Model UN Preparation

&

Rules of Procedure Handbook

MODEL UN PREPARATION(SOURCE: UNA-USA)

Manyconferencesrequirethateachdelegationsubmitapositionpaper—anessaydetailingyour country'spolicieson the topicsbeingdiscussed in your committee.Writing apositionpaperwillhelpyouorganiseyourideassothatyoucanshareyourcountry'spositionwiththerestof thecommittee. Ifyouconductextensiveresearch,apositionpapershouldbeeasytowrite.

Most conferences that require position papers ask for them about one month before theconferenceso that staffmemberscanread themandgeta feel for thedirectiondebatewilltake. If the conferenceyouare attendingdoesnot require apositionpaper, you should stillconsiderwriting one to help you organise your research and prepare your speeches.Manydelegatesusetheirpositionpapersastheiropeningremarks.

Viewasamplepositionpapertohelpyouwriteaneffectivepositionpaper.

http://www.unausa.org/global-classrooms-model-un/how-to-participate/model-un-preparation/position-papers/sample-position-paper

HOW TO WRITE A POSITION PAPER (SOURCE: UNA-USA)

Writingapositionpapermightappeartobeadauntingtask,especiallyfornewdelegates.Butwithenoughresearch,youwillFindthatwritingapositionpaperwillbeeasyanduseful.

Positionpapersareusuallyonetoone-and-a-halfpagesinlength.Yourpositionpapershouldinclude a brief introduction followed by a comprehensive breakdown of your country'spositiononthetopicsthatarebeingdiscussedbythecommittee.Agoodpositionpaperwillnotonlyprovidefactsbutalsomakeproposalsforresolutions.

ManyconferenceswillaskforspeciFicdetailsinapositionpaper,sobesuretoincludealltherequired information. Most conferences will provide delegates a background guide to theissue.Usually, thebackgroundguidewillcontainquestions toconsider.Makesure thatyourpositionpaperanswersthesequestions.

POSITION PAPER TIPS

Agoodpositionpaperwillinclude:

• Abriefintroductiontoyourcountryanditshistoryconcerningthetopicandcommittee;

• Howtheissueaffectsyourcountry;

• Yourcountry'spolicieswithrespecttotheissueandyourcountry'sjustiFicationforthesepolicies;

• Quotesfromyourcountry'sleadersorofFicialsabouttheissue;

• Statisticstobackupyourcountry'spositionontheissue;

• Actionstakenbyyourgovernmentwithregardtotheissue;

• ConventionsandresolutionsthatyourcountryhassignedorratiFied;

• UNactionsthatyourcountrysupportedoropposed;

• Whatyourcountrybelievesshouldbedonetoaddresstheissue;

• Whatyourcountrywouldliketoaccomplishinthecommittee'sresolution;and

• Howthepositionsofothercountriesaffectyourcountry'sposition.

Important Things to keep in mind while writing a position paper -

• Keepitsimple.Tocommunicatestronglyandeffectively,avoidFlowerywordingandsticktouncomplicatedlanguageandsentencestructure.

• Makeitof0icial.Trytousethesealofyourcountryorcreatean"ofFicial"letterheadforyourpositionpaper.Themorerealisticitlooks,themoreotherswillwanttoreadit.

• Getorganised.Giveeachseparateideaorproposal itsownparagraph.Makesureeachparagraphstartswithatopicsentence.

• Citeyoursources.Use footnotesorendnotes toshowwhereyou foundyour factsandstatistics. If you areunfamiliarwithbibliographic form, lookup theModernLanguageAssociation(MLA)guidelinesatyourschool'slibrary.

• Readandreread.Leavetimetoedityourpositionpaper.Askyourselfiftheorganisationofthepapermakessenseanddouble-checkyourspellingandgrammar.

• Speech!Speech!Doyouplantomakeanopeningstatementatyourconference?Agoodpositionpapermakesagreatintroductoryspeech.Duringdebate,agoodpositionpaperwillalsohelpyoutosticktoyourcountry'spolicies.

• Letthebullets0ly.Trynottoletyourproposalsbecomelostinaseaofinformation.Forspeechmaking,createabulleted listofyourproposalsalongwithyourmost importantfactsandstatisticssothatyouwillnotlosetimelookingforthemduringdebate.

SAMPLE POSITION PAPER (SOURCE: UNA-USA)

Committee: InternationalLaborOrganisationTopic: GlobalisationandDevelopment Country: Romania

Inthepasttwodecadestherapidlygrowingworldtrendhasbeentowardglobalisation.Withtheemergenceoftheinternetasameansofcommunicationandtheincreasingaccessibilityofinternational trade physical barriers are not the only barriers withering away. Protectivetariffs are plummeting and free trade agreements are becoming more prevalent. Romaniaappreciates that globalisation creates favourable situations for expansion of commercial aswellaseconomicassets.InthepastyearRomaniahasseenaforeigndirectinvestment(FDI)increaseof199%.InwardFDIincreasedfromEURO234millionin2005toEURO699millionin 2006. However, Romania realises that increased globalisation does not automaticallyproducemoreequality.

GlobalizationandDevelopmentcancontributetotheadvancementoftheoverallinternationalhuman condition; however, the delegation of Romania recognises that without properregulation the potential for advancement will remain limited to an elite few individuals,businesses, andnations.Unless checkedandaimed toward the commongood, globalisationcannot effectively serve the global community. Crucial in dealing with the complexities ofglobalisation,goodgovernancemustactwithsolidarityandresponsibility.Romaniabelievesthatininvolvingpeopleinglobalisationwemustpromotemoralvalues,democraticprincipals,inclusive global political culture, institutions that safeguard both individual civil rights andinherentfreedoms,andthecommongood.Inaddition,copingwiththeinFluxof informationfrom globalisation governments must act with solidarity and insight. Access to digitaleducation will undoubtedly result in the conFidence of citizens in their respectiveadministrationsandallowforagreaterdegreeoftransparency,andthereforealesserdegreeofcorruption.

