Moche Substyles - Keys to Understand the Moche Political Organization
Moche From tomb at Sipan. Civilizations of Peru Civilizations of South America Before the Inca.
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Transcript of Moche From tomb at Sipan. Civilizations of Peru Civilizations of South America Before the Inca.
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Moche
From tomb at Sipan
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Civilizations of PeruCivilizations of Peru
Civilizations of South America Civilizations of South America
Before the IncaBefore the Inca
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Numerous advanced cultures predate the Inca
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• Civilization in Peru is found first along the coast.
• Thin strip of coast meet very high mountains.
• First cultures were hunter/gatherers who exploited marine resources, settled in coastal villages
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Important pre-Inca CivilizationsImportant pre-Inca Civilizations
• El Pariso culture (earliest settlement to about 2000 BC)
• Chavin de Huantar (fantastic pottery, 1000 BC-1 AD then phases out)
• Moche (greatest pyramids, 200BC-500AD)
• Chan Chan (desert city of the Chimu, example of urban planning, 1000-1500 AD)
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El ParisoEl Pariso
• From about 4000 BC (6000 BCE)
• Situated in dry dessert region
• Monumental public architecture begins to be constructed around 2500 BC, several phases
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Maritime HypothesisMaritime Hypothesis[[Developed byDeveloped by Michael Mosely]Michael Mosely]
• Exploitation of marine resources, such as fish, shellfish, sea mammals, birds
• Agriculture of minor importance for main subsistence.
• Crops supplement diet.
• El Nino was most critical influence over resource base and well being of the civilization
• Sea level changes , climate shifts and uplifting affect coastal settlement.
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EvidenceEvidence
• Archaeological recovery of woven nets, shellfish debris, fishbone, seabird bone
• Recovery of coprolites indicating diet rich in fish. Bone chemistry analysis supports this finding.
• Geophysical evidence of El Nino affect.
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• Environmental archaeology of changing climates and water temperature fluctuations—active and measurable today.
• Crop types variable; irrigation systems take advantage of nearby streams.
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Chavin de HuantarChavin de Huantar
• Early polity in the lower Andean highlands at 10,000 feet.
• Ceremonial center with anthropomorphic statuary and stylized carvings.
• Platform temples
• Extremely fine pottery
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Stanford excavation.
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Evidence of anthropomorphic art in carvings and frescos and shamanistic practices.
Note nasal discharge
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• Peak occupation episode from 850-200 BC
• Several thousand people living around the site in villages
• The complex was located at confluence of two rivers.
• Strategic site.
• Agricultural development and
hunting.• Terracing of hillsides
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See text page 152, 164 Moseley
The Lanzon (“the great image” Anthropomorphic image carved in stone pillar. This stelae is of greatest importance at Chavin.
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See page 169, Moseley.
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Chavin HorizonChavin Horizon
• Horizon: cultural fluorescence and wide spread affects on the region. Evidence in architecture and art.
• Mystery: who were these people? Where where they from? What brought them to build in the mountains rather than the coast? How did they end?
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MocheMoche
• Masters of pottery art
• Master builders
• Ritualized war among elite cults leading to sacrifice of defeated warriors.
• King/Priest/Deity
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Moche left us a unique legacy of their culture in pottery art.
Naturalistic and sensitive portrayals, often illustrating humor, realism, and fun. Others depict horror and pain.
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Moche pyramid, Huaca del Sol, made from millions of adobe bricks. Only one third original size. Largest of South America.
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• Moche systems of agriculture eclipsed what came before. Put more land under cultivation than is in the region today.
• Continued to exploit marine resources.
• Ritual life became elaborate and reached into all sectors of life.
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Moche stirrup jars
(portrait jars).
The Moche portrayed every aspect of daily life and ritual. The jars held more than functional meaning, but also convey spiritual and ritual significance.
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Schematic from of ritual stirrup jar. Scene shows defeated warriors having throat cut and blood of victim presented to warrior/priest by female warrior/priestess to drink.
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• Environmental evidence indicates strong El Nino disruptions around 500 AD and again around 700 AD. A combination of floods, drought and earthquakes may have brought an end to the Moche. Their civilization in the fragile coastal desert ecosystem was simply unsustainable.
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