MODEL ANWER TEST 1 MODULE 2[ DIRECTION IAS

MODEL ANWER TEST ‐1 MODULE 2[ DIRECTION IAS

Ques. 1. Write short notes on the following (a) Smart Cities Ans. (a) The conceptualization of Smart City, therefore, varies from city to city and country to country, depending on the level of development, willingness to change and reform, resources and aspirations of the city residents. A smart city would have a different connotation in India than, say, Europe. Even in India, there is no one way of defining a smart city. Some definitional boundaries are required to guide cities in the Mission. In the imagination of any city dweller in India, the picture of a smart city contains a wish list of infrastructure and services that describes his or her level of aspiration. To provide for the aspirations and needs of the citizens, urban planners ideally aim at developing the entire urban eco-system, which is represented by the four pillars of comprehensive development-institutional, physical, social and economic infrastructure. This can be a long term goal and cities can work towards developing such comprehensive infrastructure incrementally, adding on layers of 'smartness'. Strategy The strategic components of area-based development in the Smart Cities Mission are city improvement (retrofitting), city renewal (redevelopment) and city extension (Greenfield development) plus a Pan-city initiative in which Smart Solutions are applied covering larger parts of the city. Below are given the deigns of the three models of Area-based smart city development: Retrofitting will introduce planning in an existing built-up area to achieve smart city objectives, along with other objectives, to make the existing area more efficient and livable. In retrofitting, an area consisting of more than 500 acres will be identified by the city in consultation with citizens. Depending on the existing level of infrastructure services in the identified area and the vision of the residents, the cities will prepare a strategy to become smart. Since existing structures are largely to remain intact in this model, it is expected that more intensive infrastructure service levels and a large number of smart applications will be packed into the retrofitted smart city. This strategy may also be completed in a shorter time frame, leading to its replication in another part of the city. Redevelopment will effect a replacement of the existing built-up environment and enable co-creation of a new layout with enhanced infrastructure using mixed land use and increased density. Redevelopment envisages an area of more than 50 acres, identified by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in consultation with citizens. For instance, a new layout plan of the identified area will be prepared with mixed land-use, higher FSI and high ground coverage. Two examples of the redevelopment model are the Saifee Burhani Upliftment Project in Mumbai (also called the Bhendi Bazaar Project) and the redevelopment of East Kidwai Nagar in New Delhi being undertaken by the National Building Construction Corporation . Greenfield development will introduce most of the Smart Solutions in a previously vacant area (more than 250 acres) using innovative planning, plan financing and plan implementation tools (e.g. land pooling/ land reconstitution) with provision for affordable housing, especially for the poor. Greenfield developments are required around cities in order to address the needs of the expanding population. One well known example is the GIFT City in Gujarat. Unlike retrofitting


and redevelopment, Greenfield developments could be located either within the limits of the ULB or within the limits of the local Urban Development Authority (UDA). Pan-city development envisages application of selected Smart Solutions to the existing city-wide infrastructure. Application of Smart Solutions will involve the use of technology, information and data to make infrastructure and services better. For example, applying Smart Solutions in the transport sector (intelligent traffic management system) and reducing average commute time or cost of citizens will have positive effects on productivity and quality of life of citizens. Another example can be waste water recycling and smart metering which can make a huge contribution to better water management in the city. The smart city proposal of each shortlisted city is expected to encapsulate either a retrofitting or redevelopment or greenfield development model, or a mix thereof and a Pan-city feature with Smart Solution(s). It is important to note that pan-city is an additional feature to be provided. Since smart city is taking a compact area approach, it is necessary that all the city residents feel there is something in it for them also. Therefore, the additional requirement of some (at least one) city-wide smart solution has been put in the scheme to make it inclusive. For North Eastern and Himalayan States, the area proposed to be developed will be one-half of what is prescribed for any of the alternative models - retrofitting, redevelopment or Greenfield development. (b) Challenges of urban floods Ans. (b) Urban flooding is specific in the fact that the cause is a lack of drainage in an urban area. As there is little open soil that can be used for water storage nearly all the precipitation needs to be transport to surface water or the sewage system. High intensity rainfall can cause flooding when the city sewage system and draining canals do not have the necessary capacity to drain away the amounts of rain that are falling. Water may even enter the sewage system in one place and then get deposited somewhere else in the city on the streets. Sometimes you see dancing drain covers. Flood is influenced by various factors-rainfall, river-flow and tidal-surge, topography, measure of flood-control, and alterations due to infrastructural. Some floods grow and discharge gradually, while others can develop in just a few minutes and recede quickly such as flash flood. Flood events are happening for the last many years and centuries but urban floods are getting studied moderately of late. Urban flooding is caused by heavy rainfall overwhelming drainage capacity. It already has large economic and social impacts. These are very likely to increase if no changes are made to the management of urban drainage Flood is influenced by various factors-rainfall, river-flow and tidal-surge, topography, measure of flood-control, and alterations due to infrastructural. Some floods grow and discharge gradually, while others can develop in just a few minutes and recede quickly such as flash flood. Flood events are happening for the last many years and centuries but urban floods are getting studied moderately of late. Urban flooding is caused by heavy rainfall overwhelming drainage capacity. It already has large economic and social impacts. These are very likely to increase if no changes are made to the management of urban drainage. Urban floods are a great disturbance of daily life in the city. Roads can be blocked; people can't go to work or to schools. The economic damages are high but the number of casualties is usually very limited, because of the nature of


the flood. The water slowly rises on the city streets. When the city is on flat terrain the flow speed is low and you can still see people driving through it. The water rises relatively slow and the water level usually does not reach life endangering heights .Then, if an intense rainfall burst occurs, causing a large amount of rain within a brief period, flash flooding may occur with little or no warning. We can split the definition into three separate components: urban flooding is

• caused by rain that • falls on impervious surfaces and • Overwhelms local storm water drainage capacity.

Each of these components—heavy precipitation (which is expected to become more frequent due to climate change), increased urbanization, and insufficient or outdated stormwater infrastructure—presents a challenge in and of itself. With urban flooding sitting at the intersection of all three, it's no wonder that this is a complex problem. Causes Urban floods are caused by natural events and anthropogenic activities. In Indian cities flooding is becoming frequent due to both human factors and meteorological/hydrological factors, with the former factor being more predominant. some of the issues contributing to urban floods are listed below • Planning issues: Increasing population, habitations coming up in low-lying areas,

encroachment on drainage channels and immediate upper catchment of hilly urban areas.

• Technical issues: Increased imperviousness leading to increased runoff as compared to drainage capacity, improper waste disposal resulting in clogged drains, high intensity – high load of runoff.

