC_AVt Vt
Iq
Ip
SOC/Pgen
Modeling of BESS for Grid Level Applications - WECC Overall Model Block Structure (Cont’d)
Generator/converter module (REGC_A) – This module processes real and reactive current commands from the electrical control module, with feedback of terminal voltage for lower voltage active current and high voltage reactive current management logics, and outputs real and reactive current injections into the network model. Electrical control module (REEC_C) – This module acts on active and reactive power references from the plant controller module, with feedback of terminal voltage for specification of a prescribed reactive control response during voltage dip and feedback of generator power output for monitoring the state of charge (SOC) of battery and setting appropriate active current limits. This module provides real and reactive current commands to the generator/converter module with selection of real or reactive power control priority. Plant controller module (REPC_A) – This module processes frequency and active power output of the BESS to emulate frequency/active power control. It also processes voltage and reactive power output of the BESS to emulate volt/var control at the plant level. This module provides active and reactive power commands to the electrical control module.
WECC REGC_A Model for BESS
REGC_A
Ipcmd 11 + sTg
LVPL & rrpwr
lvpnt0 lvpnt1
gain
V
1
0×
Ip
INTERFACE TO
NETWORK MODEL
LOW VOLTAGE ACTIVE CURRENT MANAGEMENT
Iqcmd -11 + sTg
Iq×
Volim
-Khv
0
0
Vt ≤ Volim Vt > Volim
HIGH VOLTAGE REACTIVE CURRENT MANAGEMENT
Iolim
Vt
-
V
Zerox Brkpt
Lvpl1
LVPL
V
LOW VOLTAGE POWER LOGIC
0
1
Lvplsw1
1 + sTfltr
Iqrmin
Iqrmax
+
+Upward rate limit on Iq active when Qgen0 > 0
Downward rate limit on Iq active when Qgen0 < 0
Source: “WECC Wind Plant Dynamic Modeling Guidelines,” WECC Renewable Energy Modeling Task Force, WECC Modeling and Validation Work Group, April 2014 [Online]. Available: https://www.wecc.biz/Reliability/WECC%20Wind%20Plant%20Dynamic%20Modeling%20Guidelines.pdf
WECC REEC_C Model for BESS
Source: “WECC Energy Storage System Model – Phase II,” WECC REMTF Adhoc Group on BESS modeling, WECC Renewable Energy Modeling Task Force, WECC Modeling and Validation Work Group, March 2015 [Online]. Available: https://www.wecc.biz/Reliability/WECC%20Approved%20Energy %20Storage%20System%20Model%20-%20Phase%20II.pdf
WECC REPC_A Model for BESS
REPC_A
1
0
Vreg
Vref
Freeze state if Vreg < Vfrz
Ibranch
Kc
-
Qbranchemax
emin
Kp + Ki s
Qmax
Qmin
1 + s Tft1 + s Tfv QextRefFlag
dbd
11 + sTfltr
VcompFlag|Vreg – (Rc+jXc)· Ibranch|
11 + sTfltr
1
0
Qref
-
femin
femaxPbranch
Plant_pref
Ddn
Dup
0
0Freq_ref
- fdbd1,fdbd2
- Kpg + Kig s
Pmax
PminFreg
11 + sTp
11 + sTlag
Pref
++
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ 0
1
Freq_flag
Source: “WECC Wind Plant Dynamic Modeling Guidelines,” WECC Renewable Energy Modeling Task Force, WECC Modeling and Validation Work Group, April 2014 [Online]. Available: https://www.wecc.biz/Reliability/WECC%20Wind%20Plant%20Dynamic%20Modeling%20Guidelines.pdf
BESS Modeling and Simulation in PSS®E
WECC Benchmark Test System
1GEN1
1.0234.6
1150.0
43.9R
2LOAD1
1.0232.3
1
59.3
11.0
75.0
21.9
-74.8
-25.2
75.0
21.9
-74.8
-25.2
3BUS3
1.0231.2
24.8
10.2
-24.8
-15.1
24.8
10.2
-24.8
-15.1
1
40
.7
19
.0
40.7
19.0
-40
.7
-19
.0
4LOAD2
1.0115.2
1
68.3
8.1
1 125.3
15.6
-25.3
-15.4
1 125.3
15.6
-25.3
-15.4
7BESS-LV
1.00.5
5BUS5
1.0116.0
-32.2
0.4
32.4