Romaniabelievesthemultinationalbusinesscommunityhastheabilityandtheobligationtosupportpertinentvalues inhumanrights, laborstandards,andenvironmentalpreservation.As stated by the president, Mr. Traion Basescu, Romania feels a "heartfelt attachment tomultilateralism,asaneffective instrumentdesigned to identify theadequateanswers to thechallengesbroughtbyglobalisation.”

RomaniaispartytothemajorityofmultilateraltreatiesandconventionsidentiFiedassuchbytheSecretaryGeneral in thecontextof theMillenniumSummit in2001.Romaniahasalwayssupported innovative and effective ways of establishing cooperation within and betweenregionalorganisations.AsoneofthenewestmembersoftheEuropeanUnion,RomaniaisanactivememberoftheWorldTradeOrganisation,andlooksforwardtoofferingitssupporttotheredirectionofglobalisationtobestbeneFittheglobalcommunity.

SAMPLE POSITION PAPERS WRITTEN IN INDIAN MUN CONFERENCE

United Nations Human Rights Council

Delegate: VidurArora Country: SouthAfrica Committee: UNHumanRightsCouncil Agenda: HumanTrafFicking

PoisedatthefootofAfrica,withastable,DemocraticGovernment,leadingthecontinentinindustrialdevelopmentandtechnology,glitteringwithmoderncitiesandamenities,representingapproximately25%ofthecontinent’sGDP,SouthAfricainevitablyattractsmigrantsfromacrossthecontinent.Alongwith themigrantpopulationcometheattendantexploiters tocapitaliseontheirvulnerability,readytosatisfythedemandsofthediverseandcomplex‘rainbow’society–whichmakesSouthAfricaasoneofthebiggestsufferersofthemenacecalledhumantrafFicking.MoloSongolo(aSouthAfricanNGO)recognizedbytheUNESCOwhilereportingonHumanTrafFickinginSouthAfrica states that criminal groups fromBulgariaandThailand,Chinese triadsandeven theRussianmaFiahavebeeninvolvedinHumanTrafFicking.SouthAfricastronglycondemnshumantrafFickingandispartytovariousprotocolsandfaithfultoUNconventions like Palermo Protocol and the UN Convention against Transnational Organised Crime.SouthAfrica iscurrently in theprocessofmakingall itsnational legislations incompliancewiththesame. Pertaining to the question of involvement of Government OfFicials in Human TrafFicking, noreportsoftheirinvolvementhavesurfacedasyet.IOM'sSouthernAfricanCounter-Traf?ickingAssistanceProgramme(SACTAP)isakeyplayerinSouthernAfrica'seffortstotackleandrespondtohumantrafFicking.Itisorganisedintofourcomponents:

• Victimassistance;

• Capacitybuilding;

• Researchanddatacollection;

• Informationandawarenessraising;

SouthAfricadidnothave laws thatspeciFicallyprohibited trafFicking inpersons, thoughavarietyofother criminal statutes, such as the Prevention of Organised Crime Act, were used to prosecutetrafFickingcrimes.However,inDecember2007,severalsectionsoftheSexualOffensesAmendmentActcame into force, includingChapter7,Part6,whichcontainsbroadprovisionsagainstsex trafFicking.The comment period on a draft comprehensive human trafFicking bill closed in June 2007 and theSouth African Law Reform Commission (SALRC) staff Finalised the text to be recommended to theDepartment of Justice in early 2008, which mainly criminalises human trafFicking as well as debtbondage.Thebillalsohasguidingprinciples,whichprotectvictimsoftrafFicking.TheRepublicofSouthAfricawouldappreciatetheHRCtoframeresolutionsthat:

• UrgememberstatestospreadawarenessabouttrafFickers,consequencesoftrafFickinginareasthataremostpronetotrafFicking;

• Call upon member states to be engaged at bi-lateral and multi-lateral levels to facilitateinformationsharingontrafFickers;

• Provide victims of trafFicking access to support centres with counselling, health care, legaladvice,shelter,andfoodservices;

• Address the problem of human trafFicking collectively, by all member states, through propercooperationandrehabilitationofthevictimsoftrafFickingwiththehelpofvariousNGOs.

General Assembly - DISEC

Delegate: NehalBajajCountry: UnitedStatesofAmerica Committee: UNGeneralAssembly–DisarmamentandInternationalSecurityCommitteeAgenda: NationalandSeparatistTerrorism

Civilwars of separatist nationalism raged around the globe in the 1990’s. Thesewars have causedconsiderablelossof life,massiverefugeecrisis,economicdevastation,considerablestrainsonpowerrelationsinimportantinternationalinstitutionslikeNATOandtheUnitedNations.The United States of America considers ‘National and Separatist Terrorism’ as a critical issue,threatening world peace and international stability and security. Having a very strong approachtowardsterrorism:

• TheUSAratiFied the Inter-AmericanAnti-TerroristPact on15thNovember2008, signatoriesoftheInternationalConventionfortheSuppressionofTerroristBombings,InternationalConventionfor the Suppression of Financing Terrorism and International Convention against the Taking ofHostages.ItsupportedtheUNSCResolution1373and1566.

• It recognises theLiberationTigers ofTamilEelam (LTTE),PalestineLiberationFront (PLF) andPalestineIslamicJihad(PIJ)asterroristorganisations. USA, being one of the First countries to initiate peace talks between Palestine LiberationOrganisation (PLO) and Israel, India andPakistan on theKashmir issue and recently betweenGeorgia and Russia, encourages peace and urges SSMs and De Jure governments to meetregularlywith internationalmonitors toaddress continuing security incidentsandabusesandpreventissuesfromescalatingintowiderconFlicts.