• Meteorological issues: Exacerbated by changing climate, resulting in extreme events, NASA studies indicate that the urban heat island effect alsoresults in increased rainfall over urban areas.

• Policy issues: Lack of integrated flood control implementing agency


(c) What are the morphology in rural India?


(d) List the defined characteristics of Indian urban pattern.


(e) What are squatter settlements? Outline the associated problems. Ans. (e) Slums are illegal urban settlements on public land and usually grow over a period of time in a constant and irregular manner. Despite this fact. Slums are considered as an integral part of urbanization and as a manifestation of the overall socioeconomic policies and planning in the urban sector. The existence and rapid growth of slums have been noted as a general urban phenomena common prevalent throughout the globe. Prominent examples in India includes, Dharavi Slum Mumbai ,Bhalswa Slum Delhi , Nochikuppam Slum Chennai, Basanti Slum Kolkata, Rajendra Nagar Slum Bangalore, Indiramma Nagar Hyderabad According to the United Nations agency UN-HABITAT, a slum is a run-down area of a city characterized by substandard housing and poverty and lacking in tenure security. Slums may also be described as “a chaotically occupied, unsystematically developed and generally neglected area, which is overpopulated by persons and overcrowded with ill-repaired and neglected structures. They have emerged out of the urban development process and are unplanned, unintended settlements ignored in the whole process of urban development. Population explosion and poverty force the urban poor to live in slums and that leads to an increase in the size of slums. Also, a regional imbalance in development creates rural to urban migration, thus increasing the overall urban population density which pressurizes the urban poor to move into slums.


In the past 15 years, India's urban population density has increased by 45%. It is further estimated that 40% of the population will live in urban areas by 2026. With increasingly densified urban population, there exists a huge demand for land. This shortage of land forces the urban poor to live in increasingly dense communities creating slums in the process. Rising material costs and labor costs resulting from labor shortage is another reason for the growth of slums as it makes developers unable to deliver affordable housing to the market. Issues arising from neglecting slum development

• Overcrowded homes, Sanitation Slums lack proper sanitation facilities. Even the common toilets that are used by the dwellers are not connected with proper sewage systems. At times a few households in the slums even share their room with another family.

• Meager income: With lack of education, slum dwellers have to opt for jobs such as rag picking, laborers and house servants. They earn a meager income, just enough to buy a day's meal.

• Water deficiency: Water is supplied only for a few hours per day. And with the number of people living in slums, one wonders, is that enough? And no, we haven't even mentioned pure water yet!

• Contaminated water With no proper sewage system and sanitation facility, people living in slums get exposed to contaminated water. This in turn gives rise to a number of health hazards.

• Slums act as a magnet for the rural poor by attracting them towards city life. This it does by partially blinding them from the hardships that accompany life in the city.

• People living in slum areas are also prone to suffer from waterborne diseases such as typhoid and cholera, as well as from more fatal ones like cancer and HIV/AIDS.

• Also, women and children living in slums are prone to become victims of social evils like prostitution, beggary and child trafficking. Slum dwellers in general and regardless of gender, often become victims of such social evils.

• Slum areas are also commonly believed to be places that generate a high incidence of crime. This is due to official neglect towards education, law and order, and government services in slum areas.

• Then, the majority of slum dwellers in a developing country earn their living from the informal sector which neither provides them with financial security nor with enough earnings for a decent living, keeping them firmly within the vicious cycle of poverty.

• Lastly, hunger, malnourishment, lack of quality education, high infant mortality, child marriage, child labor are some of the other social problems prevalent in slums.

Way Forward :There is also a need for future policies to support the livelihoods of the urban poor by enabling urban informal-sector activities to flourish and develop. Slum policies should be integrated within broader, people-focused urban poverty reduction policies that address the various dimensions of poverty. Slums should be developed because developing slums also trigger local economic development, improve urban mobility and connectivity, and integrate the slums, which are enormous economically productive spheres, into the physical and socioeconomic fabric of the wider city.


Ques. 2. (a) Examine how changing climate and epidemics are related in Indian context. Ans. 2 (a) Climate change has the potential to influence the earth's biological systems, however, its effects on human health are not well defined. Developing nations with limited resources are expected to face a host of health effects due to climate change, including vector-borne and water-borne diseases such as malaria, cholera, and dengue. The common and prevalent infectious diseases in India, their links to climate change, also involve complex social and demographic factors. These include human population density and behavior, housing type and location, water supply, sewage and waste management systems, land use and irrigation systems, availability and use of vector control program, access to health care, and general environmental hygiene. Climate change and health in India The effects of climate change on human health in India is a broad topic, covering areas from extreme weather events to shifts in vector-borne diseases. Floods create conducive environments for numerous health consequences resulting from disease transmission. In India increase in diarrhoeal disease, cholera, dysentery, and typhoid is of specific concern. Flooding can also contribute to increased vector-and rodent-borne and other infectious diseases. For example, collections of stagnant water provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes, potentially aiding in the spread of malaria Rising sea-surface temperatures are expected to increase tropical cyclone intensity and the height of storm surges. Although cyclones originating in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea have decreased in frequency, these have increased in intensity, causing significant damage in India . Public health effects of cyclones include diseases and illnesses associated with the loss of clean water, hygiene, and sanitation, loss of shelter and belongings, population displacement, toxic exposures, and hunger and malnutrition risk due to food scarcity. Water-borne diseases A warmer climate could cause water-borne diseases to become more frequent, including cholera and diarrhoeal diseases such as giardiasis, salmonellosis, and cryptosporidiosis. Diarrhoeal diseases are already a major cause of morbidity and mortality in India, particularly among children. Cholera is a well-known water-borne diarrhoeal disease that has afflicted humankind since ancient times. A relationship has been observed between increase in sea-surface temperature and the onset of cholera epidemics, with the cholera outbreaks following the seasonal rise and fall in sea-surface height and temperature. Increases in cholera bacterial populations associated with plankton blooms in spring and summer have been noted off the coasts of several Latin American countries and in Bangladesh. Malaria Malaria is one of the most serious and complex public health problems. Changes in temperature, rainfall, humidity, and immunity levels also affect malaria transmission. All these factors can interact to affect adult mosquito densities and the development of the Plasmodium parasite within the mosquito Both the parasite and the mosquito that houses the parasite are susceptible to temperature changes. At temperatures close to the physiological tolerance limit of the parasite, a small increase in temperature can kill the parasite, thereby decreasing malaria transmission. At lower


