MODALS

MODALS

AND SKELETONS

CAN

MUST

MIGHT

SHOULD

HAVE TO

HAD BETTER

HAVE GOT TO

MAY

MUST HAVE BEEN

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Modal Final TestModals and Related Expressions

1. Ted's flight from Amsterdam took more than 11 hours. He ________________ be exhausted after such a long flight.

must can had better

2. The book is optional. My professor said we could read it if we needed extra credit. But we ________________ read it if we don't want to.

cannot must not don't have to

3. Susan ________________ hear the speaker because the crowd was cheering so loudly.

couldn't can'tmight not

must

don’t have to

couldn’t

4. The television isn't working. It ________________ damaged during the move.

must have been must must be

5. A: ________________ hold your breath for more than a minute? B: No, I can't.

Are you able to Might you Can you

must have been

Can you

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6. You ________________ be rich to be a success. Some of the most successful people I know haven't got a penny to their name.

can't don't have to shouldn't

7. I've redone this math problem at least twenty times, but my answer is wrong according to the answer key. The answer in the book ________________ be wrong!

have to must should

8. You ________________ do the job if you didn't speak Japanese fluently.

can't won't be able to couldn't

9. You ________________ worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the job, or you don't. If you don't, just apply for another one. Eventually, you will find work.

shouldn't don't have to can't

10. You ________________ be kidding! That can't be true.

should have to ought to

11. You ________________ leave the table once you have finished your meal and politely excused yourself.

would might may

12. Jenny's engagement ring is enormous! It ________________ a fortune.

must cost must be costing must have cost

don’t have to

must

couldn’t

shouldn’t

have to

may

must have cost

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13. ________________ we move into the living room? It's more comfortable in there and there's a beautiful view of the lake.

Shall Must Will

14. If I had gone white water rafting with my friends, I ________________ down the Colorado River right now.

would have float would be floating would float

15. At first, my boss didn't want to hire Sam. But, because I had previously worked with Sam, I told my boss that he ________________ take another look at his resume and reconsider him for the position.

must ought to has to

16. You ___________ take along some cash. The restaurant may not accept credit cards.

had better has to can

17. The machine ________________ on by flipping this switch.

may turn could be turning can be turned

18. I can't stand these people - I ________________ get out of here. I'm going to take off for awhile while you get rid of them.

might have got to had better

19. You ________________ forget to pay the rent tomorrow. The landlord is very strict about paying on time.

mustn't don't have to couldn't

Shall

would be floating

ought to

had better

can be turned

have got to

mustn’t

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20. Do you always have to say the first thing that pops into your head. ________________ you think once in a while before you speak?

Can not Can't Don't can

21. Terry and Frank said they would come over right after work, so they ________________ be here by 6:00.

have to can should

22. Yesterday, I ________________ cram (=bubati) all day for my French final. I didn't get to sleep until after midnight.

had to should must

23. We ________________ no longer suffer the injustice of oppression! Freedom shall be ours!

would might shall

24. If I had gone to the University of Miami, I ________________ participated in their Spanish immersion program.

could could have could be

25. The lamp ________________ be broken. Maybe the light bulb just burned out.

might not must not could not

can’t

should

had to

shall

could have

might not

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may had better have got to shall

1. I know it's rather rude, but I ask you where you purchased that pocket watch? I have been looking for one like that for my father.

2. You look good for your interview if you want to get the sales job. You wear the the white shirt and the maroon tie. I think that'll look really professional.

3. I be at work tomorrow by 7:00. I give a marketing presentation to one of our clients.

4. It's pretty hot in the desert at this time of year. If we are going to do some hiking, we take at least two or three quarts of water with us. Actually, it be hotter than we expect out there - maybe we should take a gallon or more.

5. You leave the table once you have finished your meal and politely excused yourself.

6. I try a little of your Black Forest cake? I looks absolutely delicious - I taste it!

7. I'm not really sure if Susan is going to go snow boarding with us or not. She decide to stay here and study for her Japanese final. She get a good score on the test if she wants to qualify to study abroad in Tokyo next semester

MAY

HAD BETTER

HAVE GOT TO HAVE GOT TO

HAD BETTER MAY

MAY

MAY

MAYHAS GOT TO

‘VE GOT TO

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8. I have a look at that necklace there in the display case? It's exactly what I've been looking for.