UnitedStatesofAmericawouldappreciatethecooperationofthecountriesintheGeneralAssemblytoframeresolutionsthat:

• Representation of SSMs: Develop a mechanism to ensure that non-violent separatist statemovementsshouldbegrantedanobserverstatussoas tokeepacheckonviolationofhumanrightsandsothattheseparatistmovementsdonotturnviolentduetosuppression;

• Cutting the Source of Funding: There is an imperative need to have stricter checks on drugtrafFicking and illicit trade in conFlict diamonds, as they form themajor source of funding forterroristorganisations;

• Humanitarian Aspect: Special Emphasis needs to be laid on the Humanitarian aspect of theagenda,i.e.therehabilitationofRefugeesandInternallyDisplacedPersonsincountriessufferingfromCivilWars, andconcentrateonpreventionofHumanRightsViolations,byensuringbasicfundamental rights for example equal job opportunities and equal representation in thegovernment.

Toconclude,theworldisatthreatandaglobaleffortisthecallofthehour.Memberstatesmusttakeproactive steps inmaintaining regional peace, ensuring aworldwithout Terrorism, Extremism andSeparatism.

TOOLS OF A DELEGATE

CHIT(PAD)S

Chit(pad)scanbeusedasmessagestoanofFicialsittinginsidethecouncil,beitaDelegateoranExecutiveBoardMember.

Varioususesofachitsare:

• To inform theExecutiveBoardofanypointsyoumightwant to raise in counciloraskthemaquestion(viaExecutiveBoard);

• ToaskoranswerquestionsfromotherDelegates;

• TopersuadeothermembersoftheCommitteetosupportyourResolution.

SPEECHES AND QUESTIONS

The main presence of a Delegate is assured by this main tool in Council, which is to besupplemented by Chits, knowledge of the Rules of Procedure, and Informal Debate inunmoderatedcaucuses.

The central purpose of Model UNs is for Delegates to get together and discuss issues, notargueandFight.OnemustrealisethatitisnotimportanttoproveanotherDelegatewrong,ortoshowthattheyhaveinsufFicientknowledge.Onemuststrivetocontributetothelearningofothers,asmuchasoftheirownselves.

RULES OF PROCEDURE

RulesofProcedureisanothertoolaDelegatecanuse.Aswithanystructure,fullknowledgeofthe structure enables you to use it most efFiciently and to work around the obstaclessometimes. Delegates are accorded the right to speak and question, debate and createresolutionsandotheroutcomedocumentsusingthisstructurecalledtheRulesofProcedure.

MISCELLANEOUS GUIDELINES

DELEGATE ATTIRE

AllparticipantsoftheconferencearerequiredtoadheretotheattiregivenintheCodeofConductforthedurationoftheconference.

GENERAL POWERS OF THE COMMITTEE STAFF

• The Executive Board will be responsible to the Secretariat and Advisors during theconference.

• The Executive Board will declare the opening and closing of each meeting and mayproposetheadoptionofanyproceduralmotionaccordingto theRulesofProcedure. Ifthere are any variations in theRules of Procedure, the same shall be intimated to theDelegatesbeforesessionbegins.

• The Executive Board will direct the Flow of formal debate, accord the right to speak,announcedecisions,ruleonallpointsandmotionsandenforcetheobservanceoftheserules.

• TheConferenceStaffisresponsibletotheSecretariatatalltimes.

• The Press Corps are free to publish any material that lies within the scope of thisconference. It is advised to refrain from the publication of offensive and derogatorymaterial,especiallyiftargetedataselectgroupofpersons.

DELEGATE DECORUM

AnMUN ismeant to be a simulation of the real UnitedNations. As such, the delegates areexpected toactwithutmost respect towardeachother, aswouldanyactualmemberof thediplomaticarena.Delegatesaretonotethatduringformal,aswellasinformaldebate,theyareto speak in third person, and the usage of personal pronouns such as Me, I, My, etc. isprohibited.

AnotherthingforadelegatetokeepinmindisDiplomaticCourtesy.Asarepresentativeofanation,anystatementmadeformallyorinformallyistakenasastatementofthatnationitself,iftakenonpublicrecord.Atthispointoftime,nodelegatecanaffordmakinganystatement,whichmightbemisinterpreted as offensive to anotherdelegateor councilmember.Utmostrespect isextendedtotheexecutiveboard,mutualrespectextendedtoall thedelegatesandtheInternationalPressmembers,andappreciationfortheAdministration(Secretariat)oftheConference.

RULES OF PROCEDURE

ROLL CALL

Everycommitteesessionstartswiththerollcall,withoutwhichquorumcannotbeestablishedNodebatecanensuewithoutQuorumbeingestablished.Adelegatemaychangehis/herrollcallinthenextsessiontherollcalltakesplace.

For example, if the Delegate had answered in Present in the ?irst session he can answer in apresentandvotinginthenextsessionwhentherollcalltakesplace.

Duringtherollcall,thecountrynamesarecalledoutinalphabeticorderandthedelegatecananswerbysayingeitherPresentorPresentandVoting.

1. Present - A Delegate can vote in Yes, No or Abstain for a Draft Resolution when s/heanswerstheRollCallwithPresent.

2. PresentandVoting-ADelegateisboundtovotedecisively,i.e.,inaYesorNoonlyifs/hehas answered theRoll Callwith aPresent andVoting.ADelegate cannotAbstain in thiscase.