temperatures, however, a small increase in temperature can greatly increase the risk of malaria transmission due to increased numbers of mosquitoes. Other environmental changes can also affect malaria transmission. For example, deforestation might elevate local temperatures and changes in housing types might change indoor temperatures where vectors spend most of the time resting. Deforestation, vegetation clearance, and irrigation can form open pools preferred by malaria vectors and thus increase transmission. The multi factorial nature of malaria causation does not lend itself easily to a simple model of disease prediction. To determine the role of climate change in malaria transmission, research efforts will be required that incorporate a disease surveillance system combining trend analyses

from multiple sites to account for local factors. The first operationally useful early warning system for epidemic malaria was implemented in India. The system combined human and meteorology factors to provide about a month's lead-time of epidemic risk. Rainfall alone accounted for about 45 per cent of the variation in malaria transmission. By the 2050s, the geographic range of malaria vectors is projected to shift away from central regions toward southwestern and northern States. The duration of the transmission window is likely to widen in northern and western States and shorten in southern States. Malaria is likely to persist in Orissa, West Bengal, and southern parts of Assam. It might shift from central India to the southwestern coastal States (Maharashtra, Kerala, and Karnataka). The northern States might also become prone. The duration of exposure is likely to widen in north and west India, and shorten in south India Other vector-borne diseases Climate change might affect other diseases endemic to India. These include mosquito-borne diseases such as chikungunya fever and dengue, parasitic diseases such as leishmaniasis, lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis, and tick-borne diseases, which may exhibit changes in transmission intensity or shifts in their geographical ranges due to the impact of climate on the relevant vector populations. Climatic factors might also influence human plague, a bacterial disease carried by rodents and transmitted by fleas. Temperature and rainfall are important determinants of rodent population abundance and distribution. Combined with the influence of temperature and humidity on flea survival and development, changes in any of these climatic components may result in changes in plague incidence. Murine typhus, a rickettsial disease, is also transmitted by fleas and thus may exhibit similar climate sensitivity. Way Forward : Health care providers will need to address at the primary level the negative health outcomes associated with climate change in India. Physicians should expect increasing cases of the infectious diseases. There will likely be a rise in demand for emergency medicine services such as urgent and ambulatory care. Emerging vector-borne diseases may first appear at


these emergency care facilities. Expanded surveillance activities could detect shifting patterns of disease distribution so that emergency department personnel would be aware of emerging threats. Many other fields of health care in India could be impacted by climate change, including family practice, internal medicine, paediatrics, geriatrics, and psychiatry. Climate impacts in India will not be uniform. Those of low socio-economic status will likely to be the most affected by the health impacts of climate change, as they have the least adaptive capacity. As India's economy continues to expand, the growing middle class presents a unique situation. While rising out of poverty will improve sanitation levels and living conditions, thus increasing resilience to infectious diseases, it will also lead to higher consumption patterns that can initiate new health problems while leading to more carbon pollution. (b) What is malnutrition? Outline the causes of it in Indian children. Malnutrition refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person's intake of energy and/or nutrients. The term malnutrition covers 2 broad groups of conditions. One is 'under nutrition'—which includes stunting (low height for age), wasting (low weight for height), underweight (low weight for age) and micronutrient deficiencies or insufficiencies (a lack of important vitamins and minerals). The other is overweight, obesity and diet-related no communicable diseases (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes and cancer). Malnutrition especially that affecting young children is one of the principle public health problems in the developing world like India. A new report, 'Food and Nutrition Security Analysis, India, 2019', published by the Government of India and the United Nations World Food Program, states that even after 70 years of independence, still hundreds of millions of India's poorest and vulnerable citizens are living in hunger. Despite rapid economic growth, declining levels of poverty, enough food to export, and a multiplicity of government program, malnutrition amongst the poorest remains high. Vulnerable Pockets and Sections in India : As mentioned, the highest levels of stunting and underweight are found in Jharkhand, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra. Few states have a very high burden of malnutrition. The poorest quintile of the population is the most vulnerable in terms of stunting. In addition to the earlier mentioned states, the two poorest quintile groups in Haryana, Meghalaya, Karnataka, Rajasthan and Punjab have high levels of stunting. At the national level, among social groups, the prevalence of stunting is highest amongst children from the Scheduled Tribes (43.6 percent), followed by Scheduled Casts (42.5 percent) and Other Backwards Casts (38.6 percent). The prevalence of stunting in children from Scheduled Tribes in Rajasthan, Odisha and Meghalaya is high while stunting in children from both Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes is high in Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh and Karnataka. Prevalence of Multiple Types of Malnutrition among Children : Multiple burden of malnutrition is the coexistence of any two or all three measures of malnutrition: stunting, wasting and underweight. The analysis of NFHS-4 reveals 6.4 percent of children under five are both stunted and wasted and also are underweight, while 18.1 percent of children are both stunted and underweight and 7.9 percent of children are both wasted and underweight. This analysis helps in


identifying the most vulnerable section where children are suffering from multiple forms of macronutrient malnutrition. Micronutrient Malnutrition: Vitamin A, iron and iodine deficiency disorders are the most common forms of micronutrient malnutrition in the world. Supplementation and fortification are the main ways to deal with these deficiencies at a large scale. In India, only 60 percent of children aged 9-59 months received Vitamin-A supplements in 2017-18, and 13 out of 36 states are lagging behind the national average including some larger states and the north-eastern states. In terms of fortification, around 93 percent of households were using iodized salt in 2018 which is very positive. Anaemia Prevalence: Iron deficiency anaemia remains a major public health concern in India where half of women 15- 49 years of age are anaemic, regardless of age, residence or pregnancy status. In the last decade, anaemia among women of reproductive age decreased by only 2.3 percentage points; an annual decline of 0.4 percent. The prevalence of anaemia is highest among children in Haryana (71.7 percent), followed by Jharkhand (69.9 percent) and Madhya Pradesh (68.9 percent). Socio-Economic Determinants of Malnutrition among Children : Just over half the children born to mothers with no schooling are stunted, compared with 24 percent of children born to mothers with 12 or more years of schooling. The prevalence of underweight in children with uneducated mothers is 47 percent compared to 22 percent for those whose mothers have some education. By wealth quintile, the prevalence of malnutrition decreases steadily with increased wealth. Malnutrition is relatively more prevalent among Scheduled Tribes than Scheduled Castes at national level, while considerable variation exists between states. There is a strong negative correlation between stunting and improved sanitation.

• 195.9 million people are undernourished in India. By this measure 14.8% of the population is undernourished in India.

• The Global Hunger Index 2018 ranks India at 103 out of 119 countries on the basis of three leading indicators - prevalence of wasting and stunting in children under 5 years, under 5 child mortality rate, and the proportion of undernourished in the population.

• India's efforts at improving access to food and good nutrition are led by the National Food Security Act. In spite of such interventions, 14.5% of the population suffers from undernourishment, going by the UN's assessment for 2014-16. At the national level, 53% of women are anaemic, Health Ministry data show.

