MODELING AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF

THE OFDM SCHEME FOR RADIO OVER FIBER SYSTEM

FERDIAN YUNAZAR

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA

iii

MODELING AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF

THE OFDM SCHEME FOR RADIO OVER FIBER SYSTEM

FERDIAN YUNAZAR

A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the award of the degree of

Master of Engineering (Electrical – Electronics and Telecommunications)

Faculty of Electrical Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

MAY 2009

vii

ABSTRACT

Radio over fiber (ROF) is an hybrid system that having both a fiber optic link

and free-space radio path. In such RoF systems using, broadband microwave data

signals are modulated onto an optical carrier at a central station, and then transported

to remote sites or base station using optical fiber. The base-stations then transmit the

RF signals over small areas using microwave antennas. Such system is important in a

number of applications, including mobile and satellite communications, wireless

local area networks (WLANs), wireless local loop and mobile broadband service, etc.

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique distributes the data

over a large number of carriers that are spaced apart at precise frequencies with

overlapping bands. The use of FFT for modulation provides orthogonality to the sub-

carriers, which prevents the demodulators from seeing frequencies other than their

own. Hence by incorporating OFDM along with the optical fiber, the RoF system can

be used for both short distance as well as long-haul transmission at very high data

rate. This improves the system flexibility and provides a very large coverage area

without increasing the cost and complexity of the system very much. In this project

author investigates the feasibility of OFDM as modulation technique for a RoF based

on WLAN system in consistency with IEEE 802.11g. Result from Optisystem model

shows the performance of OFDM signal through the RoF networks. The system was

utilized to carry data rates 20Mbps, using carrier frequency 2.4 GHz and the

modulation type for OFDM is 16QAM 4 bit per symbol. Total power of the signal

was decreasing while the fiber length of the RoF networks was increased from 10 –

50 km.

viii

ABSTRAK

Radio over Fiber (RoF) adalah suatu sistem hibrida yang mempunyai dua

jalur transmisi, serat optik dan jalur bebas radio. Dalam penggunaan sistem RoF,

gelombang mikro pita lebar sinyal data dimodulasikan pada pembawa optikal di

pemancar utama dan kemudian dikirimkan ke tempat yang berjauhan atau ke

pangkalan pemancar lainnya dengan menggunakan serat optik. Pangkalan pemancar

kemudian mentransmisikan sinyal RF untuk area yang lebih kecil dengan

menggunakan antena gelombang mikro. Sistem yang seperti ini sangatlah penting

dalam banyak aplikasi, termasuk komunikasi bergerak dan satelit, WLANs, dan

layanan pita lebar bergerak lainnya. Teknik modulasi OFDM mendistribusikan data

melalui banyak pembawa yang dipisahkan dengan frekuensi yang akurat dengan pita

yang saling berdekatan. Penggunaan FFT pada modulasi memberikan orthogonality

untuk setiap pembawa, yang dapat menghindarkan demodulator dalam membaca

frekuensi yang bukan miliknya. Kerana itu menggabungkan OFDM dengan serat

optik, sistem RoF dapat digunakan untuk transmisi jarak dekat maupun jauh dengan

kelajuan data yang tinggi. Ini meningkatkan kemudahan suai dan menyediakan

cakupan wilayah yang lebih besar tanpa menyebabkan kenaikan dalam biaya dan

kesukaran pada sistem. Dalam projek ini penulis meniliti kemungkinan modulasi

OFDM untuk RoF berdasarkan sistem WLAN IEEE 802.11g. Hasil yang didapat dari

model Optisystem, memperlihatkan performa sinyal OFDM melalui jaringan RoF.

