UNITED NATIONSHISTORICAL SECURITY COUNCIL SIMULATION SURVIVAL KITDear Delegates,Welcome to the Model United Nations! We hope you will enjoy and learn a lot from this experience. In this document you will find some useful tips and language to help in your model United Nations simulation. Remember that in the Model UN the best way to learn is through practice, so dont be afraid. Pay attention to what the other countries are defending and proposing, think about what your country would probably defend (remember what you put in your Position Paper), and go ahead. If during the simulation, you need any vocabulary, dont worry, some teachers will be present to help you.Enjoy yourselves, and may you have a fruitful debate!Cheers,

In this survival kit, you will find:

A) A quick explanation of the different formats of discussion that will probably occur.B) A flow chart (diagram) demonstrating how the simulations normally proceed.C) A quick summary of the main points and motions and what they mean.D) Brief summary of strategies you can use.D) Useful language for the debate.E) Quick Guide how to write Draft and Final Resolutions

A) THE FORMAT OF THE DISCUSSION IN UN COUNCILS:In our simulation, you will be discussing the issue in three different formats: These will be:In moments of formal debate: During formal debate, the chair maintains a Speakers List and delegates speak in the order they are listed. At this time, delegates have an opportunity to share their views with the entire committee. Delegates make speeches, answer questions, and introduce and debate resolutions and amendments. Formal debate is important to the committees work. Moderated Caucus: During a caucus, which is a temporary recess, the rules of procedure are suspended. To go to a moderated caucus, one delegate must make a motion to suspend debate and the committee votes. In a moderated caucus anyone may speak if they raise their flag and are called by the Chair. This helps to facilitate discussion, especially when there is a long Speakers List. Moderated caucuses last for a specific limited amount of time.Unmoderated Caucus: In an unmoderated caucus, delegates meet informally with one another and the committee staff to discuss and negotiate draft resolutions, amendments and other issues. There are no formal procedures but it is for a specific limited amount of time.In section B you can see a flow chart that demonstrates how the simulation typically develops.

B) FLOW CHART OF PROCEEDINGS

C) SUMMARY OF THE MAIN POINTS AND MOTIONS YOU CAN USEDescription

What do you say?

The delegate has a question regarding the rules of procedure.Honorable Chair, (Country Name) has a Point of Inquiry.

Delegate wishes to pause the discussion, and continue in the next session. Normally used to pause the discussion for lunch.Honorable Chair, (Country Name) moves to Suspend Debate for the purpose of lunch

Delegate wishes to give time to another delegation or to points of information or questions from other delegates about the speech.Honorable Chair, (Country name) gives its time to [other countrys name]ORHonorable Chair, (Country Name) gives its time for points of informationORHonorable Chair, (Country Name) is opento questions

A delegate has just finished their speech. Another delegatewould like to ask them a question about speech. (Please note,that the last speaker must have opened to questions see last item above.)

Honorable Chair, (Country Name) has a Point of Information for the delegate.

Delegate wishes to tell the chair about a physicaldiscomfort the delegate is experiencing (you cant hear another delegates speech, or the room is too hot, etc.).

Honorable Chair, (Country Name) has aPoint of Personal Privilege, we cannot hearthe speaker, the room is too hot, etc

Delegate wishes to suspend debate to have a moderated or unmoderated caucus. The purpose and the length of thesuspension need to be stated.Honorable Chair, (Country Name) moves toSuspend the Meeting for the purpose of aMODERATED CAUCUS to discuss the religious aspects for 25 minutes, with a 1 minute speaking time.ORHonorable Chair, (Country Name) moves toSuspend the Meeting for an UNMODERATEDCAUCUS for 20 minutes.

Delegate wishes to end the debate on the topic. This topiccan be returned to at a later time. Before going to a vote, twodelegates must speak in favor of tabling the debate and twomust speak against it.

Honorable Chair, (Country Name) moves toTable the Topic of religious sites to be discussedat a later time.

The delegate feels that the chairperson has made an incorrectdecision. The appeal must first be made in writing to the chair (diplomatic mail to the Chair).

Honorable Chair, (Country Name) moves for an Appeal of the Chair (after a note has been read by the Chair and accepted).

Delegate wishes to close the debate and move to voting.Honorable Chair, (Country Name) moves for Closure of Debate on this topic.