• The government's National Nutrition Mission (renamed as Poshan Abhiyaan) aims to reduce stunting (a measure of malnutrition that is defined as height that is significantly below the norm for age) by 2% a year, bringing down the proportion of stunted children in the population to 25% by 2022. But even this modest target will require doubling the current annual rate of reduction in stunting. A year after it was launched, State and Union Territory governments have only used 16% of the funds allocated to them.

• Anganwadis are key to the distribution of services to mothers and children. But many States, including Bihar and Odisha, which have large vulnerable populations, are struggling to set up functioning anganwadis, and recruit staff.

Population Policies: The main cause of poverty and hunger is the fast growth of population. The control of population growth, therefore, should get the top priority, particularly in the developing


countries. Population control measures like awareness campaigns, sterilization etc. must be adopted. The population control will require rapid economic growth, research and the implementation of strict population policies. Greater Agricultural Productivity: Green Revolution has failed to eradicate hunger from the developing world. The HYV need heavy doses of chemical fertilisers and adequate supply of water through controlled irrigation. These costly inputs are beyond the reach of marginal and small farmers of the Third World countries. There is a need to develop drought resistant crops which may be diffused in the areas of deficient rainfall. New areas and cultivable wastelands should be brought under cultivation to increase agricultural production. This will ensure increased productivity at lower costs and increase accessibility to food. Expansion of Agriculture in New Areas : At present, only 10 per cent of the total area of the land surface is under cultivation. Some experts opine that the present cultivated area could be tripled. The possibility should be explored to increase more food production. Land Reforms : It has been found that wherever land reform measures have been taken, production of crops has gone up substantially. In order to maintain the fertility of the soil the farmers have to invest in farm management. A tenant farmer cannot take a decision about the development of fields. The need for land reform is nearly worldwide. Unfortunately, progress in this area is too much slow. Search for Alternative Food : It is urgently needed at the global level to protect the ocean resources while they are used. Until quite recently, only a few species of marine fauna were endangered by overfishing as whales. E.g. Aquaculture i.e. the raising of fish in enclosure provide a great alternative source of food. Food distribution System : The food distribution system needs to be strengthened. Food storage facilities must be restored and steps should be taken to protect stored grains from rodents. Although there are many leakages issue in public distribution system, still it provides food for many. Efforts must be made to stop leakages. (c) Why India needs to tame its demographic changes? Ans. (c) While the global population is still growing; some countries are experiencing a decrease in their total population. Virtually all countries are experiencing population ageing. Two-thirds of the projected growth of the global population through 2050 will be driven by current age structures and would occur even if childbearing in high-fertility countries today were to fall immediately to around two births per woman over a lifetime. This is true because the large population of children and youth in such countries will reach reproductive age over the next few decades and begin to have children of their own. More than half of the projected increase in the global population up to 2050 will be concentrated in just nine countries: the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, the United Republic of Tanzania, and the United States of America. Disparate population growth rates among the world's largest countries will re-order their ranking by size: for example, India is projected to surpass China as the world's most populous country around 2027.


In 2018, for the first time in history, persons aged 65 years or over worldwide outnumbered children under age five. Projections indicate that by 2050 there will be more than twice as many persons above 65 as children under five. By 2050, the number of persons aged 65 years or over globally will also surpass the number of adolescents and youth aged 15 to 24 years. India is expected to overtake China to become the world's most populous country. But UN projections show India's population growth has almost stabilized, and in the not-too-distant future, the country's population will start declining. India's Fertility Rate has dropped to 2.2 Globally, a fertility rate of 2.1 is considered the replacement rate. Meaning an average of 2.1 babies per woman will keep the present numbers intact.

In just 2 years, only Bihar will have a fertility rate above replacement level

• According to the 2011 census, there were 11 states

with fertility rates higher than 2.1. Projections by the International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) show that by 2031 all major states, including Bihar, will have below-replacement fertility rate.

• The most recent Economic Survey cited demographic projections to slow rapidly over the next decades, growing less than 1%

annually during 2021- 31 and under 0.5% during 2031-41. • For most states, fertility rate is projected to fall below replacement level by 2021, and

n is expected to overtake China's. after that

in

will continue growing through the century, hitting 3 billion in the

ions saw fertility rates drop; sharpest fall among Muslims r the education level,

lower the fertility rate. This is borne out by the prosperous Jain community, which has India's lowest fertility rate.

hence population will grow only because of continued rise in life expectancy. • Our population will peak in 2060 • In the mid-2020s, India's populatio• India's population will peak at 1.65 billion in 2060 and begin dipping

according to UN projections, though some demographers expect the decline to begdecades earlier.

• Africa, however,2060s.

• All relig• Fertility rate is largely driven by affluence and education. Highe


Lowest sex ratio might mean higher replacement rate The 2.1 replacement rate is based on the assumption that the number of male and female babies born is equal. But in India, the sex ratio fell to an all-time low of 896 in 2015-2017. This means

up and reproduce.

ex ratio at birth remains lower than the global norm of 929 to 80 (girls per 1,000 boys). Thus, there are

labor force participation rate in India.

ns. (a) India's rapid economic growth has been accompanied by falling fertility rates and increase in

omen entering the labor force, but there has been a surprising decline on this front in India.

the ountry is facing when it comes to jobs growth. But the fact that it is affecting women more than

acturing, to more women staying in education for longer, and persisting igma surrounding the idea of women working. As India grapples with boosting the number of

there are far fewer female babies being born who can grow

As of 2014-16, national s

9more men than women in the population when compared to the global average.This implies that the required replacement level fertility at the national and state level is higher than the usual benchmark of 2.1. Due to the skewed sex ratio, there would have to be more than 2.1 babies per woman for the population to replace itself from one generation to the next. Nationally, IIPS estimates effective replacement level fertility at around 2.15-2.2. For states like Haryana, Uttarakhand and Gujarat, it's 2.2-2.25. For other states, it's 2.1-2.2.

Ques. 3. (a) Examine the status of female Ahigher educational attainment among women. These advances often lead to an w Less than 30% of working-age women are currently in work compared to nearly 80% of men in India. The conspicuous absence of women in India's labor force is part of a wider issue cmen is a worrying trend for India, which tends to rank poorly in UN rankings like the Gender Development Index and Gender Inequality Index, and has historically had low shares of women participating in the labor market. Plus, the number of women working has been gradually falling over the last 30 years. There are a number of reasons for this, ranging from a lack of jobs growth in female-friendly sectors such as manufstjobs available to people – and young people especially – it must ensure it does not leave women behind in the process.