9. You be joking! If you think I'm going to give you a tip after you mixed up the meal orders, spilled wine on me and insulted my wife, you get your head examined!!!

10. Ian, Evelyn and Deborah will be attending the conference. I be attending as well.

may had better have got to shallMAY

HAVE GOT TO

SHALL

might should must

1. Nancy said you didn't need to buy her anything for her birthday, but I really think you ___________ at least get her some flowers or a nice bottle of wine.

2. Debbie said she was really busy this week, but I think she ______________ show up at the party if she doesn't have to work overtime on Friday.

3. Nina said she would come over right after work, so she _________________ be here by 6:00.

4. Oh my God, he's unconscious. Don't move him - he __________________ have internal injuries. Somebody call an ambulance.

might

should

might

might

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5. You __________________ be kidding! That can't be true.

6. For most people, learning a language is a challenging undertaking. Experts agree that to make the most of your language learning experience, you ______________ practice the language regularly and push yourself to maintain old vocabulary while acquiring new words and expressions.

7. New research suggests that exercise can reduce the chance of heart disease as well as cancer. That's why I told my father that he _____________ start walking once a day.

8. We should invite Sally and her husband to come to the picnic on Saturday. We haven't seen them in weeks, and they ________________ really enjoy a nice day at the beach.

9. A: While I was a student, I spent a year and a half studying pygmy culture in the Central African Republic. My research focused on unique aspects of the their social structure and religion. B: That _________________ have been absolutely fascinating!

10. We had better call Tony to see if he's at home before we go over to his house. He ____________ be there and we don't want to drive all the way over there for nothing.

might should must

must

must

should

might

must

might not

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11. At first, my boss didn't want to hire Sam. But, because I had previously worked with Sam, I told my boss that he ______________ take another look at his resume and reconsider him for the position.

12. You _______________ worry so much. It doesn't do you any good. Either you get the job, or you don't. If you don't, just apply for another one. Eventually, you will find work.

13. I would love to go on the cruise to Tahiti with Robin and Michelle. But such a luxurious trip ______________ cost a fortune. I doubt I could afford something like that.

14. The book recommends adding fresh soil and using plant food to make your garden flowers grow. Since some people might be allergic to chemicals in artificial plant foods, the book says that you ______________ use an organic brand to avoid skin irritations.

might should must

should

shouldn’t

must

should

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would could should might

1. Donna: If I won the ten million dollar lottery jackpot, I __________ afford to quit my job and travel the world.

Sam: Where _____________ you go if you had that much money?

Donna: I don't know, I ______________ choose to spend a year in Paris - or perhaps I ___________ go to Kenya.

Sam: How often do you buy lottery tickets?

Donna: Never... I guess if I want to win the lottery, I ____________ try buying some tickets.

Sam: That ___________ help.

2. Waitress: Hi, my name is Sandy - I'll be your waitress tonight. What can I get for you?

Tony: I haven't decided yet. Is there anything you ____________ recommend? Is there anything you think I ___________ try?

could

would

mightwould

should

would

couldshould

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Waitress: You ____________ try the catfish - or perhaps the Gumbo (=fish soup). They're both delicious.

Tony: That sounds wonderful, but that ___________ be a little too spicy for me. Actually, the prawns sound good. ___________ I have the barbecued prawns?

Waitress: Sure, ___________ you like a salad with that?

3. Jan: What __________ we look for in a candidate when we vote in a presidential election?

Peter: I think citizens __________ vote for a President who has the ability to improve the quality of life in the United States.

Jan: What __________ you do if you were President of the United States?

Peter: I _____________ focus on environmental pollution.

