Mode SHape Corrections for Dynamic Response to Wind - ESModeShapeCorrections1987

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Transcript of Mode SHape Corrections for Dynamic Response to Wind - ESModeShapeCorrections1987

  • 7/24/2019 Mode SHape Corrections for Dynamic Response to Wind - ESModeShapeCorrections1987

    1/3

    S H O R T C O M M U N I C A T I O N

    M o d e shape corrections for

    dynamic response to wind

    J . D . H o l m e s

    C S I R O D i v i si o n o f B u i ld i n 9 R e s e a r c h , H i g h e t t , V i c t o ri a , A u s t r a l i a

    R e c e i v e d N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 6 )

    A c o r r e c t io n f a c t o r f o r n o n l i n e a r m o d e s h a p e s t o t h e g e n e r a l iz e d

    f o r ce s p e c tr a i n th e f ir st m o d e o f v ib r a t io n p r o d u c e d b y w i n d a c t io n o n

    t a ll s t r u c tu r e s is p r o p o s e d . T h i s l ie s b e t w e e n t h e o r e t i c a l l i m i ts fo r l o w

    a n d h i g h c o r r e l a t i o n o f t h e w i n d f o r c e s w i t h h e i g h t a n d a g r e e s w e l l

    w i t h e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a .

    K e y w o r d s : structural dynamics wind loads

    I t i s n o w s t a n d a r d p r a c t i c e t o c a r r y o u t w i n d t u n n e l

    t e s t s o f t a l l b u i l d i n g s g r e a t e r t h a n 3 0 - 4 0 s t o r e y s i n

    h e i g h t f o r t h e d y n a m i c r e s p o n s e i n d u c e d b y w i n d

    a c t i o n . S u c h t e s t s a r e e i t h e r a e r o e l a s t i c t e s t s i n w h i c h

    t h e i n e r t i a a n d s t i ff n e s s p r o p e r t i e s o f th e s t r u c t u r e a r e

    m o d e l l e d 1 o r f o r c e b a l a n c e t e st s d e s i g n e d t o d e t e r m i n e

    t h e g e n e r a l i z e d f o r c e s p e c t r u m i n t h e f i r s t m o d e o f

    v i b r a t i o n . 2 B o t h t h e f o r c e b a l a n c e t e s t s a n d a e r o e l a s t i c

    t e s t s i n w h i c h a r i g i d m o d e l , p i v o t t e d a t t h e b a s e , i s

    u s e d, p r o d u c e i n f o r m a t i o n r e l e v a n t t o a b u i l d i n g w i t h a

    f u n d a m e n t a l m o d e s h a p e v a r y i n g l i n e a r ly w i t h h e i g ht i n

    t h e f o r m :

    z

    Ud(z) - (1)

    h

    S i n c e m a n y t a l l b u i l d i n g s h a v e m o d e s h a p e s w i t h s i g -

    n i f i c a n t n o n l i n e a r i t y , i t i s d e s i r a b l e t o h a v e a m e t h o d o f

    c o r r e c t i n g t h e i n f o r m a t i o n f o r n o n l i n e a r m o d e s h a p e s.

    S e v e r a l c o d e s o f p r a c ti c e f o r w i n d l o a d i n g n o w

    i n c l u d e a m e t h o d f o r t a k i n g a c c o u n t o f a l o n g - w i n d

    d y n a m i c r e s p o n s e o f ta l l s t r u c t u r e s ? '4 T h e r e a r e a l s o

    p r o p o s a l s t o i n c l u d e c r o s s - w i n d d y n a m i c a n a l y s i s i n

    f u t u r e c o d e s , s S u c h m e t h o d s a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f ul f o r

    p r e l i m i n a r y d e s i g n b e f o r e e x p e n s i v e w i n d t u n n e l t e s t s

    a r e u n d e r t a k e n . A g a i n , t h e s e m e t h o d s a r e i n v a r i a b l y

    b a s e d o n d a t a a p p r o p r i a t e t o a l i n e a r m o d e s h a p e , a n d

    m o d e s h a p e c o r r e c t i o n s a r e u s e f u l f o r t h e s e m e t h o d s t o

    b r o a d e n t h e i r a p p l i c a b i l i t y .