Global trends It is useful to understand India's experience against the global landscape. According to the latest estimates from the UN's International Labor Organization, the worldwide

bor force participation rate in 2018 for women aged 15-64 was 53% while it was 80.6% for

cess to quality education and underlying social, economic barriers miting the opportunities for women.

e introduction of digital and STEM (science, technology, engineering and athematics) education in schools, which in turn will introduce girls to various career

tion and automation that women who are largely employed in w skills and low paying jobs will lose their place in the workforce".

or gender inclusive work

of jobs in India is on the decline. This is a significant country with a burgeoning young population. In particular, India has

reater education leads to higher

n believe married women should not work if the husband earns reasonably well.

lasimilarly aged men. Since 1990, participation rates for both groups have shown an overall decline around the world. The female labor force participation in India has fallen to 26 per cent in 2018 from 36.7 per cent in 2005, amid lack of acliAccording to the Deloitte report titled Empowering Women & Girls in India for the Fourth Industrial Revolution, 95 per cent or 195 million women are employed in the unorganized sector or are in unpaid work. As per the report, the education ecosystem needs to go through a set of system strengthening initiatives, including thmchoices."The range of challenges for women and girls echoes across Asia and India - lack of education, access to quality education, digital divide, which limits them from gaining employable skill sets and entering the workforce or establishing an enterprise," the report said. It further added that a set of underlying social, economic and political barriers limits opportunities for women. The report highlighted the need to empower women in India through quality education and re-skilling. With regards to the fourth industrial revolution, the report said, "a definite concern arises from the advent of technology, digitizaloThe fourth industrial revolution influences the future of work in terms of the nature of organizational realities and leading skill types - complex problem solving, creativity, people management and emotional intelligence - providing opportunities fcultures to emerge," the report said. Reasons for the drop Both economic and cultural reasons explain women falling out of India's labor force. The latest evidence suggests that the numberstructural problem for astruggled to create labor -intensive manufacturing jobs, many of which favor women. This is in contrast to countries such as Bangladesh that experienced a booming export-led manufacturing sector that led to more employment opportunities for women. The number of women staying in education in both urban and rural areas has increased, keeping them out of the workforce for longer. But, even when this is accounted for, the numbers of women working remains below India's peers. For men, gparticipation in the lab our force. Across India, there are cultural expectations that married women should not work and that they should prioritize housework and care work. A survey on social attitudes in 2016 found that around 40-60% of men and wome


Another factor keeping women out of the workforce is the wider problem of violence against women. New work finds that sexual violence and an unsafe environment for women also stops them seeking paid work outside their homes – this is especially the case for Muslim and lower-caste women. Gender equality is an important development objective in and of itself. Research shows that when women work they have greater agency and voice and the poorer representation of women in paid work has negative consequences for their bargaining power within their households. Plus, increasing the number of women in work is important for any country's economic growth,

f the fall in women's workforce participation is explained by higher rates

to understanding the falling rates of rural workforce

garment workers, domestic cleaners and

sounding way

bs that young women desire are rare. Instead, domestic

od) as against the developing country average of 35-36 hours, as per ILO

paid household and care work.

leading to better productivity and improving prospects for future generations. At a more structural level, the next government faces a tough task of reforming the economy to create more jobs. When it does so, it must take into account India's growing gender employment gap and specifically think about jobs for women, if it wants to reduce this gap and help boost the country's economy. India's low India's female Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) was already a matter of concern . The further fall since then comes mainly from rural areas—female LFPR crashed by seven percentage points, while male LFPR remained roughly the same.

• While some oof higher education enrolment, indicating that more young women are in higher education rather than working or looking for jobs, the data also points to a fall in working rates for older women.

• Among Indian states, Bihar has by far the lowest rates of female workforce participation, while the southern and eastern states do better.

• Among those in the workforce, rural women work overwhelmingly in agriculture, which could offer a clueparticipation. It is likely that non-farm jobs are rare, especially for women.

• The most common jobs for urban women are of'directors and chief executives'.

• That last one is also the most common job for urban men. Sounds high- skilled and well-paying? Not so much, labor economists find: it might just be a fancy-of describing women who run their own small enterprises.

• The high-skilled, white collar jowork, house cleaning and salespeople dominate the urban sector for women. The only exception is the teaching profession, which makes it to the top 10 most common jobs for women.

• The average working Indian woman works a longer week than her developing country counterparts.

• The average employed Indian woman worked 44.4 hours per week (in the April-June 2018 periestimates. But in both developed and developing countries, women perform the vast majority of un


(b) In reference of 'no go zone', outline the major tribal problems and mitigation rategies in India.

ns. (b) Scheduled Areas and Tribal Areas Scheduled Tribes live in contiguous areas unlike velopment

gulatory provisions to protect their interests. In order to protect the interests f Scheduled Tribes with regard to land alienation and other social factors, provisions of the

The Fifth Schedule Areas : The criteria for declaring any areas as a 'Scheduled Area' under the Fifth Schedule are: (a) preponderance of tribal population, (b) compactness and reasonable size of the area, (c) a viable administrative entity such as a district, block or taluk, and (d) economic ackwardness of the area as compared to neighboring areas. The specification of 'Scheduled

tonomous istricts

st Aother communities. It is, therefore, much simpler to have an area approach for deactivities and also reo'Fifth Schedule' and 'Sixth Schedule' have been enshrined in the Constitution.

bAreas' in relation to a State is done by a notified Order of the President, after consultation with the State Governments concerned. The same applies for altering, increasing, decreasing, incorporating new areas, or rescinding any orders relating to 'Scheduled Areas'. The Sixth Schedule : Tribal Areas: the Sixth Schedule under Article 244 of the Constitution identified Autonomous districts in the tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. It also makes provisions for recognition of Autonomous Regions within these AuD


• Assam 1. The North Cachar Hills District; 2. The Karbi-Anglong District, and 3. The Bodo Land Territorial Area Districts.

