Mobile Phone

By

Rajeev Libi

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AbstractThis technical report contains the information and application about the Mobile Phone. The

report begins with the basic introduction and its history. Describing about its Introduction and

features does a basic explaining of the Mobile Phone. The title is focused toward the application

of the Mobile Phone in the various field and its uses, so the content is diverted toward the

application of Mobile phone after its brief introduction and history in the main/body part of this

report.

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AcknowledgementsFirst of all I would like to thank our respected Sir Dr. R.K.Singh who guided us throughout this project. I am also thankful to my friends who advised me suggestion about the report. I would also like to thank my classmates for their kind suggestion and references for the further improvements and advance in this report. hanks to our parent, family members and friends for their continuous support and encouragement to strive for our goals.

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Preface

The project gives an insight of the telecom sector. It basically helps understanding the brand preference of students with regard to mobile phones. It helps us to know what are the basis on which a student’s chooses a particular brand when he/she purchases a new handset.

The project will help to learn about the growing telecom sector in Nepal. The research will also bring to light what all factors a student considers at the time of purchase of a new mobile phone.

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List of Figures

Figure 1........................................................................................................................................................8Figure 2........................................................................................................................................................9Figure 3......................................................................................................................................................11Figure 4......................................................................................................................................................12Figure 5......................................................................................................................................................13Figure 6......................................................................................................................................................13Figure 7......................................................................................................................................................15Figure 8......................................................................................................................................................15Figure 9......................................................................................................................................................16Figure 10....................................................................................................................................................16Figure 11....................................................................................................................................................16Figure 12....................................................................................................................................................17Figure 13....................................................................................................................................................17Figure 14....................................................................................................................................................17

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Acronym &Abbreviation

SMS - Short Message Service

MMS – Multimedia Messaging Service

2G – Second Generation

3G – Third Generation

4G- Fourth Generation

5G – Fifth Generation

IMEI- International Mobile Equipment Identity

WIFI – Wireless Fidelity

LTE – Long Term Evolution

HD – High Definition

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Table of Contents

1. Introduction ……………………………………………………………………. 7 1.1 Definition of Mobile phone ………………….…………………………….. 7 1.2 History of Mobile Phone……………………………………………………. 7 1.3 The Global Mobile Phone Industry…………………………………………. 82. Discussions…………………………………………………………………….... 9 2.1 Features……………………………………………………………………… 9 2.1.1 Sound Quality…………………………………………………………… 9 2.1.2 Text Messaging…………………………………………………………. 10 2.1.3 SIM Card……………………………………………………………….. 10 2.1.4 Multi-Card hybrid Phone……………………………………………….. 10 2.1.5 Kosher phones…………………………………..………………………. 11 2.2 Manufactures………………………………………………………………… 11 2.3 Uses…………………………………………………………………………... 12 2.3.1 Smartphones……………………………………………………………… 12 2.3.2 While Driving…………………………………………………………….. 12 2.3.3 Mobile banking and payments…………………………………………… 13 2.3.4 Tracking and privacy……………………………………………………… 13 2.3.5 Thefts………………………………………………………………………. 13 2.4 Future Evolution………………………………………………………………... 14 2.5 Advantages of Mobile Phone…………………………………………………… 14 2.5.1 Easy communication………………………………………………………...14 2.5.2 Always Connected………………………………………………………….. 14 2.5.3 Multiple Uses………………………………………………………………...15 2.5.4 Emergency Situations………………………………………………………..15 2.5 Disadvantages of Mobile Phones…………………………………………………15 2.5.1 Constant Interruption………………………………………………………..15 2.5.2 Possibility of Privacy Leak…………………………………………………..16 2.5.3 Distraction……………………………………………………………………16 2.5.4 Affect Real Interaction……………………………………………………….163. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….174. Recommendations…………………………………………………………………….185. Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………..19

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1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Definition of Mobile phone: The Mobile Phone is a long-range, portable electronic device used for mobile communication. In addition to the standard voice function of a telephone, current mobile phones can support many additional services such as SMS for text messaging, email, packet switching for access to the Internet, and MMS for sending and receiving photos and video. Most current mobile phones connect to a cellular network of base stations (cell sites), which is in turn interconnected to the public switched telephone network (PSTN) (the exception is satellite phones. Cellular telephone is also defined as a type of short-wave analog or digital telecommunication in which a subscriber has a wireless connection from a mobile telephone to a relatively nearby transmitter. The transmitter's span of coverage is called a cell. Generally, cellular telephone service is available in urban areas and along major highways. As the cellular telephone user moves from one cell or area of coverage to another, the telephone is effectively passed on to the local cell transmitter. A cellular telephone is not to be confused with a cordless telephone (which is simply a phone with a very short wireless connection to a local phone outlet). A newer service similar to cellular is personal communications services (PCS).