3. Abstention:WhenaDelegate is indoubt,or ifhis/hercountrysupportsa fewpoints intheresolutionandisagainsttheotherpoints,aDelegatemayAbstain.Abstentioncanalsobeused in case theDelegatebelieves that thepassingof the resolutionwillnotas suchharmtheworld,eventhoughitmightnotbehighlyspeciFicorexemplary.AnAbstentioncountsasneitherYes,norNo,andhis/hervote isnotcountedduringthetotal tally of votes. This makes Abstention a commonly used policy in the real UnitedNations, so as to not obstruct the passing of resolutions and still not compromising onforeignpolicy; this is themiddlewayoutand innowaycountsagainstaDelegatewhilebeingmarkedfortheawards.

QUORUM

Quorum(alsoknownas theminimumnumberofmembersofa committeerequired for thecommitteeproceedingstocommence)fortheConference,issetatone-thirdofthemembersof thecommitteepresent.Aquorumwillbeassumedtobeestablished,unless aDelegate’spresenceisspeciFicallychallengedandshowntobeabsentduringtherollcall.Incasequorumfails, committee sessionwill be suspended at the discretion of the Executive Board. In theSecurityCouncil,thequorumis9memberspresentwiththecompulsorypresenceoftheFivevetomembers,unlessotherwiseestablishedbytheExecutiveBoard.

DEBATE IN A MODEL UNITED NATIONS

Debateisoftwotypes:1. FormalDebate

1.a. GeneralSpeakers’List

1.b.ProvisionalSpeakers’List

2. InformalDebate

2.a. ModeratedCaucus

2.b.UnmoderatedCaucus

POINTS AND MOTIONS

TheFlowofdebateisinthehandsoftheDelegatesandmoderatedbytheExecutiveBoardwithmechanisms called Points and Motions, which are central to the democratic nature of theCommittee.

Pointsareindividualistic,andareusedinregardstoacertainDelegate.Motionsareliabletovoting,andareusedtoshiftfromoneformofdebatetoanother,ortointroducechangesinthescopeofdebatefromtimetotime.Ifamotionpasses,thentheentirecommitteeisboundtothatspeciFic formofdebate for thatperiodof time.Motionsarealsousedto temporarilyorpermanentlyenddebate.

Points (In the order of Disruption)

PointofPersonalPrivilege-ADelegatemayrisetoaPointofPersonalPrivilegewhenevers/he experiences any inconvenience, which could affect his/her involvement in theproceedings,sothatthediscomfortmaybemitigatedorprevented.ThisPointmayinterruptaspeaker and thus, should be used with the utmost discretion so as not to disturb others’debate.

PointofOrder–APointofOrderisusedtopointoutfactualoraproceduralerror.TheFinaldecision regarding a Point of Order rests with the Executive Board. A Point of Order caninterrupt the speaker if permitted by the Executive Board. The speciFics of this should beveriFiedat thebeginningof thecommitteeby theDelegate. It canalsoberaisedagainst theExecutiveBoardincasetheyviolatetheirownRulesofProcedurewithoutpriorintimationtothe committee, in case this hampers debate or is unfair to one or more Delegates in thecommittee.

Pointof(Parliamentary)Inquiry–WhentheFloorisopen,adelegatemayrisetoaPointofParliamentary Inquiry to ask the Chair a question regarding the rules of procedure. Thishowever,shouldneverinterruptaspeaker.

Pointof information (AQuestion toanotherdelegateabout theAgenda)–Adelegatemayask aquestion to anotherdelegateon the agenda topic of discussion through the executiveboardwhenthespeakerhasyieldedtheFloortoPointsofInformation.Thisalsoshouldneverinterruptaspeaker.

GENERAL SPEAKER’S LIST (GSL)

“TheDelegateof____________wishestoraiseamotiontoOpentheGeneralSpeakers’List”

• Aftertheagendaforthesessionhasbeenestablished,amotionisraisedtoopentheGSL.AllformsofdebateduringtheconferencearecarriedoutwithintheGSL,andthislistisopen throughout the duration of the discussion on that agenda. A new GSL isestablishedforeachagenda.

• To speak in the GSL a delegatemust intimate the Executive Board, by raising his/herplacard when the Executive asks for Delegates wishing to speak in the GSL. Thecountries’nameswillbenotedintheorderinwhichtheywillbemakingtheirspeeches.

• After their GSL speech, a Delegate has the option to Yield his/her time to a speciFicDelegate,PointsofInformation(questions)ortotheExecutiveBoard.

YIELDS

On conclusion of any speech in the GSL, a Delegate can choose to Yield in any one of thefollowingways:

• YieldtoanotherDelegate:IncaseaDelegatehassometimelefttospeak,anddoesnotwishtoutiliseit,thens/hemaychoosetoyieldtheremainingtimetoanotherDelegate.Thismustbedonewiththepriorconsentoftheotherdelegate(takeneitherthroughchitorinperson).TheDelegatewhohasbeenyieldedtheother’stimemayuseittomakeasubstantivespeech,butcannotfurtheryieldthetime.

• Yield to Points of Information: A Delegate may also choose to yield to Points ofInformation.TheExecutiveBoardwillrecogniseacertainnumberofDelegateswishingtoaskquestionsregardingtheagendaorthespeechmadebytheDelegate.ItisuptotheDelegatetoanswerthequestion.Waysofrefusalincludereplyingviachitatalatertimeordiscussingthetopicduringanunmoderatedcaucus.

• YieldtotheChair:ShouldaDelegateyieldtotheChair,anyleftovertimeisconsiderednullandtheExecutiveBoardwillmoveontothenextspeakerintheGSL.SomeExecutiveBoardsmayalsorequesttheDelegatetoanswersubstantivequestionsfromthemincasenecessary for debate. This usually happens when a country’s stance is crucial toresolutionoftheproblems.