• Meghalaya 1. Khasi Hills District; 2. Jaintia Hills District; and 3. The Garo Hills District. pura 1. Tripura Tribal Areas District

ian tribal population made the task of integration nges and

ampered the progress of the communities over the time. Autonomy is desired so that

overty and Indebtedness Majority tribes live under poverty line. The tribes follow many

ology they use for these rposes belong to the most primitive kind. There is no profit and surplus making in such

irment. The ecological imbalance like cutting of trees have increased the distances tween villages and the forest areas thus forcing tribal women to walk longer distances in

d their children to schools, as they are considered extra elping hands. The formal schools do not hold any special interest for the children. Most of the

ralization. The huge agitations in Maharashtra gainst Jaitapur Nuclear Power Plant and Mining giant Vedanta in Niyamgiri in Orissa are the

• Tri• Mizoram 1. The Chakma District; 2. The Mara District; and 3. The Lai District

Issues of tribal development, integration and autonomy have confronted the Indian society right from the British rule in India. Complexity of Indand autonomy even difficult. Ethnic tribal sub nationalism posed serious challehdevelopment policies are evolved to suit the tribal culture and lifestyle. Land Alienation : Opening of mines in the heart of tribal habitat and even a few factories provided wage labor as well as opportunities for factory employment . Psimple occupations based on simple technology. Most of the occupation falls into the primary occupations such as hunting, gathering, and agriculture. The technpueconomy. Health and Nutrition Malnutrition is common and has affected the general health of the tribal children as it lowers the ability to resist infection, leads to chronic illness and sometimes leads to brain impabesearch of forest produce and firewood. Education Educationally the tribal population is at different levels of development but overall the formal education has made very little impact on tribal groups. Most tribes live in abject poverty. It is not easy for them to senhtribes are located in interior and remote areas where teachers would not like to go from outside. Cultural Problems The tribal people are imitating western culture in different aspects of their social life and leaving their own culture. It has led to degeneration of tribal life and tribal arts such as dance, music and different types of craft. In Migration The industrial areas of Jharkhand have suffered dilution of the tribal share of population. These processes continue to prevail and have become even more powerful since the 1990s when the country was opened up for libeaexamples of reactionary movements against policy of alienation and exploitation of the tribals. Problem of separatism The tribal groups such as Kolis, Mundas, Khasis, and Santals who fought against the British were branded as dacoits and robbers. The British also promoted missionary activities especially in the Central and North Eastern hills. All these activities alienated tribals which continued even in the post independent India.


National Commission for Scheduled Tribes In addition to the Office of the Commissioner for Scheduled Caste and scheduled Tribes created in 1950 for effective implementation of various safeguards provided in the Constitution for the SCs & STs and various other protective

gislations, a multi-member Commission for SCs and STs was set up in 1978. In 1992, these

Scheduled Tribes Financial Development Corporation as bifurcated and National Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation

individual unit/profit entre. Financial assistance up to 99 percent of the cost of the scheme(s)/project(s) is provided by

tification etc.) through its own shops (TRIBES India) and shops selling its roducts on consignment basis.

ajor activities approved are: education/infrastructure/toilets in hostel and schools; ter; self employment/skill development/fruit

rming/livelihood/dairy/fishery; irrigation; culture/tourism; monitoring cell/institution; and

letwo organizations were replaced by a statutory multi-member National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. National Scheduled Tribes Finance and Development Corporation With a view to pay a focused attention and accelerate the pace of economic development of Scheduled Tribes, the erstwhile National Scheduled Castes and w(NSTFDC) was set up in April, 2001 under the Ministry of Tribal Affairs. Adivasi Mahila Sashaktikaran Yojana (AMSY) is an exclusive scheme for the economic development of ST women, at a highly concessional rate of interest. Under the scheme NSTFDC provides Term Loan for scheme(s)/project(s) costing upto Rs. 50,000/- percthe NSTFDC. Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India Ltd. TRIFED is now engaged in the marketing development of tribal products (natural and organic products, handicrafts, rap Recognition of Forest Rights of STs Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana Mhealth/sports/safe drinking wafaconnectivity/market/electricity/solar energy.


(c) Explain causes and consequences of migration in growth of National Capital Region.


Ques. 4. (a) Examine the concept of urban development. Also outline issues related to them. Ans. (a) Cities are engines of economic growth. Cities accelerate economic development and revive economic growth. Currently, India is under immense pressure of increasing population and consequent urbanization that is taking place. In view of rapid pace of Indian Urbanization provisioning of basic household services and amenities (e.g. water supply, sewerage, urban transport etc.) in cities may be perceived both as a challenge and an opportunity. An opportunity to transform the engines of Indian economic growth. Urban settlements in India have experienced rapid population growth: the percentage of India's population living in urban areas more than doubled from 14 per cent at the time of independence to 31.8 per cent in 2011. By 2051, India is expected to be considered an urban nation, with more than 50 per cent of the population living in urban areas. Providing basic services to households and build amenities in cities which will improve the quality of life for all, especially the poor and the disadvantaged is a national priority. Learning from the earlier Mission have shown that infrastructure creation should have a direct impact on the real needs of people, such as providing taps and toilet connections to all households. In this backdrop, Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) is a step forward in the direction. The purpose of AMRUT is to:

• ensure that every household has access to a tap with assured supply of water and a sewerage connection

• increase the amenity value of cities by developing greenery and well maintained open spaces (e.g. parks)

• reduce pollution by switching to public transport or constructing facilities for non-motorized transport (e.g. walking and cycling).

Urban Planning Issues and Solutions


Urban planning Issues aims to establish a society with bases and bases in land use to achieve sustainable development and meet the needs of the members of society. Population problem Is the imbalance between the population, resources, and services, which is the increase in the population without increasing opportunities for education, sanitation, employment and the high level of the economy. The problem is clearly manifested in high population growth rates and development rates that are not in line with population growth rates and low standard of living so we can say that Population as a problem is the light of balance between population and resources. There are general problems that occur because of the increase in population, which is traffic congestion resulting in an increase in the number of cars and pollution of the environment, there is also an increase in overcrowding occurring in schools and hospitals, which affects the quality of education and health together. Population concentration Where a number of people focus on a patch or a certain area of the land and this happens by leaving individuals and families in rural homes and going to urban, whether to stay or work and has become a problem has a negative impact on the rural population where they are suffering

a shortage of services and labor and became Also a problem for the urban population in creasing the number of labor, which led to the existence of unemployment.

h

es and low-income people, and to raise wages and improve

an Settlements (UNCHS) Strategy for ombating Displacement, homelessness is defined as a “lack of adequate housing, which

frominSlums Slum housing is the phenomenon of free populist population growth. It has been created with the full will of the people and grows according to specific, frequent and almost unchanged patterns, both for its linear planning, street performances and land plots. The informal expression was used without permission. Violence and crime The widespread poverty in these societies, in addition to unemployment, the inability to move forward and the partial or total absence of the law, push many into violence or engage in organized crime. Diseases and epidemics The absence of health components leads to the spread of diseases among the population, and the large population density makes transmission and outbreaks of epidemics easily possible. The increase in industrialization and Urban Planning Issues have led to a big problem, namely the existence of poor neighborhoods where people live a miserable life and difficult conditions where they lack services. Most of the residents of these slums are workers of low wage factories. They live in substandard homes and suffer from many health problems they are housing unsuitable for uman habitation. In order to overcome this problem, the government has to provide health and safety housing and facilities for all workers in factoriservice. Problem of displacement According to the United Nations Center for HumC


includes all situations and conditions considered below the appropriate level” in the society where the displaced person lives. Some people take shelter from the streets and from the ilapidated or abandoned buildings, they are sheltering, while others go to shelters for the

emporarily live with their friends.