Jan: Every candidate always says he's going to do that, but it's a really complicated problem - there's not one which is easily solved. What makes you think you _______ actually stop pollution?

would could should might

could

mightCould

would

should

should

would

would

could

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Modals and Related Expressions

1. I'm not really sure where Beverly is. She __________________ in the living room, or perhaps she's in the backyard.

might sit might be sitting might have sat

2. Doug __________________ the video we rented on his way to work. It was on the table, but now it's gone.

must have returned must not have returned must return

3. You __________________ the air pressure in your tires. You don't want to get a flat tire on your trip.

ought to be checking ought to check ought to checked

4. The computer isn't working. It ________________________ during production.

can be damaged should have been damaged must have been damaged

5. The package ________________________ tomorrow afternoon. It was sent by express mail this morning.

should be delivered should have been delivered should be delivering

must have returned

might be sitting

ought to check

must have been damaged

should be delivered

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6. You __________________ the tickets for the play in advance - they sell out quickly. have to book has to book have to be booked

7. You can't mean that! You ______________________. must joke have to have joked have got to be joking

8. If Debbie hasn't come home yet, she ______________________ for us in the coffee shop. must still wait must still be waiting must still have waited

9. Mike decided not to join us for lunch. He __________________ at work to finish the marketing report. should have been staying had to stay should have stayed

10. If I had gone with my friends to Jamaica, I __________________ on a white sand beach right now. would be lying would lie would have lain

11. If I had gone with my friends to Jamaica, I ______________________ come to work this week. would not must would have had to would not have had to

12. If I had gone with my friends to Jamaica, I __________________ scuba diving lessons. might be taken ought to be taking could have taken

have to book

have got to be joking

must still be waiting

had to stay

would be lying

would not have had to

could have taken

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13. Margaret agreed to meet us at the entrance to the theater. She _________________ for us when we get there.

ought to be waiting ought to wait ought to have waited

14. It __________________ Sam who called and didn't leave a message on the answering machine. He said he wanted to get together with us this weekend.

ought to be might have been should have been

15. The machine __________________ on by flipping this switch.

can turn can be turned can be turning

16. She ______________________. That could have been why her eyes were so red and swollen.

has to be crying could be crying might have been crying

17. If she was crying, she __________________ very upset.

must have been shall be would have been

ought to be waiting

might have been

can be turned

might have been crying

must have been

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18. That painting ___________________________ by Picasso. It could be a forgery.

might be painting might not paint might not have been painted

19. Your diving equipment __________________ regularly if you want to keep it in good condition.

must be cleaned must have been cleanedmust have been being cleaned

20. If I hadn't taken a taxi, I _________________________ for you at the train station for hours.

might have been waitingought to have been waiting

had to have waited

might not have been painted

must be cleaned

might have been waiting

AND NOW THE ....

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Write out a composition from the following skeleton: - first thing - soldier - must learn - when - go - army - obey - orders -. -

if - told - do - something -, - must do - without - ask - questions -. - Jim - find - very - difficult - do -. - often - not do - what - order - do -, - so - punish -: - sometimes - have to - clean - floors -, - sometimes - do - unpleasant jobs - camp kitchens -, - sometimes - march about - while - friends - rest -. - after - few weeks -, - decide - become - good soldier - do - exactly - what - order - do -

- soon - put - in - group - soldiers - job - paint - army trucks -. - officer - tell - him - paint - one - trucks - dark green -.

"- which part - want - me - paint -, - sir -?" - Jim -, - officer - hurry -, - so - shout -, "- every part -!" - Jim - want - be - sure - before - begin -, - so that - do - exactly - what - order - do -. "- every part - truck -, - sir -?" - ask -.

"- yes -, - every part -!" - officer - shout - more loudly - before -. "- and - not stop - till - finish - whole truck -.„

- well -, - Jim - decide - obey - all orders - exactly -, - so - begin - paint - truck - dark green -. - paint - body - truck -, - then - paint - wheels - and - tires - and - lights - and - all - windows -. - after -, - start - paint - inside - truck -. - paint - seats - and - steering - wheel - and - insides - windows -. - when - finish -, - every part - truck - dark green -, - inside - outside - . - poor Jim - soon - clean - floors - do - dirty jobs - kitchens - again -.

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Write out a composition from the following skeleton:

- one day - Jimmy - very excited - when - come - home - school -. "- hallo -, - Jimmy -," - mother -. "- what - happen -? - why - so - excited -?"