    M o d e s h a p e c o r r e c t i o n s f o r t h e d y n a m i c r e s p o n s e o f

    t a l l b u i l d i n g s h a v e p r e v i o u s l y b e e n c o n s i d e r e d b y S a u n -

    d e r s a n d M e l b o u r n e 6 , K w o k 7, K a r e e m s , a n d V i c k e r y

    e t

    a l . 9 .

    I t is t h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s n o t e t o c o n s i d e r , m o r e

    f u l l y , t h e o r e t i c a l l i m i t s t o t h e m o d e s h a p e c o r r e c t i o n

    f a c t o r a n d t o s u g g e s t a s i m p l e f o r m u l a w h i c h i s s u i t a b l e

    f o r u s e i n a c o d e . A s i n t h e p r e v i o u s s t u d i e s , a p o w e r

    l a w w i t h e x p o n e n t , f l , w i l l b e t a k e n a s t h e g e n e r a l f o r m

    f o r m o d e sh ap e , i .e . :

    W(z) = (2)

    L o w c o r r e l a t io n l i m i t

    T h e m o d e s h a p e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r w i l l b e t a k e n a s a

    c o r r e c t i o n t o t h e g e n e r a l i z e d f o r c e s p e c t r u m i n t h e f i r s t

    m o d e o f v i b r a ti o n , w h i c h c a n b e w r i t te n a s :

    S ~ n ) = C O Z l, z 2 , n ) ~ z l ) ~ z 2 ) d z l d z 2

    (3)

    w i t h

    S d n )

    C o z , z 2 , n )

    ?l

    z 1 z2

    h

    g e n e r a li z e d f o r c e s p e c t r u m

    c o - s p e c t r u m o f fl u c t u a t i n g w i n d f o rc e s

    f r e q u e n c y

    s e p a r a t e h e i g h t c o o r d i n a t e s

    h e i g h t o f b u i l d i n g

    I t s h o u l d b e n o t e d t h a t t h i s f o r m i s a p p l i c a b l e t o b o t h

    a l o n g - w i n d a n d c r o s s - w i n d d y n a m i c f o r c e s . C l e a r l y ,

    f r o m e q u a t i o n ( 3 ) , t h e g e n e r a l e q u a t i o n f o r t h e c o r r e c -

    t i o n f a c t o r , F , t o c o r r e c t t h e g e n e r a l i z e d f o r c e f o r a

    l i n e a r m o d e s h a p e t o t h a t f o r a n a r b i t r a r y m o d e s h a p e

    is:

    /

    = C o z l , Z2, n)Ufl zl )~IJ z2) d z I d z 2

    /

    ~oh~oh Z1 Z 2

    0141-0296/87/032t0-03/$3.00

    2 1 0 En g . S t r u c t . , 1 9 8 7 , V o l . 9 , Ju ly , 1 98 7 Bu tter w or th& Co (Publishers) Ltd

  • 7/24/2019 Mode SHape Corrections for Dynamic Response to Wind - ESModeShapeCorrections1987

    2/3

    T h e v a l u e o f F w i ll th u s d e p e n d o n t h e f o r m o f t h e c o -

    s p e c t r u m C o z ~ , z 2 , n ) as we l l a s the mode shape qJ (z ) .

    C o n s i d e r t h e f o l l o w i n g f o r m f o r t h e s p e c t r u m :

    C o z l , z 2 , n )

    = (Sr(zx, n ) ) X / 2 S f z 2 , n ) ) X / 2 R z x - z 2 , n )

    w h e r e

    S f z , n )

    i s t h e s p e c t r u m o f th e f o r c e p e r u n i t

    h e i g h t a n d R z I - z 2 , n ) i s a c r o s s - c o r r e l a t i o n f u n c t i o n

    w h i c h d e p e n d s o n t h e s e p a r a t i o n d i st a n c e , z l - z 2 .