Sistem ini dibuat untuk dapat membawa data 20 Mbps, menggunakan frekuensi

pembawa 2.4 GHz dan tipe modulasi untuk OFDM ialah 16QAM 4 bit untuk setiap

simbol. Total power yang dihasilkan oleh sinyal OFDM tersebut menurun seiring

dengan ditambahkannya panjang pada serat optik dalam jaringan RoF dari 10 hingga

50 Km.

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii

DEDICATION v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi

ABSTRACT vii

ABSTRAK viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ix

LIST OF TABLES xii

LIST OF FIGURES xiii

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv

LIST OF SYMBOLS xvii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Project Background 1

1.2 Problem Statement 4

1.3 Objective 5

1.4 Scope of Work 5

1.5 Methodology 6

1.6 Thesis Outline 7

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 9

2.1 Introduction 9

2.2 Radio over Fiber (RoF) 10

2.2.1 Overview 10

x

2.2.2 Benefits of RoF Technology 12

2.2.3 Architecture of RoF Networks 13

2.3 Optical Transmission Link 15

2.3.1 Optical Fiber 15

2.3.1.1 Step Index Fiber 16

2.3.1.2 Graded Index Fiber 19

2.3.2 Optical Source (Laser) 20

2.3.3 Optical Modulation 21

2.3.4 Electro-Optic Modulation System 21

2.3.5 Electro-Optic Mach Zehnder Modulator 22

2.3.6 Optical Receiver (Photodetectors) 24

2.3.7 Optical Amplifier 24

2.4 Applications of Radio over Fiber Technology 26

2.4.1 Wireless LANs 26

2.4.2 Cellular Networks 27

2.4.3 Satellite Communications 27

2.4.2 Mobile Broadband Services 28

2.5 Conclusion 29

3 OFDM FOR RoF COMMUNICATIONS 30

3.1. Introduction 30

3.2. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

(OFDM) 31

3.3. General Principles 33

3.3.1 Multicarrier Transmission 33

3.3.2 Fast Fourier Transform 37

3.3.3 Guard Interval and Implementation 38

3.4. Coded OFDM 39

3.4.1 Coded OFDM Systems 39

3.4.2 Trellis Coded Modulation 41

3.4.3 Bit Interleaved Coded OFDM 43

3.5. Advantages of OFDM 46

3.6. Disadvantages of OFDM 46

3.7. OFDM System for Radio over Fiber 47

xi

3.8 Conclusion 48

4 THE OFDM ROF SYSTEM MODEL 49

4.1. Introduction 49

4.2. The OFDM System Model 50

4.3. The Transmitter Model 51

4.4. The Transmission Link Model 53

4.5. The Receiver Model 55

4.6. Conclusion 56

5 SIMULATION RESULT AND PERFORMANCE

ANALYSIS 57

5.1. Introduction 57

5.2. The Transmitter Simulation Results 58

5.3. The Transmission Link Simulation Results 60

5.4. The Receiver Simulation Results 62

5.5. The Eye Diagram 64

5.6. Analysis of The Total Power to Length of Fiber 67

5.7. Conclusion 69

6 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION 70

6.1 Conclusions 70

6.2 Future Recommendations 71

REFERENCES 72

xii

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Typical Step-Index Fiber characteristic 18

3.1 Data rates and modulation schemes for the 802.11 a

W-LAN system. 41

4.1 Global Parameter Setup 52

4.2 Sub carrier Allocation 53

4.3 Component’s Values of transmission link 54

xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 General RoF systems 1

1.2 Project Flow Chart 6

2.1 A 900MHz Radio over Fiber System 11

2.2 Transport schemes for Fiber/Wireless systems 13

2.3 IF to RF up-conversion at the base stations 14

2.4 Optical Transmission�Link 15

2.5 Step-Index Fibers.

(a) Refractive index profile.

(b) End view.

(c) Cross-sectional side view. 17

2.6 Graded-Index Fiber.

(a) Refractive index profile.

(b) End view.

(c) Cross-sectional side view 19

2.7 Basic configuration of Optical modulator 23

2.8 Schematic diagram of a simple Doped Fiber Amplifier 24

3.1 (a) OFDM Symbol with Three Orthogonal Sub-

carriers in one.

(b) OFDM Symbol with Spectra of three OFDM sub-

carriers 32

3.2 A block diagram of an OFDM transmitter 34

3.3 Block diagram for multicarrier transmission (1) 36

3.4 Block diagram for multicarrier transmission (2) 36

xiv

3.5 Block Diagram IFFT/FFT 37

3.6 Guard Interval 38

3.7 (a) An example of 8-PSK modulation.