Default time per speaker in a GSL is 90 seconds. A motion can be raised to change theSpeaker'sTime(toincreaseorreducethespeaker'stime):

"TheDelegateof____________wishestoraiseamotiontochangethedefaultspeaker'stimefortheGeneralSpeakers’Listfrom90secondstoProposedTime(inseconds)."

NOTE: Individual speaker time in a GSL can be anywhere within the range of 60-120seconds, and amultiple of 30 seconds. Thismotion is only in order can be changed onlybeforetheFirstspeakerintheGSLSpeaks.

PROVISIONAL/SPECIAL SPEAKER’S LIST (PSL OR SSL)

“TheDelegateof____________wishestoraiseamotiontoOpenaProvisionalSpeakers’List”

• APSL isusuallyestablishedonly forProceduralMotions,suchasMotiontoChangetheOrderoftheAgendaorMotiontoTableDebate.SpeakersarerecognisedbytheExecutiveBoardtospeakforandagainst(alternately)onthemotionathand.TheExecutiveBoarddecides thenumberof speakers for andagainst, and speciFies the individual speaker’stime.

• During the Provisional Speakers’ List speech, a Delegate attempts to convince fellowDelegateswhether to supportornot supportamotion, citing reasonsandargumentswhy.Thesereasonsmightbebasedinforeignpolicy,oreventhescopeofdebate.

MODERATED CAUCUS

“TheDelegateofCountrywouldliketosuspenddebateandraiseamotionforamoderatedcaucusontheTopic,forthetimeperiodofTotalTimeandeachspeakerspeakingforTime

Period(inseconds)"

APSLisstartedintwocircumstances:

Adebatablemotion–Inadebatablemotion,beforetheExecutiveBoardmovesfortheFinalvote,it’llaskforcertainno.ofspeakersForandAgainstthetopic.

SpecialProcedure –Whena controversial issue is raisedand theCommitteefeelsthatitcannotbesolvedthroughtheGSLorModeratedCaucuses,itsetsupaPSL,whichwillworkliketheGSLbutwithaProvisionalAgenda.Eg.Acrisissituation.However,onedoesnotusuallyencounterthisformatinMUNsunlessitisadecisivecommittee,suchastheSecurityCouncil.

Characterisation of Debate through Moderated Caucus

ModeratedCaucusesaremeanttohavespeciFictopicsofdiscussionsothatonecannarrowdownandtrytoaddressonesub-topicatatime.Sub-topicscanbederived from themain agenda eitherby common themes/issues, region, legalregimeandpoliticaldebate.

ItisgenerallyadvisabletokeepdocumentingthesuggestionsbeingmadesoastomakeamorecomprehensiveResolutionintheCommittee.

The delegate proposing themotionmust state its purpose and specify a time limit for themoderatedcaucusaswellasthespeakingtimeperdelegate.Example–“TheDelegateofIranwishestosuspendformaldebateandenterintoaModeratedCaucus on the topic ‘Sources of funding for Terrorist Organisations’, for a total time of 20minutes,witheachspeakerspeakingfor60seconds.”

(IftheAgendaisTerrorism,thenSub-topicscanbeCauses,RegionalTerrorism,Solutions,etc.)

• Thismotionneedsasimplemajorityvote(50%+1)inorderforittopass.

• However,theExecutivemayrulesuchamotionoutoforderifitisnotwordedproperlyorincaseitisoutofthescopeoftheagenda.

• As the agendas can be quite multilayered, Delegates are urged to use moderatedcaucuses to focusdebateanddiscussiononpartsof themainagendaso that it canbebrokendownandresolved.

• AmoderatedcaucusispresidedoverbytheExecutiveBoard,andDelegateswishingtospeakmustraisetheirplacardswhenasked,sothattheymayberecognisedimmediatelyafterthepreviousspeaker.

• ADelegatecanberecognisedmultipletimesinamoderatedcaucus,butnotimmediatelyaftertheyhavejustspoken.

• The difference between a GSL and a Moderated Caucus Speech is that there is noprovisionforYields,thus,allthequestions,answersandargumentshavetobeFitintothetimeslotyouaregivenforthespeech.

• Anothermotionisfortheextensionofamoderatedcaucus.Itmaybecalledforifanydelegatewishestofurtherdiscusstheissueathand.Thismotionisthenputtovoteandrequiresasimplemajoritytopass.

UN-MODERATED CAUCUS

“TheDelegateofCountrywouldliketosuspenddebateandmoveintoanUn-moderatedCaucusforaTotalTimeof____minutes”.

• OnlythetotaltimeneedstobespeciFiedwhenraisingthismotion.Whenitisputtovote,itrequiresasimplemajoritytopass.

• Anun-moderatedcaucuswouldmeanthatDelegatescan informally interactwith theirco-Delegateswithoutmoderationby theExecutiveBoard.They canutilise this time todiscusspertinentissueswithintheirblocs,oritcanbeusedtoframedraftresolutions,workingpapersoramendments,dependinguponthestagethecommitteeisat.

MOTION TO TABLE DEBATE

Duringthediscussionofanymatter,thecommitteemayconsideramotiontotabledebateon the item under discussion at the recommendation of the Chair or any Delegate. If themotionisseconded,tworepresentativesmayspeakinfavourof,andtwoagainstthemotion.Then, the motion shall immediately be put to a vote. A two-thirds majority(substantivemajority)isrequiredforpassage.

Ifamotiontotabledebateispassed,thetopicisconsideredtabledandnofurtheractionsorvoteswill be takenon it.A topicmaybe reintroduced to the committee so thatdebate canresumethroughthesameprocess.Themotiontoresumedebateonatabledtopicshallalsorequireatwo-thirdsmajorityforpassage.