    N o w , c h a n g i n g t h e v a r i a b l e z 2 i n t h e d o u b l e i n t e g r a l

    o n t h e r i g h t - h a n d s id e o f e q u a t i o n (3 ) t o = z~ - z 2 ,

    t h e g e n e r a l i z e d f o r c e s p e c t r u m b e c o m e s :

    r h f h - = ~

    o n ) = (Sf(zl , n ) ) l / 2 S f z l - - ~ , n)) 1/2

    J 0 J - z 1

    x R ~ , n ) W z l ) ~ z 1 - ~ ) dz I d~ (5)

    N o w , c o n s i d e r t h e l i m i t i n g c a s e w h e r e t h e c o r r e l a t i o n

    fa l ls of f rap id ly w i th ~ , i .e . t he co r re l a t ion l ength i s ve ry

    s m a l l i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e h e i g h t h . T h e n , e q u a t i o n ( 5 ) c a n

    b e w r i t t e n a s :

    S o n ) ~ - f ; S f z x , n )U ~ 2 z t ) d z l f ; o R ~ , n ) d ~

    = ~ , ( n ) J O S f ( Z l n ) t F 2 ( Z l ) d z l

    ( 6 )

    wh ere 2(n) = f+ ~ R t~ n) d , the cor r e l a t io n l ength .

    - go x ~

    T h e n , s u b s t i t u t i n g f o r l o w c o r r e l a t i o n i n e q u a t i o n ( 4 ):

    2(n) f ~ Sf(zx, n ) W 2 z l) d z 1

    2 n ) f f S r z , , n ) h ) Z d z x

    f~ W2(z) dz

    F 1 =

    (7)

    p r o v i d e d t h a t t h e s p e c t r u m o f s e c t i o n a l f o rc e s S f( z, n )

    d o e s n o t v a r y g r e a t l y w i t h z.

    High correlation limit

    A s e c o n d l i m i t c a n b e o b t a i n e d b y s e t t i n g :

    C o (Z l , z2 , n) = cons tant

    i n e q u a t i o n ( 4) .

    T h e n :

    F 2 : f o h W z , , d z x f o h q J z 2 ) d z 2 /

    f f h ) d l f f h )

    = f f o h W z ) d z l 2 / I f h h ) d Z ] 2 (8)

    N o t e t h a t t h i s a s s u m p t i o n i m p l i es n o t o n l y f u ll c o r r c , , -

    t i o n o f t h e d y n a m i c f o r c e s o v e r t h e h e i g h t o f t h e s t r u c -

    t u r e , b u t a l s o a u n i f o r m s e c t i o n a l f o r c e s p e c t r u m w i t h

    he ight .

    0

    0 2

    D y n a m i c r e sp o n s e t o w i n d : J D H o l m e s

    Proposed curve 4

    33+1

    2

    H i gh c o r r e la t i o n l i m i t ( . ~ +

    Low co r re la t ion

    l imi t (2--~+1)

    - A long w ind response 0

    2

    2+a a=0 .25

    01

    a

    0 1 2 3

    Power law e xponen t o f m ode shape , 3

    F igu re 1 M o d e s h a p e c o r r e c ti o n f a c to r : ( 0 ) U W O u r b a n ; ( 11 )

    U W O o p e n c o u n t ry

    Proposed correction factor

    T h e f u n c t i o n s F 1 a n d

    g 2 c a n

    b e e v a l u a t e d f o r t h e p o w e r

    l a w m o d e s h a p e o f e q u a t i o n (2 ) a s f o ll o w s . F o r l o w c o r -

    re l a t ion

    3

    F 1 - 2 f l + 1

    F o r h i g h c o r r e l a ti o n :

    (9)

    F 2 = (10)

    T h e s e f u n c t i o n s a r e p l o t t e d i n F i g u r e 1 a g a i n s t t h e

    e x p o n e n t , f t. I t c a n b e s e e n t h a t t h e s e f u n c t i o n s a r e r e l a -

    t ive ly c lose to each o the r , despi t e the d i f fe rences in the

    a s s u m p t i o n s i n t h e c o - s p e c t r u m . T h e c u r v e s c r o s s a t a

    v a l u e o f u n i t y f o r f l e q u a l t o u n i t y .

