MODAL VERBS

51
Prepared by:Asma Askaoui Meriem Ait Hemmou Supervised by: Jennifer EVANS Youssef Tamer Modal Verbs

description

 

Transcript of MODAL VERBS

Page 1: MODAL VERBS

Prepared by:Asma AskaouiMeriem Ait Hemmou

Supervised by: Jennifer EVANS Youssef Tamer

Modal Verbs

Page 2: MODAL VERBS

Characteristics of modals

Page 3: MODAL VERBS

Characteristics of modals:

Characteristics of modals

explanation examples

Contraction with not

Except ‘’ may’’and ‘’shall’’ all modals can contract with not

He shouldn’t tell her.*She mayn’t come.

Subject-aux inversion

Modals undergo subject-aux inversion in yes/no question

Can you give me your attention?

Repetition in retorts and in tag question

A.Repetition in retorts:

In retorts, modalsare repeated withprimary stressB. Repetition in

tag questions:A modal verb in

thestem appears in

the tag

You think she will not succeed? well, she will

Amal can’t come, can she?

Invariant form Modals do not take the present tense-s ending or the past tense-ed ending.

*he cans do that.*she canned forget it.

Page 4: MODAL VERBS

Types of modals:

Modals can be classified according to form and according to meaning.

Modals can be classified into 3 categories according to their forms:

Pure modals Marginal modals

semimodals

CanCouldMayMightMust ShallShouldWillwould

DareNeedOught to

Be going toBe supposed toHad betterHad bestHave got toHave to

Page 5: MODAL VERBS

1.Except ‘’may ‘’, pure modals display the four characteristics (contraction, inversion, repetition in retorts and tags, and invariant form)

2.Marginal modals display only 2 characteristics; contraction with not and subject-aux inversion.

Eg;*he need to go. He needs to go.

3. Semimodals are fixed idiomatic expressions begining with have, had or be. Semimodals are not invariant.

He has to apologise They have to apologise

Page 6: MODAL VERBS

Modals can be classified into 3 categories according to their meaning:

Basic meaning of modals:

1. Modals of ability, permission and possibility: can, could, may and might.

2. Modals of advice and necessity: must, should, dare, need, have to, had better, had best, have got to, ought to, and be supposed to.

3. Modals for expressing future time: shall, will, would, and be going to.

Extended meanings of modals are determined by the context.

Page 7: MODAL VERBS

Pure modals of ability,permission and possibility

Page 8: MODAL VERBS

The modals of ability, permission and possibility are all pure modals.

CAN:

‘’Can’’ expresses the following basic meanings: Ability: Youness can make the datashow work. Permission: Can i leave now? you can ask for more clarification.

Possibility: Your dreams can Be fulfilled.

CAN has several extended meanings: Admonition: You can’t tell her! The shock would kill her. Speculation: Now, who can be calling at this hour? Disbelief: He didn’t pass the exam? That can’t be possible!

He is always top of the class.

Page 9: MODAL VERBS

COULD:

‘’could’’ expresses the following basic meanings: Ability: The old man said ‘’ when i was healthy i

could run very fast’’. Permission: Could i use your laptop? Possibility: It could rain today.

COULD has several extended meanings:

speculation. Mrs Jennifer could be in room 57, but i’am not sure.

Regret. Amal could have presented business English presentation, but she was very sick.

Page 10: MODAL VERBS

Disbeliefs: couldn’t have expresses disbelief about a past event or action. - Nouhaila couldn’t have insulted you. She is well educated.

Suggestion or implied criticism: could and could have are used to:

1. Advise someone to do something. -if you don’t understand modal verbs, you could ask

Asma for clarification. 2. Show criticism of a person’s behavior. -He could have knocked before he came in.

Page 11: MODAL VERBS

MAY: expresses possibility and permission. possibility: He may be the winner. permission. May i help you? you may leave now. MIGHT: expresses possibility as basic meaning. - she might come.

Might expresse as extended meaning: Speculation: Brahim might have met soumia in library,

but i think he was not free Suggestion: you might try filipping that switch and

see what happens. Implied criticism: Youness might have at least

informed me about the make-up class. Permission in formal request: might i ask you a favor?