CLOSURE OF DEBATE

Adelegatemayatanytimemovefortheclosureofdebateontheitemunderdiscussion,afterwhichdebatewillendandalldraftresolutionsandamendmentswillbeputtoanimmediatevote. Permission to speak on the closure of debate shall be accorded only to two speakersopposingtheclosure,afterwhichthemotionshallbeimmediatelyputtoavote.Thismotionrequiresatwo-thirdsmajoritydecision.UponpassageofthismotiontheExecutiveBoardshalldeclaretheclosureofdebateandimmediatelymoveintovotingprocedureonthesubstantiveproposalsintroducedandpendingbeforethecommittee(thesemaybeamendmentsordraftresolutions). The committee shall also close debate by default, and move into votingprocedurewhenthespeakerslisthasbeenexhausted.

ADJOURNMENT OF THE MEETING

Duringthediscussionofanymatter,adelegatemaymovefortheadjournmentofthemeeting.Suchamotionshallnotbedebatedbutshallbeimmediatelyputtoavote.Afteradjournment,thecommitteeshallreconveneat itsnextregularlyscheduledmeetingtime;adjournmentoftheFinalmeetingshalladjournthesession.

Reasons to propose an Unmoderated Caucus

• If the committee feels that certain clariFicationsneed tobemade regardingtheagendawhich formaldebate isnotpermitting, or thedelegateswish togivingacertaindirectiontodebatewithconsensus.

• To startworking on theDraftResolution and to prepare ofFicial committeedocumentation.Lobbyingisrequiredtopersuadecountriestojoinabloc,anditformsanintegralpartofbeingaNegotiator.

SPECIAL MOTIONS

Right Of Reply

TheChairmayrecognisetheRightofReplyonlyininstancesofagravepersonalinsult.RightsofReplymustbesubmittedinwritingtotheChairasa\irststep,andmayonlybegrantedafter a speech is completed. The Chair shall inform the Secretariat of the circumstancessurroundingtheRightofReply.Norulingonthismatterissubjecttoappeal.

Appeal to the Chair’s Decision

An appeal ismadewhen a delegate feels that amember of the Executive Board hasmadeanincorrectruling.TheDelegateformallychallengesthesaidmemberinwritingbysendinganotetothedais,movingtoappealtheChair'sdecision.TheappealwillbetakentotheSecretariat,whowilldecide if theappealshallbeconsideredornot.Once themotion isacknowledged, theAdvisorswill hear fromboth theDelegate and theChairbefore takingadecision.

RESOLUTION PROCESS

Committee Debate - Multiple Moderated Caucuses and GSL Speeches

Formation of Working Papers and their discussion

Mergers and clarifications, formation of Draft Resolutions

Verification by EB, Amendment Procedure

Voting Process

WORKING PAPER

AWorkingPapermaybe introducedon the Floorat anypointof timeafterviable solutionshaveemerged.Thisdocument isaroughdraftof thesolutionsthatthecommitteememberswishtorecommendfortheagendaathand.Ithasnoformatassuch.MorethanoneWorkingPapercanbemadeinacommittee.Aworkingpaperhasonlysignatories,notsponsors.

Discussion of the Working Papers is done through a Moderated Caucus. Working Papersshould ideally bemerged, so that all the ideas that the variousmembers of the committeehavecanbeconsolidatedintoaDraftResolution.However,thesameisnotadvisedincasethereasons fordifferencesariseoutof foreignpolicyconcerns.Afterdiscussionof theWorkingpaper, an Un-moderated Caucus can ensue to Finalise the merger and/or edit the DraftResolution.

DRAFT RESOLUTION

Adraftresolutionmaybeintroducedwhenithastherequirednumberofsignatoriesandtheapproval of the Executive Board. A Draft Resolution requires 20% of support from thecommitteetobeintroduced.TherespectiveExecutiveBoardshallintimatethemaximumnumberofSponsorstotheCouncil.

What are Sponsors and Signatories?

SPONSORS: Countries having read ALL the points of the draft resolution, agreeing to itcompletely.SponsorshavetovoteaYEStothedraftresolutionwhenitgoestovoting.Theycannotvotea‘no’or‘abstain’fromvoting.

SIGNATORIES: All countries thatwish tomerely hear the draft resolution being discussed.Theyhavenoobligationregardingvoting, theycanvoteyes,noorabstainas theywishandaccordingtotheirrollcall.

TIP FOR WORKING PAPERS

AWorkingpaperinDraftResolutionFormatminustheRomannumbering,ortheclauses,canhelpthedelegatesformattheworkingpaperintoadraftresolutionatalater

pointoftime.

STRUCTURE OF THE DRAFT RESOLUTION

Preambulatory Clauses

The preamble of a draft resolution states the reasons for which the committee isaddressing the topicandhighlightspast internationalactionon the issue. Each clausebegins with a present participle (called a preambulatory phrase) and ends with a comma.Preambulatoryclausescaninclude:

• ReferencestotheUNCharter;

• CitationsofpastUNresolutionsortreatiesonthetopicunderdiscussion;

• MentionsofstatementsmadebytheSecretary-GeneralorarelevantUNbodyoragency;

• Recognitionoftheeffortsofregionalornongovernmentalorganisationsindealingwiththeissue;and

• Generalstatementsonthetopic,itssigniFicanceanditsimpact.

RESOLUTION WRITING

Beforeitispassedbythecommittee,aResolutionisreferredtoasaDraftResolution.DraftResolutionsshouldideallydealwithideasandopinionspresentedinworkingpapersandexistingresolutions,aswellasnewideasandinnovations.ItisimportantthataFinalresolutionhastopresentawellthoughtout,feasiblesolutionthatwillsolvethecrisisathandeitherthroughshort-termorlong-termmeasures.EveryDelegate’sorBloc’sDraftResolutionshouldpresentthesamelogicalFlowthatwillbepresentintheFinalresolution.