(b) An example of a trellis diagram for a coded

modulation scheme 42

3.8 A block diagram of Bit-interleaved coded OFDM 44

3.9 (a) Constellations of 16-QAM with Gray mapping.

(b) Constellations of 16-QAM with set partitioning 45

3.10 OFDM model for Radio Over Fiber Network� 47

4.1 Block Diagram of OFDM – RoF network system 50

4.2 OFDM Transmitter Design 51

4.3 RoF System Model 54

4.4 OFDM Receiver Design 55

4.5 OFDM – RoF MoDem 56

5.1 OFDM signal from transmitter 58

5.2 OFDM signal after amplified 59

5.3 OFDM optically modulated by MZM 60

5.4 OFDM signal after through optical fiber 61

5.5 OFDM signal from PIN photodetector 62

5.6 OFDM signal after amplified 63

5.7 Basic information contained in Eye diagram 64

5.8 (a) Eye diagram of received OFDM signal for in phase

signal

(b) Eye diagram of received OFDM signal for in

quadrature signal 65

5.9 Total power signal vs Fiber length after photodetector 67

5.10 Total power signal vs Fiber length after electrical

amplifier 68

xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

XPM - Cross Phase Modulation

SPM - Simple-Phase Modulation

LD - Laser Diode

PD - Photo Detector

LED - Light Emitting Diode

APD - Avalanche Photodiode

SCM - Sub-carrier Multiplexing

WDM - Wavelength Division Multiplexing

SNR - Signal to Noise Ratio

CNR - Carrier to Noise Ratio

DWDM - Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing

BW - Bandwidth

OSSB - Optical Single Side Band

ODSB - Optical Double Side Band

OTDM - Optical time Division Multiplexing

OCDM - Optical Code Division Multiplexing

EAM - Electro Absorption Modulator

SMF - Single Mode Fiber

MMF - Multi mode Fiber

GRIN - Graded Index

RF - Radio Frequency

MZM - Mach-Zehnder Modulator

CSNRZ - Carrier Suppressed Non return to Zero

EDFA - Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

xvi

RZ - Return to Zero

NRZ - Non return to Zero

PMD - Polarization Mode Dispersion

PRBS - Pseudo Random Bit Sequence

RoF - Radio over Fiber

CW - Continuous Wave

IMD - Inter modulation distortion

OFDM - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

ASK - Amplitude Shift Keying

FSK - Frequency Shift Keying

PSK - Pahse Shift Keying

QAM - Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

BPSK - Binary Phase Shift Keying

QPSK - Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

OQPSK - Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

OOK - On Off Keying

BER - Bit Error rate

MPSK - Minimum Phase Shift Keying

CATV - Cable television

TDM - Time division multiplexing

OCDMA - Optical Code Division Multiple Access

FTTx - Fiber To The Home, curb, etc.

MH - Mobile Home

SONET - Synchronous Optical Network

DFB - Distributed Feedback Laser

SDH - Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

MAN - Metropolitan Area Network

LAN - Local Area Network

BS - Base Station

MS - Mobile Station

CS - Central Station

xvii

LIST OF SYMBOLS

� - Wavelength

h - Blank’s Constant

C - Velocity of Light

Eg - Energy Gap

fc - Cut-off frequency

� - Quantum Efficiency

ℜ - Responsivity

ip - Photocurrent

Po - Optical Power

q - Electron Charge

T - Temperature

K - Boltzmann Constant

B - Bandwidth

R - Nominally matched Resistance

Vth - The rms value for the thermal noise voltage

2PΔ - Mean square amplitude of the noise fluctuations

� - Mie Scattering Coefficient

P(Z) - The laser Power at Z

P(I) - Output optical power

I - The current injected to the active region

V - Volume of the active region

Q - Photon Density

�

Figure 1.1 General RoF systems

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Project Background

�

Radio-over-fiber (RoF) is a technology used to distribute RF signals over

analog optical links. In such RoF systems, broadband microwave data signals are

modulated onto an optical carrier at a central station (CS), and then transported to

remote sites or base station (BS) using optical fiber. The base-stations then transmit

the RF signals over small areas using microwave antennas as shown below in Figure

1.1[1] [2].