"- oh -, - Mummy -." - answer -, "- teacher - have - beautiful, white rabbit - name - Snowball -. - not want - him - more -. - so - going - put - all our names - in hat -, - then - take - one - out -. - boy - whose name it - is - get - Snowball -. - but - before - any - name - put - hat -, - must have - letter - from - parents - say - may keep - Snowball - if - win -." - Jimmy's parents - already - two dogs - and - cat -, - enough trouble - without - rabbit - as well -, - so - mother - not very pleased - when - hear - Snowball -, - but - think - quickly - then - say -, "- how many - boys - your class -, - Jimmy -?"

"- thirty -," - answer -. "- why -, - Mummy -?""- not - matter -," - say -. "- I - give - letter -." - she - not want - say -

no - Jimmy -, - and - think - that -, - with - twenty-nine - other - in - class -, - not - at all - probable - Jimmy - win - rabbit -. - so - Jimmy - go - off - school - next morning - very excited - with - letter - for - teacher -. - arrive - back - afternoon -, - run - kitchen - say - mother -, "- Snowball - mine -! - Snowball - mine -!" -so excited - hardly - able - speak -.

- mother - hardly - believe -. "- mean - out of - all - thirty - in - class - you - win -?" - say -. "- well -." - answer -, "- not exactly - win -. - I - only boy - class - bring - letter - which - teacher - ask -."

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-Joan - doctor - work - hospital -. - very fond - hunting -, - and - whenever - have - free day -, - go -

forest - with - gun -. - as - hunting - sport - which - very few women - do -, - she - always - try - hard - avoid - make - silly - mistakes - when - hunting - with - men -, - because - not want - them - think -, "- that - exactly - what - expect - woman - do -!" - was - one man - who - hunt - deer - with her - several times - and - who - say - she - just as good - at - as - any man -. - one morning - this man -, - name - Bob -, - invite - her - hunt - deer - with -, - so - go - forest - together -. - suddenly - see - big deer - come - towards -, - and - Bob - whisper - her -, "- yours -!" - Joan - put - gun - shoulder -, -aim - carefully - press - trigger -. - nothing - happen -. - try - again -, - again - gun - not fire - . - this time -, - deer - smell - Joan - Bob - run - away -.

- of course -, - Bob - very surprised -. - take - Joan's gun -, - open - and - catch - shell - as - come - out -. - look - at - several - seconds - mouth - open -. - seem - not - believe - what - see -. - then - begin - laugh - loudly -. -Joan - take - shell - from -, - look - look - at - see - not - shell - at all -, - but - lipstick -, - which - exactly - same size - shape - shells - her gun -. - face - very red - as - remember -, - when - put - on - coat - that morning -, - put - lipstick - one - pockets - which - keep - shells -.

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- Sunday morning -. - old gentleman - sit - bench - park -, - enjoy - sun -, - when - see - young father - walk - slowly - towards - along - path - with - baby son -. - seem - talk - very happily - each other -.

"- suppose - he - take - son - walk - while - wife - cook - lunch -," - think - old gentleman -. "- child - enjoy - sun -, - mother - free - do - work -."

- just then -, - baby - begin - cry - loudly -. - old - gentleman - see - that - child - want - go - down - towards - lake -, - while - father - want - start - go - home -.

"- suppose - lunch - soon - ready -," - think - old gentleman -, "- and - if - they - late -, - spoil -, - and - mother - angry - with - husband -."

- baby - cry louder - louder - become - angrier - angrier - as young father - quietly - go - on - refuse - let - go - down - lake -. - old gentleman - very interested - see - how - young father - behave - child -. - not shout - or - become - angry -, - but - say - again - again -, - quite voice -, "- all right -, - Joe -. - keep - calm -, - Joe -. - not - get - excited -, - Joe -.

- old gentleman - very pleased - see - such - wise father -, - so - get - up -, - go - towards - and - say - with - lot - feeling -," - may - congratulate -, - sir -!

- behave - wonderfully -. - you - know - how - treat - your child - very well -. - so calm - with -. - so - little boy's name - Joe -, -?"

"- no -, - not -. - answer -. "- his name - Dick -. I - Joe."

Thank you for your attention!

MODALS

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