D) STRATEGIESRemember: The discussion is a political negotiation: the strength of your arguments will be important, but so will your ability to NAVIGATE THE EGOS AND RULES that often dominate a discussion. There are three places where negotiations happen:a) the DEBATE itself, b) the BEHIND-THE-SCENES NEGOTIATIONS (in the diplomatic mail and the moderated and unmoderated caucuses) REMEMBER TO USE THE DIPLOMATIC MAIL,c) and the RESOLUTION-WRITING.Remember that it is more important that your speeches be EFFECTIVE than they are beautiful. Speaking time is extremely valuable, and you have a limited quantity of it (2 minutes). Use it fully, wisely, and effectively. Even if you have no substantive points to make during a speech, restate what you have said before or comment on the debate.

SpeechesWhen preparing to give you speech, consider this system of six "Cs" to improve your ability. You need to show:- Confidence- Clarity (speak clearly)- Concise (say little and be objective)- Constructive- "Con Passin (but without offending others)- CritiqueThese six Cs are necessary and should be included in the research, writing, and delivery of the speeches. And remember, you must try to engage the audience, persuade them to support your position.

Diplomatic PostureOne important aspect is STAY CALM. If you are able to remain calm and focused on defending your countrys position, youll have a major advantage.Never let another delegate tell you that he knows your foreign policy better than you do. Remember, you have instructions from your government if you are doing a good job following them is for your Ministry, and not the other delegates, to decide. On the other hand, do not think you know another delegates foreign policy better than he or she does. Your job is to DEFEND YOUR COUNTRY'S INTERESTS, not to evaluate the quality of the other countries diplomats.As a diplomat, you should be CORDIAL, FIRM, AND IN CONTROL. Try to maintain a friendly relationship with other delegations, no matter how hard it is. Finally, avoid giving the impression that you are unsure of yourself, or that you believe that your countrys position could be in any way wrong. If, for some reason, you find yourself in doubt about a substantive point, be ambiguous until you can make a decision! If you're really stuck, ask someone you trust, inside or outside the committee.

Collective ActionNot even the best delegates can get great results alone. You will have to begin working in a coalition. You should work hard to BUILD UP BLOCS AND ALLIANCES in the committee. This does not mean you have to make them vote with you on every procedural motion (although that would be nice); USE THE DIPLOMATIC MAIL, ask their opinions, keep them informed, negotiate with them, and understand the importance of, whenever possible, keeping a common position. There is strength in numbers.

Working PapersThere are no restrictions regarding the format of Working Papers, so they can be used for a variety of purposes: a) You can inform the committee about the specifics of a given matter, supplying data, numbers, facts, figures, or maps. b) Working Papers can also be used to report on negotiations you have had during an unmoderated caucus.The fullest Working Paper is the one which is written by a group of countries, especially if they form a consolidated group. It will mention: i) that the delegations acquainted themselves with relevant reports and documents (mentioning their names and dates).ii) express those delegations main concerns and draw attention to specific problemsiii) includes some suggestions on clauses for a Draft Resolution. These clauses will make much more sense if they have a text accompanying them, that gives the explanation, justification and background.

VotingVoting is not usually part of the negotiation, but its result. MOST COUNTRIES, in the spirit of multilateralism (and good politics) DO NOT WANT TO VOTE AGAINST A RESOLUTION. They will do everything they can to make the resolution amenable to their needs, and if they cannot, WILL ABSTAIN, unless it is absolutely contrary to their interests. Think long and hard before taking the drastic step of voting "against" THIS IS EXTREMELY RARE.

E) USEFUL LANGUAGE:

Reference to another point:

With regards to ...Regarding ...In response to ...

Agreement / Disagreement:

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Wefullystronglypartiallydontcantagreewith FRANCE (or other country)that military intervention is too radical

Im afraidwedisagreewith FRANCE (or other country) that military intervention is too radical

Proposals:

(Considering that , ) we would like to proposesuggestthat

We insist thatWe demand that

If FRANCE (or other country) agree to , we will agree to

Arguments:

Presenting the two sidesOn the one hand, On the other hand,

Presenting the logic of the argumentSo / therefore / because of this / consequentlyBut / however / nevertheless

Sequencing your pointsFirst, Second, Third, In addition, Furthermore, In conclusion, / To sum up,

ClarifyingFor example, / For instance, In other words,

Emphasizing points

We would like toemphasizehighlightstresspoint outthe fact that

Useful verbsTo cause / solve a problem / an issue / a conflictTo negatively affect / impact To stimulate / promote / encourage To discourage / deterTo influenceA find solution / to solve

Issues Vocabulary We are committed to PeacePower / influenceHuman rightsSovereigntyRight to sovereigntySovereign countriesRight of sovereigntyRefugeesExiles To be forced into exileReligion = muslims (Islam) / christians (Christianity)Middle EastOil (pipelines)Water resourcesAgricultureDomestic / foreign policies