ADelegate,havingformedallianceswithotherDelegates,isexpectedtoadheretosuchalliancesorgroups(calledblocs)basedonsimilarideology.ButitisimportanttonotethatFloutinginternationallawsand/orgoingagainstone’sforeignpolicywhiledraftingtheResolutioncaneasilyresultinaDelegatebeingmarkeddownbytheExecutiveBoardandmightalsoinvitecriticismfromfellowDelegates.However,forming“strategicalliances”andmakingrelevantpolicychanges,whichineffectwillbeneFittheirrespectivecountriesinamannerthat’salsoconducivetotheworkingofthecouncil,willbeconsideredcrucialfortheentireresolutionmakingprocess,andbeappreciatedbytheExecutiveBoard.

TimeandagainithasbeennoticedthatDelegatescomeupwiththeformationofnewcommittees/subcommissionsintheDraftResolutionasameanstofacilitatetheconsensusbuildingprocess.Itisnotdiscouraged.However,itisimportantfortheDelegatestoclearlydeFinethemandate,structure,functioningandfundingofthecommission/committeesuggestedtobeformed,alsotobetakenintoaccountisproperresearchregardingsuchcommittees,whichinmostcases,existalready.Thisclearlywillbealottimeconsumingandthus,Delegateshavetomakeaninformedchoice.

Operative Clauses

Operative clauses offer solutions to issues addressed earlier in the preamble of aresolution.Theseclausesareactionorientedandshould includebothanunderlinedverbatthebeginningofyoursentencefollowedbytheproposedsolution.Eachclauseshouldfollowthefollowingprincipals:

• Clauseshouldbenumberedas1,2,3,etc.;

• Eachclauseshouldsupportoneanotherandcontinuetobuildyoursolution,trytoplacesolutionstooneaspecttogetherratherthanhavingthemspreadoutinthedraft;

• Adddetails to your clauses as sub-points, in order tohave a complete solution that isself-explanatory, comprehensive, and that can be implemented by a country withoutinterpretation;

• Operativeclausesendwithasemicolon,withtheexceptionofyourlastoperativeclausethatshouldendwithafullstop.

AMENDMENT PROCEDURE (IN THE ORDER OF DISRUPTION)

ApproveddraftresolutionsaremodiFiedthroughamendments.Anamendmentisawrittenstatement that adds, deletes or revises an operative clause in a draft resolution. Theamendmentprocessisusedtostrengthenconsensusonaresolutionbyallowingdelegatestochange certain sections. There are two types of amendments according to the supportfromtheauthor(s)orsponsor(s)oftheDraftResolution:

ADDITION/DELETION/MODIFICATION AMENDMENT

FRIENDLY/UNFRIENDLY

ORIGINAL CLAUSE

________________________________________________________________________________________________

MODIFIED CLAUSE

________________________________________________________________________________________________

SUBMITTED BY ______________

1. Afriendlyamendment isachangetotheDraftResolutionthatallsponsorsagreewith.Aftertheamendmentissignedbyallofthedraftresolution's sponsors and approved by theCommitteeDirectororViceChairperson;itwillbe automatically incorporated into theresolution.

2. An unfriendly amendment is a change thatoneormoresponsorsoftheDraftResolutiondonot support and must be voted upon by thecommittee. The author(s) of the amendmentwill need to obtain a required number ofsignatoriesinordertointroduceit(usually20%of the committee). Prior to voting on the draftresolution, the committee votes on allunfriendlyamendments.

Therearethreetypesofamendmentsaccordingtothekindofchange itproposestotheDraftResolution:

1. AdditionAmendment:ThisseekstoaddaclausetotheproposedDraftResolution.Theclause,ifadded,becomesthelastpointoftheoriginalDraftResolution.

2. Deletion Amendment: This amendment seeks to remove/delete a clause from theoriginalDraftResolution.

3. Modi\icationAmendment:ThisistoallowforchangesofanykindwithintheclausesintheoriginalDraftResolution.Forthis,thecompleteoriginalclausehastobewrittenFirst,followed by the fully amended Clause. Make sure that the part being changed in theoriginal clause, and the part that has been changed in the modiFied clause, both areunderlined.

NOTE:AllUnfriendlyAmendmentswillbevotedupon,andneedthesamesubstantivemajoritytopassthataDraftResolutiondoes.Forexample,inaSecurityCounciltheyrequire2/3rdmajority,whereasinmostothercommitteestheyrequire50%+1majority.AllFriendlyAmendmentsarepassedautomatically.

Ultimately, resolutions passed by acommittee represent a great deal ofdebateandcompromise.TheyarethetangibleresultsofhoursifnotdaysofModel UN debate. As a result, it isimportant to become familiar withthe resolution process and practicedraftingresolutionsusingtheproperstructure and wording. A misplacedcomma, or even a full stop inbetween, can change the entirenatureoftheDraftResolution.

DRAFT RESOLUTION AND VOTING

Each countrywill have one vote.Delegates, depending onwhether theyhave saidPresent/PresentandVotingintheirrollcall,canvoteeither“Yes”,“No”,“Abstain”,or“Pass”.