relationship with their families, or to have opportunities to learn some skills There

tate has to provide funding for the establishment of shelters to ersons and food.

for the failure of n, instead of non-urban planning is the main reason, and to get a good education for all

)What is the status and challenges of geriatrics in India?

uted to the decreasing fertility and mortality rates due to the availability of etter health care services. It has been observed that the reduction in mortality is higher as

ver the past decades, India's health program and policies have been

being faced by the elderly people in India, and strategies for bringing

lderly (Functionally and Cognitively Fit Elderly)These are elderly who are physically and nt. They may be fit enough to even work and earn. Most of these are

ddisplaced, others may tThe homeless are in a tragic situation where men, women and children live in trailers, abandoned houses and streets. The homeless person are threatened all the time, especially in the winter, but they are at greater risk, such as health, mental and physical problems. Some shelters offer services to help people get free from homelessness, helping individuals, for example, receive state subsidies, financial assistance from other sources, or legal aid, help them to get support to repair their are youth centers in London that offer advice on food systems, cooking, healthy lifestyles, and how to create a job From finding a home and maintaining it These measures are undoubtedly commendable, And the solution to this homelessness problem is good urban planning, and the Smeet the needs of displaced p Education Education is very important for any civilized society. It is the main manufacturer of civilization. Those who have a good education live in the rich areas of the cities. Those who live in slums and suffer from economic problems have no education. Are the main reasonseducatioindividuals we have to establish a fair geographical distribution of schools and universities in all regions to achieve equality for all. (b Ans. (b) India is in a phase of demographic transition. India has thus acquired the label of “an ageing nation” with 7.7% of its population being more than 60 years old. The demographic transition is attribbcompared with fertility. Ofocusing on issues like population stabilization, maternal and child health, and disease control. However, current statistics for the elderly in India gives a prelude to a new set of medical, social, and economic problems that could arise if a timely initiative in this direction is not taken by the program managers and policy makers. There is a need to highlight the medical and socio-economic problems that areabout an improvement in their quality of life also need to be explored. Problems of the Elderly It is not correct to classify by their chronological age, but we have to classify them by functional status and cognitive status since health-care needs of the groups are going to be different. Stereotyping all elderly into one group is not correct. Ementally fit to be independeyoung elderly in the age group of 60–70 years. These elderly need more of health promotional activities. These include nutrition, physical activity, social contact, psychological support, and


activities for the brain. They can be gainfully employed. However, they may need special transport services and some relaxation in number of hours of working. They will be able to seek health-care facilities available in the village or city such as any other younger person. The goal for these elderly is to keep them physically active, mentally active, to screen for common

orkers or children to assist them to

c clinics where they are comprehensively assessed nd rehabilitated. They may need physiotherapy, psychological support, and constant medical

ay need hospitalization for acute illness since their cognitive status and functional

urses, physiotherapists, laboratory services, and pharmacy rvices reaching the houses of the people. There is a need for palliative care setup for such

lderly. The goal of care is to keep them comfortable in their own surroundings or keep them

ocio-demographic Profile of the Elderly According to recent statistics related to elderly

ll as non–communicable

losis is higher among e elderly than younger individuals. According to Government of India statistics, cardiovascular

diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer, vision, hearing, promotion of bone health, and vaccination. Comprehensive geriatric assessment with a coordinated screening program and control of chronic diseases become important for his group so that they remain active and independent till their later ages. Elderly (Mild Functional Limitations or Mild Cognitive Impairment) Many of them are in the age group of 70–80 years. These need assistance for living. They need social support such as Meals on Wheels, special transport, need the help of social wvisit hospital or get support for physical rehabilitation. This group can be made active and independent provided they are assessed comprehensively and rehabilitated. Their health-care needs are enormous. They need special geriatriahelp. They mstatus will decline with each acute illness. The goal of care here is to help them live independently with assistance. Elderly (Severe Functional Limitations or Cognitive Limitations)This group needs home care or hospice care. There is a need for training of home members in caring for them and also there is a need for training hired home care providers. There is a need for home health care program for these people with doctors, nseecomfortable in hospices. Speople in India, it was observed that as many as 75% of elderly persons were living in rural areas. About 48.2% of elderly persons were women, out of whom 55% were widows. A total of 73% of elderly persons were illiterate and dependent on physical labor. One-third was reported to be living below the poverty line, i.e., 66% of older persons were in a vulnerable situation without adequate food, clothing, or shelter. About 90% of the elderly were from the unorganized sector, i.e., they have no regular source of income. India is one of the few countries in the world in which the sex ratio of the aged favors males. This could be attributed to various reasons such as under-reporting of females, especially widows and higher female mortality in different age groups. Medical and Socio-economic Problems Faced by the Elderly In India, the elderly people suffer from dual medical problems, i.e., both communicable as wediseases. This is further compounded by impairment of special sensory functions like vision and hearing. A decline in immunity as well as age-related physiologic changes leads to an increased burden of communicable diseases in the elderly. The prevalence of tubercuthdisorders account for one-third of elderly mortality. Respiratory disorders account for 10% mortality while infections including tuberculosis account for another 10%.


Elderly people who belong to middle and higher income groups are prone to develop obesity and its related complications due to a sedentary lifestyle and decreased physical activity. Elderly people are highly prone to mental morbidities due to ageing of the brain, problems associated with physical health, cerebral pathology, socio-economic factors such as breakdown of the family support systems, and decrease in economic independence. The mental disorders that are frequently encountered include dementia and mood disorders. Other disorders include neurotic and personality disorders, drug and alcohol abuse, delirium, and mental psychosis. The rapid urbanization and societal modernization has brought in its wake a breakdown in family