-0.6
-32.2
0.4
32.4
-0.6
41MOTOR2
1.0115.2
1
46
.8
21
.9
46.7
21.9
-46
.7
-21
.9
6GEN2
1.0116.7
165.4
-1.5R-32.4
0.6
32.7
-0.7
-32.4
0.6
32.7
-0.7
1.0232.3
21MOTOR1
8BESS-MV
1.035.0
1 1-1.0
-1.0
1.0
1.0
1 1-1.0
-1.0
1.0
1.01
1.0
1.0RBESS
Simulation of Underfrequency or Overfrequency Condition
Frequency Deviation (pu) BESS Discharge Power (MW)
Time (seconds)12011511010510095908580757065605550454035302520151050
Freq
uenc
y De
viat
ion
(pu)
0.001
0
-0.001
-0.002
-0.003
-0.004
-0.005
-0.006
-0.007
-0.008
-0.009
BES
S D
isch
arge
Pow
er (M
W)
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
Frequency Deviation (pu) BESS Charge Power (MW)
Time (seconds)12011511010510095908580757065605550454035302520151050
Freq
uenc
y D
evia
tion
(pu)
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.001
0
-0.001
BESS
Cha
rge
Pow
er (M
W)
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
Real System Study with BESS Model
BESS 1
BESS 2
BESS 3
BESS 4
Simulation of Contingencies Causing Overfrequency or Underfrequency Conditions
Channel Plot
Without BESS With BESS
Time (seconds)20191817161514131211109876543210
Freq
uenc
y De
viat
ion
(pu)
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
Channel Plot
Without BESS With BESS
Time (seconds)20191817161514131211109876543210
Freq
uenc
y De
viat
ion
(pu)
0.01
0.005
0
-0.005
-0.01
-0.015
BESS Charge/Discharge with Overfrequency or Underfrequency Conditions
BESS Charging (MW)
Time (seconds)20191817161514131211109876543210
BESS
Out
put (
MW
)
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
BESS Discharge (MW)
Time (seconds)20191817161514131211109876543210
BESS
Out
put (
MW
)
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
BESS Project in Presidio, Texas (Reliability Application)
• Power quality and high number of outages were major problems • Repairs to troublesome 69-kV line took a long time • Peak loads can exceed the weather-normalized load forecast
• 4-MW, 24-MWh S&C PureWave Storage Management System, installed indoors
• System can back up entire town for 6 hours
Project in Presidio, Texas (Reliability Application) (Cont’d)
S&C’s Project in Santa Rita Jail, Dublin, California
• Average daily power demand of 3 MW in the correction facility
• Needed way to store excess power produced by on-site generation, operate indefinitely without connection to local grid
• Needed way to purchase power off-peak and use it during high-cost peak demand periods
www.acgov.org/smartgrid
Project in Santa Rita Jail, Dublin, California (Cont’d)
• 2-MW PureWave Storage Management System; can power this facility for up to 2 hours
• Facility expects to save nearly $100,000 a year
Project in Santa Rita Jail, Dublin, California (Cont’d)
XCEL Energy Storage Project
• 1 MW, 6 MW-hour Sodium-Sulfur Battery Storage System • Peak Shaving, Wind Farm Output Smoothing, Energy
Dispatching and Arbitrage
S&C Delivered BESS Projects
2-MW System – Ohio
2-MW System – Ohio
1-MW System – West Virginia2-MW System – Indiana
1-MW System – Minnesota
2 x 1-MW System – North Carolina
2-MW System – West Virginia
1-MW System – Catalina
1-MW System – Australia
1-MW System – Scotland2 x 1-MW System – Canada
4-MW System – California
2-MW System – Alameda
1-MW System – New Mexico
1-MW System – New Mexico
4-MW System – Texas
NaSLi-Ion
Advanced Lead AcidNaNiCl
1-MW System – Missouri
Thank you!! Xiaokang Xu, Ph.D. Principal Engineer
S&C Electric Company [email protected]
(414) 448-4048