    T h e f o l lo w i n g is p r o p o s e d a s a n i n t e r m e d i a t e f u n c t io n

    sui t ab le for use in a code :

    4

    F - 3 f l + 1 (1 1)

    A s w e l l a s b e i n g v e r y s i m p l e , t h i s f u n c t i o n l i e s b e t w e e n

    the two l imi t ing func t ions for a l l f l , a s shown in

    F i g u r e

    1 , b u t t e n d s t o w a r d s t h e c o n s e r v a t i v e l i m i t , w h i c h i s

    d e s i r a b l e f o r c o d e u s a g e . F o a ls o t a k e s a v a l u e o f u n i t y

    f o r f l e q u a l t o u n i t y , a s i t m u s t .

    S u c h a f u n c ti o n m a y b e m o r e a p p r o p r i a t e t h a n t h e

    l o w c o r r e l a t io n l im i t a s s u g g e st e d b y K w o k 7 a n d

    K a r e e m s. A s m a y b e s e e n f r o m F i g u r e 1 , t h i s l a t t e r l imi t

    w i ll n o t b e c o n s e r v a t i v e f o r f l l es s t h a n o n e .

    V i c k e r y e t a l . 9 c a r r i e d o u t w i n d t u n n e l m e a s u r e m e n t s

    o f t h e m o d e s h a p e c o r r e c t i o n f o r a sq u a r e - s e c t i o n b u i l d -

    E n g . S t r u c t . , 1 9 8 7 , V o l . 9 , J u l y 2 1 1

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    3/3

    Dynamic response to wind: J D Holmes

    i n g i n t w o d i f f e r e n t t e r r a i n s i m u l a t i o n s . S o m e o f th e s e

    r e s u l t s a r e a l s o p l o t t e d o n F i g u r e 1 , a n d a r e s e e n t o

    a g r e e w e l l w i t h t h e p r o p o s e d c u r v e .

    T h e r e s u l t s t h e y o b t a i n e d f o r f l = 0 s h o w a c o n s i d e r -

    a b l e a m o u n t o f s c a t t e r a n d s o m e o f t h e s e li e o u t s i d e t h e

    l i m i t s o f 3 - 4 f o u n d h e r e . A p p a r e n t l y , f o r t h i s u n i f o r m

    m o d e s h a p e , t h e m o d e s h a p e c o r r e c t i o n i s s e n s i t i v e t o

    t h e n o n - u n i f o r m i t i e s i n t h e s p e c t r a l d e n s i t y o f t h e s e c -

    t i o n a l f o r c e w i t h h e i g h t . F o r t u n a t e l y , h o w e v e r , t h i s i s

    n o t a p r a c t i c a l m o d e s h a p e a n d i t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t h e

    p r o p o s e d f u n c t i o n i s q u i t e a d e q u a t e i n t h e p r a c t i c a l

    range of 0.5 ~< fl ~< 2.

    A l s o s h o w n i n F i g u r e 1 i s t h e m o d e s h a p e c o r r e c t i o n

    i m p l i e d in t h e a p p r o x i m a t e d e r i v a t i o n o f g u s t r e s p o n s e

    f a c t o r f o r a l o n g - w i n d l o a d i n g b y V i c k e r y 1 . T h i s f u n c -

    t i o n i n c l u d e s a p o w e r l a w m e a n w i n d v e l o c i t y p ro f i l e

    w i t h a n e x p o n e n t ~ . I n F i g u r e 1 , a h a s b e e n t a k e n a s

    0 . 2 5 w h i c h i s t h e v a l u e u s e d f o r s u b u r b a n t e r r a i n i n t h e

    A u s t r a l i a n S t a n d a r d 4 . T h i s c u r v e i s v e r y c l o se t o t h e

    p r o p o s e d c u r v e f o r f l l e ss t h a n u n i t y , b u t u n d e r e s t i m a t e s

    t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a a n d t h e p r o p o s e d c u r v e f o r f l

    g r e a t e r t h a n o n e .