Page 12: MODAL VERBS

Pure Modals of Advice and Necessity

Page 13: MODAL VERBS

Should : 1) Advice : should expresses

recommendations based on the speaker’s subjective judgment.

-Drivers should obey the speed limit.

-That’s a very deep wound ,you should see a doctor immediately.

Page 14: MODAL VERBS

Extended meanings1)Inferred probability: should can express probability based on the

evidence present at the moment of speaking.

-It’s 9:00 the bus should come by any minute now.

Should have can also express surprise.

-The bus should have been here 10minutes ago.I wonder what’s holding it up.

Page 15: MODAL VERBS

2)Reproach or reprimand: Should have expresses these meanings

about actions taken or not taken. Example : -Aziz should have been more careful ,but

he was driving recklessly ,as usual.

Page 16: MODAL VERBS

Must :1)Necessity and obligation: Necessity can be internal when it springs

from an internal desire. -I have decided not to pursue a career in

law. I feel very strongly that i will be happier as a teacher. This is my destiny and i must pursue it.

Page 17: MODAL VERBS

Necessity can be external ,if external circumstances that create the compulsion.

-You must fulfill the terms of your contract or

else we will take you to court.

Page 18: MODAL VERBS

2)prohibition: It is expressed by the use of « must not »

-You must not have any further contact with that person.

-You must not leave the country or your parole will be revoked

Page 19: MODAL VERBS

Must not can also express obligation , meaning that an action must not be done .

-You must not forget to turn off the gas before you leave the house.

Must not is never used to convey « it is not necessary »

-You must not answer every question on the exam.*

- You need not/don’t have to answer every question on the exam.

Page 20: MODAL VERBS

3)Minimal requirement or condition: (meaning at least)

-You must have a BA in English studies to apply for TEFL and ICT master program .

Page 21: MODAL VERBS

Extended meanings:1)Inferred probability: Must expresses inferred probability or

supposition. -Wow ,you pronounced that perfectly!you

must be French.-Well ,judging from her apprearance ,she

must be rich.

Page 22: MODAL VERBS

2)Polite insistence : Must is used to express polite insistence in

invitations and apologies. -You must visit us this weekend .I insist on it

.

Page 23: MODAL VERBS

Exercise

Page 24: MODAL VERBS

judge :you must not drive your car for three months.if you do,you will be arrested .(prohibition)

1_she must get a B on this exam if she if she wants to pass the class.

2_(hearing the door open )that should be Mom.3_we must contact him before he leaves for

Thailand.4_you should get some rest .You look tired.5_you mustn’t forget to take out the trash with you.6_you should have lent him the money .He’s your

best friend,you know.

Indicate the meaning expressed by each modal verb in italics.Some of the modals express a basic meaning ,and others express an extended meaning.

Page 25: MODAL VERBS

Correction : 1_minimal requirement or condition 2_inferred probability 3_necessity or obligation 4_advice 5_necessity or obligation 6_reproach or reprimand

Page 26: MODAL VERBS

Marginal modals and

Semimodals of advice and necessity

Page 27: MODAL VERBS

Marginal modals and semimodals all (except be going to) have meanings related to necessity and advice.

A. Marginal modals: 1- DARE

• Dare expresses the basic meaning of advice. It appears only in questions and negative statements.

- Dare i hurry up? (British English)

• Dare expresses in negative statements the extended meaning of:

Admonition: you dare not ignore this cough. Impossibility: i dare not tell my mother about this.

2- NEED

• Need expresses the basic meaning of necessity. You need to do your assignment.• Need expresses the extended meaning of advice.• you need to see a doctor.

Page 28: MODAL VERBS

3-OUGHT TO

• Ought to expresses the basic meaning of advice• ikram ought to be more careful with her

motocycle.

• Ought to expresses the extended meaning of: Inferred probability:

-I ought to be able to read your hand writing. Reproach or reprimand: -you ought to have forgiven him. After all, he

apologized

Page 29: MODAL VERBS

A.Semimodals

1- HAD BETTER and HAD BEST Had better : For advice. You had better

take your umbrella. It’s raining outside For warning. You’d better do

your job well, or you will be dismissed. Had best : For advice. You’d best consult your

wife before making any decision.