buse in their families or in institutional settings. This includes

in terms of the meager budget, improper identification of beneficiaries,

population. This would involve a comprehensive baseline morbidity survey and

values and the framework of family support, economic insecurity, social isolation, and elderly abuse leading to a host of psychological illnesses. In addition, widows are prone to face social stigma and ostracism. The socio-economic problems of the elderly are aggravated by factors such as the lack of social security and inadequate facilities for health care, rehabilitation, and recreation. Also, in most of the developing countries, pension and social security is restricted to those who have worked in the public sector or the organized sector of industry. Many surveys have shown that retired elderly people are confronted with the problems of financial insecurity and loneliness. The elderly are also prone to aphysical abuse (infliction of pain or injury), psychological or emotional abuse (infliction of mental anguish and illegal exploitation), and sexual abuse. The Central and State governments have already made efforts to tackle the problem of economic insecurity by launching policies such as the National Policy on Older Persons, National Old Age Pension Program, Annapurna Program, etc. However, the benefits of these programs have been questioned several times lengthy procedures, and irregular payment. The Role of the Health Care System Since 75% of the elderly reside in rural areas, it is mandatory that geriatric health care services be made a part of the primary health care services. This calls for specialized training of Medical Officers in geriatric medicine. In difficult to access areas, screening camps for cataract and non-communicable diseases and mobile clinics could play a significant role in reaching out to the elderly population. Ensuring good quality geriatric health care services at the primary level would greatly help in improving the utilization rates of the available health services. Health care services should be based on the “felt needs” of the elderly functional assessment in health areas that are perceived to be important to them. This should be transformed into a community database that would help to prioritize interventions and allocate finances accordingly. The felt needs may vary depending upon gender; socio-economic status as well as differences would exist in the rural and urban areas. Until now, secondary prevention strategies in the form of screening and early management and tertiary care in the form of rehabilitation have been given more importance as compared with primary prevention by the geriatric health care services.


(c) In light of National Women Empowerment Mission, write note on efforts to enhance Gender parity in India. Ans. (c) India's rapid economic growth has been accompanied by falling fertility rates and higher educational attainment among women. These advances often lead to an increase in women entering the labor force, but there has been a surprising decline on this front in India. Less than 30% of working-age women are currently in work compared to nearly 80% of men in India. The onspicuous absence of women in India's labor force is part of a wider issue the country is facing

number of reasons for this, ranging from a lack of jobs growth in female-friendly

e process.

l Labor Organization, the worldwide bor force participation rate in 2018 for women aged 15-64 was 53% while it was 80.6% for

ccording to the Deloitte report titled Empowering Women & Girls in India for the Fourth

ustrial revolution, the report said, "a definite concern arises from e advent of technology, digitization and automation that women who are largely employed in w skills and low paying jobs will lose their place in the workforce".

cwhen it comes to jobs growth. But the fact that it is affecting women more than men is a worrying trend for India, which tends to rank poorly in UN rankings like the Gender Development Index and Gender Inequality Index, and has historically had low shares of women participating in the labor market. Plus, the number of women working has been gradually falling over the last 30 years. There are asectors such as manufacturing, to more women staying in education for longer, and persisting stigma surrounding the idea of women working. As India grapples with boosting the number of jobs available to people – and young people especially – it must ensure it does not leave women behind in th Global trends It is useful to understand India's experience against the global landscape. According to the latest estimates from the UN's Internationalasimilarly aged men. Since 1990, participation rates for both groups have shown an overall decline around the world. The female labor force participation in India has fallen to 26 per cent in 2018 from 36.7 per cent in 2005, amid lack of access to quality education and underlying social, economic barriers limiting the opportunities for women. AIndustrial Revolution, 95 per cent or 195 million women are employed in the unorganized sector or are in unpaid work. As per the report, the education ecosystem needs to go through a set of system strengthening initiatives, including the introduction of digital and STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) education in schools, which in turn will introduce girls to various career choices." The range of challenges for women and girls echoes across Asia and India -

• lack of education, • access to quality education, • digital divide, which limits them from gaining employable skill sets and entering the

workforce or establishing an enterprise,. • a set of underlying social, economic and political barriers limits opportunities for women.

The report highlighted the need to empower women in India through quality education and re-skilling. With regards to the fourth indthlo


The fourth industrial revolution influences the future of work in terms of the nature of d leading skill types - complex problem solving, creativity, people

anagement and emotional intelligence - providing opportunities for gender inclusive work

low India's peers. For men, greater education leads to higher

nother factor keeping women out of the workforce is the wider problem of violence against

ave greater agency and voice and the poorer representation of women

oving prospects for future generations.

nk about jobs for women, if it wants to reduce this gap and help boost the

all in women's workforce participation is explained by higher rates ent, indicating that more young women are in higher

participation, while the southern and eastern states do better.

hich could offer a clue to understanding the falling rates of rural workforce

organizational realities anmcultures to emerge. Reasons for the drop Both economic and cultural reasons explain women falling out of India's labor force. The latest evidence suggests that the number of jobs in India is on the decline. This is a significant structural problem for a country with a burgeoning young population. In particular, India has struggled to create labor -intensive manufacturing jobs, many of which favor women. This is in contrast to countries such as Bangladesh that experienced a booming export-led manufacturing sector that led to more employment opportunities for women. The number of women staying in education in both urban and rural areas has increased, keeping them out of the workforce for longer. But, even when this is accounted for, the numbers of women working remains beparticipation in the lab our force. Across India, there are cultural expectations that married women should not work and that they should prioritize housework and care work. A survey on social attitudes in 2016 found that around 40-60% of men and women believe married women should not work if the husband earns reasonably well. Awomen. New work finds that sexual violence and an unsafe environment for women also stops them seeking paid work outside their homes – this is especially the case for Muslim and lower-caste women. Gender equality is an important development objective in and of itself. Research shows that when women work they hin paid work has negative consequences for their bargaining power within their households. Plus, increasing the number of women in work is important for any country's economic growth, leading to better productivity and imprAt a more structural level, the next government faces a tough task of reforming the economy to create more jobs. When it does so, it must take into account India's growing gender employment gap and specifically thicountry's economy. India's low India's female Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) was already a matter of concern . The further fall since then comes mainly from rural areas—female LFPR crashed byseven percentage points, while male LFPR remained roughly the same.

• While some of the fof higher education enrolmeducation rather than working or looking for jobs, the data also points to a fall in working rates for older women.

• Among Indian states, Bihar has by far the lowest rates of female workforce

• Among those in the workforce, rural women work overwhelmingly in agriculture, wparticipation. It is likely that non-farm jobs are rare, especially for women.

• The most common jobs for urban women are of garment workers, domestic cleaners and 'directors and chief executives'.


lled, white collar jobs that young women desire are rare. Instead, domestic

mechanical, photocopying recording or otherwise), without the prior written

• That last one is also the most common job for urban men. Sounds high- skilled and well-paying? Not so much, labor economists find: it might just be a fancy-sounding way of describing women who run their own small enterprises.

• The high-skiwork, house cleaning and salespeople dominate the urban sector for women. The only exception is the teaching profession, which makes it to the top 10 most common jobs for women.

• The average working Indian woman works a longer week than her developing country counterparts.

• The average employed Indian woman worked 44.4 hours per week (in the April-June 2018 period) as against the developing country average of 35-36 hours, as per ILO estimates. But in both developed and developing countries, women perform the vast majority of unpaid household and care work.

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MODEL ANWER TEST 1 MODULE 2[ DIRECTION IAS

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