    Conclus ions

    A m o d e s h a p e c o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r o f s i m p le f o r m h a s b e e n

    p r o p o s e d f o r u s e in t h e c o r r e c t i o n o f w i nd t u n n e l d a t a

    o b t a i n e d f o r a l i n e a r m o d e s h a p e , a n d f o r u s e i n d es i g n

    c o d e s a n d s t a n d a r d s . T h e f u n c t i o n p r o p o s e d c a n b e

    u s e d f o r b o t h a l o n g - w i n d a n d c r o s s - w i n d r e s p o n s e , a n d

    i s n o t d e p e n d e n t o n a n y d e t a i l e d a s s u m p t i o n s o n t h e

    f o r m o f t h e c o - s p e c t r u m o f t h e d y n a m i c f o rc e s a p p li e d

    b y t h e w i n d .

    References

    1 Isyumov, N. , Holm es , J . D. , Surry, D.

    and Davenport

    A. G. A

    s tudy o f t he wind e ff ec ts f o r t he F i r s t N a t iona l C i ty Cor po r a t ion

    p r o j e c t - - N e w Y o r k , U S A ,

    U n i v . W e s t e r n O n t a r io , B o u n d a r y

    L a y e r W i n d T u n n e l L a b . , S p e c i a l S t u d y R e p, B L W T - S S I - 7 5 ,

    A p r i l 1 9 7 5

    2 Tscha az, T . and Davenport A. G . T he bas e ba l ance t echn ique

    f o r t he de t e r mina t ion o f dynamic wind loads ,

    J . W i n d E n g .

    I ndus t . Ae rody n . , 1983 , 13, 429

    3 National Research Counc i l o f Canada Nat iona l bu i ld ing code o f

    C a n a d a ,

    C o m m e n t a r y B t o p a r t 4, D e s i g n , 1 9 8 5

    4 Standards Assoc iation of Austral ia SAA load ing code , pa r t

    2 Wind forces ,

    A S 1 1 7 0 p a r t 2 , 1 9 8 3

    5 Standards Assoc iation of Austral ia SAA load ing code f o r wind

    forces,

    U n p u b l i s h e d D r a f t o f L i m i t S ta t e s D e s i g n V e r s i o n , 1 9 8 6

    6 Sounders , J . W.

    and Melbourne

    W. H. Wind- exc i t ed bu i ld ings - -

    design sway stiffness,

    Ro y . Me lbou rne I n s t . T e c hno l . , D e p t .

    Me c h . P rod . E ng . Re p . , N o v e m be r 1977

    7 Kwok, K. C. S. Cross-w ind respon se of tal l bui ldings ,

    E ng.

    S t ruc t . , 1 982 , 4 4 ) , 256- 26 2

    8 Kar eem, A. M ode l f o r p r ed ic t ing the ac r os s - wind r es pons e o f

    bui ldings ,

    E ng. S t ruc t . , 19 84 , 6 2 ) , 136- 141

    9 Vickery, P . J . , Steckley, A. , l syumov , N. and Vickery, B. J . The

    eff ec t o f mode s hape on the wind- induced r es pons e o f t a ll bu i ld -

    ings,

    P r o c ., 5 t h U S N a t . C o n [ . W i n d E n g . , L u b b o c k T e x a s ,

    N o v e m b e r 1 9 8 5

    10 Viekery, B. J . On the rel iabi l i ty of gus t loading factors ,

    C i v . E n g .

    T rans . , I n s t . E ng . , Aus t ra l i a , 1971 , 13, 1

    21 2 E n g . S t r u c t ., 1 987 , V o l . 9 , Ju l y