Mod4 Notes Handout

8/10/2019 Mod4 Notes Handout

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PLANTS

READING ASSIGNMENT

Ch. 28-29, pg. 570--585, 589-604.

Ch. 38, pg. 778-784.

Figs. 28.1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 15, 18Figs. 29.1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 16-21

Figs. 38. 2-7

I. What is a plant ?

Plantae

Green plants

Land plants

II. Plantae_Red algae

Almost all multicellular

chloroplast

III. Plantae_Green plants_Green algae_Chlorophytes

Range from unicellular to colonial to multicellular

III.A. Chlamydomonas

Aquatic

unicellular

chloroplast


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V.A.2. Adaptations:

a. Cuticles

b. stomata

c. gametangia

d. embryos

e. Pigments

f. spore walls

g. mutually beneficial association with fungi

V.B. General features of life cycle of land plants: Alternation of generations

Sporophyte:

multicellular, diploid plant

sporangia:

Spores:

Gametophyte:

multicellular, haploid plant

developed from a spore by mitosis

produces haploid gametes by mitosis.

Fertilization

Forms a zygote


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Zygote develops into a multicellular diploid plant

VI. Nonvascular land plants: Liverworts, Hornworts, and Mosses

VI.A. Common characteristics of nonvascular plants:

Look

Habitat

Structure

VI.B. The life cycle of a moss plant

gametophyte:

antheridia

sperm

archegonia

egg

Fertilization:

Zygote

Develop into adult sporophyte

Sporophyte

Sporangium

spores


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protonema

new gametophyte

VII. Vascular Plants

VII.A. Common characteristics of vascular plants

larger

more independent of a moist environment

vascular system

Phloem:

Xylem:

An independent sporophyte

VII.B. Fern: a seedless vascular plant

Sporophyte:

Fronds

Sporangia

Spores

Gametophyte:

Archegonium


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egg

Antheridium

sperm

Fertilization

Embryo

A new sporophyte

VII.C. Appearance of heterospory among the vascular plantsHomospory vs. heterospory

VII.D. SEED PLANTS:

VII.D.1. Common features of Seed plants:

Seed

Sporophyte less dependent on the gametophyte

Pollination

Secondary growth

VII.D.2. What account for the success of seeds?

Distribution

withstand harsh environments

germinate under appropriate conditions.

Nourishment


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VII.D.3. Seed plants _Gymnosperms_conifers

Have cones

no swimming sperm

Life cycle of a pine tree

Sporophyte:

Megastrobilus

Ovule

Megasporangium

Megasporocyte

Megaspore

Female gametophyte:

Archegonia

Egg cells

microstrobilus

Microsporocyte

Microspore

Male gametophyte

A tube cell

A generative cell

Fertilization


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Zygote

Embryo

Seed

Sporophyte

Mature seed (Winged seed) consists of three generations of tissues:

Seed coat:

Food reserve

New sporophyte embryo

VII.D.4 Seed plants_Angiosperms__most numerous type of plant

VII.D.4.a. Flower:

Sepals

Petals

Stamen

Carpel


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VII.D.4.b. the life cycle

Sporophyte

Anther

Microsporangium

Microsporocyte

Microspores

Pollen grain

Ovule

Megasporangium

Megasporocyte

Megaspore

Megagametophyte

Egg

2 polar nuclei

Double fertilization

1 sperm + 1 egg

1 sperm + 2 polar nuclei

Seed

Sporophyte


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VII.D.4.c. Fruits

--develop from the ovary wall

Advantages of fruits:protection from desiccation

aid in seed dispersal.

Four types of fruits

Simple fruit

Aggregate fruit

Multiple fruit

Accessory fruit

VII.D.4.d. Most of the angiosperms are either monocots or eudicots.

Monocots

dicots

Thanking cap: Is seed the same as spore?

SPORE SEED


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Glossary Alternation of generations

Cellulose chlorophyll sporophyte diploid

Sporangium spore gametophyte haploid

Gamete fertilization zygote mitosis

Meiosis heterospory homospory gametangia

Seed plants vascular plants antheridium protonemaAngiosperm archegonium gymnosperm phloem

Xylem frond sori prothallus

Pollen strobilus megasporangium megaspore microspore

Sepal petal stamen carpel

Anther ovule monocot dicot

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