2

Such technology is expected to play an important role in present and future

wireless networks since it provides an end user with a truly broadband access to the

network while guaranteeing the increasing requirement for mobility.

ROF is very attractive technique for wireless access network infrastructure,

because it can transmit microwaves and millimeter-waves through optical fibers for a

long distance. Moreover, 5 GHz ROF link using a direct modulation scheme has

been developed to support some important future wireless systems such as wireless

local area networks (WLAN) intelligent transport systems (ITS), and the 4th

generation cellular systems.

In particular, ROF is promising technique for WLAN infrastructures because

ROF technique can manage WLAN modems at a base station (BS) and can solve

serious interference problem between wireless signals caused by proliferated WLAN

access points (APs).

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique distributes

the data over a large number of carriers that are spaced apart at precise frequencies

with overlapping bands. The use of FFT for modulation provides orthogonality to the

sub-carriers, which prevents the demodulators from seeing frequencies other than

their own. Hence OFDM has the best spectral efficiency, resiliency to RF

interference, and lower multi-path distortion. LAN, which uses OFDM is the current

trend for indoor wideband communication with a drawback of limited coverage area

of few meters, but supports high data rate.

Hence by incorporating OFDM along with the optical fiber, the RoF system

can be used for both short distance as well as long-haul transmission at very high

data rate. This improves the system flexibility and provides a very large coverage

area without increasing the cost and complexity of the system very much. Recently,

3

it has been proved that OFDM is better compared to the conventional single carrier

modulation for long haul optical transmission.

There are so many previous research papers and works that have been done

by several people recently in terms of using OFDM modulation technique or

multicarrier transmission for sending and receiving data through Radio over Fiber

Networks. For example A. Marwanto and S. M. Idrus in their paper which titled

SCM/WDM Radio over Fiber for Broadband Communication, the author shown the

study about multiplexing carrier used for Radio Over Fiber Network Technology,

and their result that the outcomes of bandwidth was increased to 60 GHz by applying

of 16 Channel of SCM combined with WDM in optical fiber link. Another paper

from Guruprakash Singh and Arokiaswami Alphones which titled OFDM

Modulation Study for a Radio-over-Fiber System for Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11,

they has made an analysis of theoretical performance for OFDM using different

technique of digital modulation such as PSK, BPSK, QPSK and QAM. Their result

shows that QAM provide better spectral efficiency and lower detection error

probability.

Meanwhile Dhivagar. B, Ganesh Madhan.M, and Xavier Fernando in

their paper works which titled Analysis of OFDM signal Through Optical Fiber for

Radio over Fiber Transmission has investigate the impact of fiber dispersion on the

transmission performance of OFDM based IEEE 802.11.g, WLAN signal for

different distances. The results show that using different fiber length it is clear that

significant coverage extension is possible with very minimum penalty. And another

work from I. A. Kostko, M. E. Mousa Pasandi, M. M. Sisto, S. Larochelle, L. A.

Rusch, and D. V. Plant which titled A radio-over-fiber link for OFDM transmission

without RF amplification. Their work is to increase OFDM signal transmission

quality over the optically amplified link by joint optimization of the PD impedance

matching and MZM bias. Their result show that the amplification can be moved from

electrical to optical, which allows having an optical amplifier at the central office and

simplifying the base station.

4

Based on those previous papers and studies, there are so many researches and

works in the field of using multicarrier transmission technique especially OFDM to

transmitted and received data through optical link in Radio over Fiber Networks.

Meanwhile in this project author working on modeling and analyze the

performance of the OFDM scheme for Radio over Fiber system to utilized

applications based on WLAN IEEE 802.11 b/g standard (2.4 GHz). The project

model has simulated by using commercial software, Optisystem 7.0.

1.2 Problem Statement

A key initiative in the deployment of new wireless services is to cost

effectively extends and enhance the network's radio coverage. In the case of further

wireless communication system significant effort is done to reduce the multipath

fading and small base station matched to demands made by the bigger number of

mobile cells and high frequency applications. To meet these requirements one of best

solution is the combination of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

digital modulation and radio over fiber (ROF) technology.