Page 30: MODAL VERBS

2- HAVE TO Have to expresses the basic meaning of necessity

or obligation. The time is not enough that i have to

hurry up Amal was so sick that we had to visit her.Have to expresses the extended meaning of : inferred probability: Sophia has to be very happy. She will go to MARRAKECH. polite insistence: Ait lmadani has to forgive us. We are taking a long time

Page 31: MODAL VERBS

Pure Modals and Semimodals for

Expressing Future Time

Page 32: MODAL VERBS

will:1)Future time ,prediction: will+main

verb=future time . Example: -Sarah will postgraduate in one or two

years.(future) -They will go on to win tomorrow.(prediction)

Page 33: MODAL VERBS

Extended meanings:1)Volition:Will can express volition which is the internal

desire of the speaker.Example: -I will leave tomorrow no matter what you

want me to do.- I promise we will overcome all the hardship.

Page 34: MODAL VERBS

2)Inferred probability: Will can be used to express inferred

probability , particularly about the immediate future.

-That will be MR Rayan.He always arrives promptly at 8:00.

Page 35: MODAL VERBS

3)Requests(polite alternatives to

commands):

-Will you step into my office for a second? -Will you move your car a bite to the left?

Page 36: MODAL VERBS

Shall:1)Future time: Shall is used to express a prediction about

the future.-It appears that this play shall be a great

success.British English

-It appears that his play will be a great success. American English

Page 37: MODAL VERBS

Extended meanings:1)Volition: Shall is used to express a strong volition .

- We shall overcome these difficulties and go on to win.

- The person who committed this terrible crime shall be punished.

Page 38: MODAL VERBS

2)Suggestions and requests for advice: Shall expresses requests for advice, when

it is used with first person pronouns in questions,or it may also be a suggestion.

-Shall I tell him now or later?-The weather is beautiful today .Shall we go

to the beach?

Page 39: MODAL VERBS

Would:1)Prediction in the past ;future in the

past: Would is used to talk about future

predictions made in the past . -I think it will rain any minute.-I thought it would rain any minute.

Page 40: MODAL VERBS

Extended meaninngs: 1)Regular action in the past:Would is used to descride a regularly

occuring action in the past-When I was a child ,my father would read me

a story at night before bedtime.

Page 41: MODAL VERBS

2)Hypothetical results: Would is the modal that indicates

hypothetical results in conditional sentences.

-if you listened more carefully ,you would get better grades.

Page 42: MODAL VERBS

3)Inferred probability: Would can be used to express inferred

probability .-That would be Meriem 4)Polite requests:

-Would you please stop talking so loudly ?we are trying to study.

Page 43: MODAL VERBS

Be going to :

1)Future time :planned action It is used to indicate planned future action -I’m going to leave a little after seven o’clock.

(I plan to leave a little after seven o’clock.)

Page 44: MODAL VERBS

2)Future Time :Immediate Imminent action

Be going to is used when speaking about an action that appears to be immediately imminent or has already started.

-Look out we’re going to hit that car!

Page 45: MODAL VERBS

Problems that ESL/EFL students have with modals.

Page 46: MODAL VERBS

ESL/EFL students commit three basic problems when learning English modal verbs.

Following modals with infinitives (Spanish)

when learning to use English modals, spanish speakers will frequently use an infinitive after the modal.

You should to go to the cinema two times a week*.

You should go to the movies to times a week.

Page 47: MODAL VERBS

Incorrect use of must not (GERMAN)

Some ESL/EFL students incorrectly use must not to indicate that something is not necessary.

But we must not absolutely on foot go*. But we don’t really have to walk.

Page 48: MODAL VERBS

Selecting an inappropriate modal (Korean):

Korean speakers may often choose a modal that does not seem appropriate for a given context.

In conclusion, shopping must be short and simple. (advice)

In conclusion, shopping should be short and simple.

Page 49: MODAL VERBS

activity

Page 50: MODAL VERBS

In this activity you are required to write a short paragraph about a past experience that you regret now. Use modals to express what you could have done before falling in trouble.

Example: I could have succeeded if i had prepared well for the

national exam. I had to respond to my parents and teachers’ routine advice ( you must revise your lessons regularly if you want to succeed; you had better work in group to improve your English…..). Alas! it’s too late and there is nothing i can do now . Oh!! What a shame!

Page 51: MODAL VERBS

Thank you.