• ADraftResolutionneedsthreethingsbeforeitcanbeintroducedtotheFloor. First, it needs the signatures (but not approval) of at least 1/5th of the totalmembers.Beingasignatoryinnowaynecessitatesimplicitapprovalfortheresolution.BeingasignatorymerelyimpliesthattheRepresentativefeelsthattheresolutionshouldbeintroducedtoformaldebate. Secondly,aresolutionneedstopresentalogical,simpleandaboveallfeasiblesolutiontothe situation at hand. Working papers may contain the most imaginative andcreative ideas, but in a resolution these ideas have to stand up against the realworld. If the Executive Board feels that the solutions presented in the resolution areimprobable, s/hewill not approve the same to be introduced in committee. TheDraftResolutionhastobecoherentandconsistent.Whatthismeansisthatwhenyousettheintent in the preambulatory clauses, the operative clauses should address thoseproblemsandnotdeviate. Thirdly,aresolutionneedsauthors,whowillactuallybesponsors(althoughtheyarenot of\icially recognized as such), andwho arewilling to amend and emend theresolution until it suits the majority, without compromising the meaning, ordiluting the essence of the solutions or original premises of the resolution. Theamendment has to be presented in resolution format, and along with it a short notespecifyingwhichpartsoftheresolutionneedtobeamendedshouldbeadded.

• ThereisonlyoneFinalresolution.Ifaresolutionpasses,allothercompetingresolutionswillhavefailedautomatically.Incasemultipleresolutionsaddressdifferentpartsofthe issue, and none of their solutions clash in implementation, then multipleresolutionscanbepassedaswell.

• Voting proceeds in three rounds– in the First ofwhichvoting rights canbeasked for.Rightsareexplanationsgenerallypermittedonlytosponsorswhowishtosaynototheirowndrafts.IftheRepresentativewishestochangehis/hervoteinthesecondround,his/herrightsarenullandvoid.The First tworoundsproceed inalphabeticalorderbyrollcall and the lastby showofplacards.However, themethodof theVotingprocess isuptotheExecutiveBoardofeachcommittee.

• “TheDelegateofCountrywishestoClosedebateandmoveintothevotingprocedure." Toclosedebateonanagendaandmoveintovotingprocess.Nofurtherdiscussiontakesplaceuntilavotehasbeenconductedforthedraftresolutions.

SAMPLE RESOLUTION

ResolutionGA/3/1.1

GeneralAssemblyThirdCommittee

Sponsors: UnitedStates,AustriaandItalySignatories:Greece,Tajikistan,Japan,Canada,Mali,theNetherlandsandGabonAgenda: "Strengthening UN coordination of humanitarian assistance in complex

emergencies”

TheGeneralAssembly,

Remindingallnationsofthecelebrationofthe50thanniversaryoftheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,whichrecognisestheinherentdignity,equalityandinalienablerightsofallglobalcitizens,[usecommastoseparatepreambulatoryclauses]

Reaf?irmingitsResolution33/1996of25July1996,whichencouragesGovernmentstoworkwith UN bodies aimed at improving the coordination and effectiveness of humanitarianassistance,

NotingwithsatisfactionthepasteffortsofvariousrelevantUNbodiesandnongovernmentalorganisations,

StressingthefactthattheUnitedNationsfacessigniFicantFinancialobstaclesandisinneedofreform,particularlyinthehumanitarianrealm,

1. Encouragesall relevantagenciesof theUnitedNations tocollaboratemorecloselywithcountries at the grassroots level to enhance the carrying out of relief efforts; [usesemicolonstoseparateoperativeclauses]

2. Urgesmember states to complywith the goals of theUNDepartment ofHumanitarianAffairstostreamlineeffortsofhumanitarianaid;

3. Requests that all nations develop rapid deployment forces to better enhance thecoordinationofreliefeffortsofhumanitarianassistanceincomplexemergencies;

4. Calls for the development of a United Nations Trust Fund that encourages voluntarydonations from theprivate transnational sector toaid in funding the implementationofrapiddeploymentforces;

5. Stresses the continuing need for impartial and objective information on the political,economicandsocialsituationsandeventsofallcountries;

6. Calls upon states to respond quickly and generously to consolidated appeals forhumanitarianassistance;and;

7. Requests the expansion of preventive actions and assurance of post-conFlict assistancethroughreconstructionanddevelopment.[lastclausetoendwithfull-stop]

DIVISION OF QUESTION

• ThereexistsamotionforDivisionofQuestion,whereintheentireDraftResolutionisdividedintopartsandeachpartisvotedupononebyone.

• Inorderforthismotiontobepassed,itrequiresa2/3rdmajority.Afterthemotionisraised,theExecutiveBoardmightaskforSeconds.S/hemayalsoopenaProvisionalSpeakers’Listforthemotion.

• Oncepassed,theentireresolutionisdividedintoasmanypartsasthecommitteerequires.

• Oncethepartsaremade,votingisdoneforeachparttakesplaceonebyone.AllthepartspassedbythecommitteeformtheFinalResolution,whereasthefailedpartsformtheAnnexuretotheFinalResolution.

CRISIS

ACrisisSituationisintroducedinallcommitteesseparatelyon one of the days. It is basically a hypothetical situationgiven to the Committee to test the delegates on theirpreparedness.ItalsoteststheirabilitytobehavelikeactualDiplomatsandshowcasetheirdiplomaticskills,byutilisinggeneral and specialised research, and the rationale andlogic they possess. Their task is to then solve the crisisissue presented to them as quickly and efFiciently aspossible,soastoresumenormaldebateontheagendas.

FLOW OF DEBATE

Roll Call

Establish Quorum

Setting the Order of the Agenda (PSL)

Opening the General Speakers’ List (GSL)

GSL Speech and Yields

Points

Moderated Caucus (Topic, Total Time, Individual Time)

Unmoderated Caucus (Total Time)

Formation of Working Papers

Verification and Approval of Working Papers (By EB)

Discussion, Mergers and/or formation of blocs

Formation of Draft Resolution

Approval of Draft Resolution (by EB)

Discussion and Mergers

Amendment Procedure

Closure of Debate

Voting Procedure for Draft Resolution

Passage or failure of Draft Resolution