The integration of both techniques emerged the possibility of cost-effective

and high data rate ubiquitous wireless networks. OFDM is seen as the modulation

technique for future broadband wireless communications because it provides

increased robustness against frequency selective fading and narrowband interference,

and is efficient in dealing with multipath delay spread [l]. While RoF is the next

generation communications system that can utilize the high capacity of optical

networks along with the mobility of wireless networks.

5

1.3 Objectives

The first objective of this project is to model and simulate the OFDM scheme

for RoF using commercial software, Optisystem 7.0 from Optiwave. The second

objective is to investigate and analyze the feasibility performance of OFDM for RoF

in term of Eye diagram and the effect of total length with the fiber dispersion.

1.4 Scope of Work

The scopes of this project are:

1. Understanding the basic principle of OFDM modulation technique and RoF

through literature study.

2. Modeling and simulation of OFDM signals through RoF network using

commercial software, Optisystem 7.0 from Optiwave.

3. The OFDM system is modeled for application based on WLAN IEEE 802.11

b/g standard (2.4 GHz).

6

Figure 1.2 Project Flow Chart

1.5 Methodology

The methodology of this project is described in the following flow chart

First the methodologies start with literature study and review on the RoF

system and OFDM modulation technique. Then understood the modeling design of

OFDM modulation technique for RoF system. After that followed by theoritical

analysis of OFDM and RoF system. Main thing to analyze here is the basic concept

of RoF system, OFDM modulation technique and incorporating OFDM along with

RoF. Sooner after fully understand about the theoretical part, then starting to design

and model the system and analyze characterization of the system modeled. The

OFDM-RoF system was modeled and simulated using commercial software, which is

Optisystem 7.0 from Optiwave.

7

Next is analyzing the result and system performance which is obtained from

the simulation model. While analyzing the result, the system is being optimize to get

a better performance and best simulation result. This would be done with referring to

the theoretical and numerical analysis part again to double check whether some part

is missing or some problem were occurring when understanding the theory.

Finally after all the simulation had been done and all the result derived,

compare the result with previous work and theoretical analysis. Then finished writing

also writes some publications.

1.6 Thesis Outline

These projects comprise of six chapters and organize as follows:

Chapter 1 is introductory part of this project which consists of the project

background, problem statement, and objective, scope of work, followed by

methodology and thesis outline.

Chapter 2 is literature review of this project which is explaining some basic

theory of Radio over Fiber, with the benefits and architecture of RoF. Also explain

the parts of optical transmission link and the applications of RoF technology.

Chapter 3 presents the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM).

Consist of introduction, general principles and coded OFDM and also discusses the

advantages and disadvantages of OFDM.

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[1] A. Marwanto and S.M.Idrus, ‘SCM/WDM Radio over Fiber for Broadband

Communication’, INCOMTIS2008, Semarang Indonesia, 14-15 May 2008

[2] M. Arsat, S.M.Idrus and N.M.Nawawi, ‘Performance Analysis of Sub Carrier

Multiplexed System for Radio over Fiber Technology’, Proceeding of National

Conference on Telecommunication Technologies and Malaysia Conference on

Photonics 2008 (NCTT-MCP 2008), 26-28 August 2008

[3] A. Marwanto and S.M. Idrus, ‘System Performance Analysis for 150km

SCM/WDM Radio over Fiber’, International Graduate Conference on

Engineering and Science 2008 (IGSES2008), Johor Baharu, 23-24

December2008

[4] Guruprakash Singh and Arokiaswami Alphones.,” OFDM Modulation Study

for a Radio-over-Fiber System for Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11a)”,

Proceedings of Fourth International Conference on Information,

Communications & Signal Processing, ICICS- PCM 2003, Singapore, pp 1460

– 1464

[5] Dhivagar. B, Ganesh Madhan.M, and Xavier Fernando., “Analysis of OFDM

signal Through Optical Fiber for Radio over Fiber Transmission”, Madras

Institute of Technology Campus, Anna University Chromepet, Chennai 600

044, INDIA

73

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OFDM in Radio-over-Fiber transmission”, Beijing University of Posts and

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74

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and D. V. Plant. “A radio-over-fiber link for OFDM transmission without RF

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University, Montreal and Centre d'optique, photonique et lasers (COPL), Laval

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75

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