Military interventionMilitary forces and action Army / Air force / NavyTo attack / defend / invade / occupy / withdraw fromBorder / frontier / region

SanctionsA unilateral / bilateral / multilateral measure (ao / medida)Inspections BlockageA deterrentEconomic sanctionsEmbargo

VotingTo vote for / To vote againstTo vetoTo abstain

FORMAL POINTS AND MOTIONSWe give our time to the chair / FRANCE / questionsWe would like to propose / an moderated caucus / an unmoderated caucus We would like to suggest the adjournment of the session (pedido que seja feita uma pausa)We would like to make a point of personal privilege / order

F)

Writing Draft and Final Resolutions

A Draft Resolution is a formal document which wants to be a Resolution when it grows up. It becomes a Resolution if it is submitted to a vote and approved. If this happens, the job is done: if there are no more topics in the agenda, delegates can pack and go home. Precisely because of this, Draft Resolutions are usually only introduced at the last scheduled session (or halfway through the conference, if the committee has two topics to debate). Draft Resolutions follow a very specific format, with three sections: a) the headings, b) the preambulatory clauses, and c) the operative clauses.

Headings indicate - the committees name, - date of submission, and - the original language in which the text was written.

Preambulatory clauses try to express what the committee talked about, why the topic is relevant, how serious the problem is and what progress has been made so far. The preambulatory clauses always start in the gerund (considering, welcoming, reaffirming, reiterating).There are normally a couple of preambulatory clauses recalling past Resolutions and the relevant chapters of the UN Charter, or the Universal Declaration of the Human Rights. Examples of the first words for these clauses include:

Affirming Alarmed by Approving Aware of Believing Bearing in mind Confident Considering also Contemplating Convinced Declaring Deeply concerned Deeply conscious Deeply convinced Deeply disturbed Deeply regretting Desiring Emphasizing Expecting

Expressing its satisfaction Expressing its wish Fulfilling Fully aware Fully alarmed Fully believing Further deploring Further recalling Guided by Gravely concerned Having adopted Having considered Having considered further Having devoted attention Having examined Having studied Having heard Having received Keeping in mind

Noting further Noting with approval Noting with deep concern Noting with regret Noting with satisfaction Noting with zest Observing Reaffirming Recalling Recognizing Referring Reiterating Seeking Taking into account Taking into consideration Taking note Viewing with appreciation Welcoming Whereas

Operative clauses are sentences which put forward plans to advance the solution of the problem. However, they can also work on how serious the problem is and on what progress has been made so far (reaffirms, welcomes, emphasizes). The best way to learn how to write them is to read actual Resolutions. Operative clauses are always written in the third person of the present simple tense (decides, requests, authorizes, urges, invites). Each action has a new paragraph. The last paragraph ends with a period. The following are examples of operative verbs:

Accepts Affirms Appeals Approves Authorizes Calls Calls upon Commends Condemns Congratulates Confirms Considers Decides Declares accordingly Demands*

Deplores Designates Draws the attention Emphasizes Encourages Endorses Expresses its appreciation Expresses its hope Further endorses Further invites Further proclaims Further reminds Further recommends Further resolves Further requestsHas resolved Notes Offers Proclaims Reaffirms Recommends Reminds Renews Requests Solemnly affirms Strongly condemns Supports Trusts Takes note of TransmitsUrges

Please find on the next page a model of a Draft Resolution (if it is voted on and passed, it then becomes a Security Council Resolution).

MODEL OF A DRAFT RESOLUTION

The draft resolution presented below is just a model, and is intentionally simplified to show how it may be formatted.

SUBJECT OF RESOLUTION: Refraining from the Use of Force in International Relations SUBMITTED TO: The Security Council SUBMITTED BY: MARTINANDANAPOLIS (or your country)

THE SECURITY COUNCIL RECOGNIZING that the use of force in international relations cannot be condoned, AFFIRMING the principals of the UN Charter in regards to the non-usage of force in international relations, SEEKING solutions to international problems without the use of force, DEEPLY CONCERNED that some nations still consider the use of force acceptable, 1. REQUESTS all nations to refrain from the use of force in international relations; 2. SUPPORTS the use of the various United Nations bodies for the settlement of international disputes; 3. CONGRATULATES all nations which choose to resolve their disputes in a peaceful fashion; 4. URGES the Secretary General to act as a mediator to help parties resolve their conflict without recourse to use of force;5. RESOLVES to apply that any nation which nevertheless chooses to apply the use of force will suffer economic sanctions.

Hope it helped!