1.2 History of Mobile Phone: A handheld mobile radio telephone service was envisioned in the early stages of radio engineering. In 1917, Finnish inventor Eric Tigerstedt filed a patent for a "pocket-size folding telephone with a very thin carbon microphone". Early predecessors of cellular phones in-cluded analog radio communications from ships and trains. The race to create truly portable tele-phone devices began after World War II, with developments taking place in many countries. The advances in mobile telephony have been traced in successive "generations", starting with the early "0G" (zeroth generation) services, such as Bell Sys-tem's Mobile Telephone Service and its successor, the Improved Mobile Telephone Service. These "0G" systems were not cellular, supported few si-multaneous calls, and were very expensive.

The Motorola DynaTAC 8000X. First commercially available handheld cel-lular mobile phone, 1984.

The first handheld mobile cell phone was demonstrated by Motorola in 1973. The first commercial automated cellular network was launched in Japan by Nippon Telegraph and Telephone in 1979. This was followed in 1981 by the simultaneous launch of the Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. Several other countries

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Figure 1

then followed in the early to mid-1980s. These first-generation (1G) systems could support far more simultaneous calls, but still used analog technology.

In 1991, the second-generation (2G) digital cellular technology was launched in Finland by Radi-olinja on the GSM standard. This sparked competition in the sector as the new operators chal-lenged the incumbent 1G network operators.

Ten years later, in 2001, the third generation (3G) was launched in Japan by NTT DoCoMo on the WCDMA standard. This was followed by 3.5G, 3G+ or turbo 3G enhancements based on the high-speed packet access (HSPA) family, allowing UMTS networks to have higher data transfer speeds and capacity.

By 2009, it had become clear that, at some point, 3G networks would be overwhelmed by the growth of bandwidth-intensive applications, such as streaming media. Consequently, the industry began looking to data-optimized fourth-generation technologies, with the promise of speed im-provements up to ten-fold over existing 3G technologies. The first two commercially available technologies billed as 4G were the WiMAX standard, offered in North America by Sprint, and the LTE standard, first offered in Scandinavia by TeliaSonera.

1.3 The Global Mobile Phone Industry:The global mobile phone industry is based on many different manufacturers and operators. The industry is based on advanced technology and many of the manufacturers are operating in different industries, where they use their technological skills, distribution network, market knowledge and brand name. Four large manufacturers of mobile phones are today dominating the global mobile phone industry; Nokia, Sony Ericson, Samsung and Motorola. In addition to these companies there are many manufacturers that operate globally and locally

Figure 2

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2. Discussions

2.1 Features: All mobile phones have a variety of features in common, but manufacturers seek product differentiation by adding functions to attract consumers. This competition has led to great innovation in mobile phone development over the past 20 years.

The common components found on all phones are:

A battery, providing the power source for the phone functions. An input mechanism to allow the user to interact with the phone. The most common input

mechanism is a keypad, but touch screens are also found in most smartphones. A screen which echoes the user's typing, displays text messages, contacts and more. Basic mobile phone services to allow users to make calls and send text messages. All GSM phones use a SIM card to allow an account to be swapped among devices.

Some CDMA devices also have a similar card called a R-UIM. Individual GSM, WCDMA, iDEN and some satellite phone devices are uniquely identified

by an International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) number.

2.1.1 Sound Quality:

In sound quality, smartphones and feature phones vary little. Some audio-quality enhancing features, such as Voice over LTE and HD Voice, have appeared and are often available on newer smartphones. Sound quality can remain a problem with both, as this depends not so much on the phone itself, as on the quality of the network and, in long distance calls, the bottlenecks/choke points met along the way. As such, for long-distance calls even features such as Voice over LTE and HD Voice may not improve things. In some cases smartphones can improve audio quality even on long-distance calls, by using a VoIP phone service, with someone else's WiFi/internet connection. Some cellphones have small speakers so that the user can use a speakerphone feature and talk to a person on the phone without holding it to her ear. The small speakers can also be used to listen to digital audio files of music or speech or watch videos with an audio component, without holding the phone close to the ear.

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2.1.2 Text Messaging:

The most commonly used data application on mobile phones is Short Message Service (SMS) text messaging. The first SMS message was sent from a computer to a mobile phone in 1992 in the UK, while the first person-to-person SMS from phone to phone was sent in Finland in 1993. The first mobile news service, delivered via SMS, was launched in Finland in 2000, and subsequently many organizations provided "on-demand" and "instant" news services by SMS. Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) was introduced in 2001.

2.1.3 Sim Card:

GSM feature phones require a small microchip called a Subscriber Identity Module or SIM card, in order to function. The SIM card is approximately the size of a small postage stamp and is usually placed underneath the battery in the rear of the unit. The SIM securely stores the service-subscriber key (IMSI) and the Ki used to identify and authenticate the user of the mobile phone. The SIM card allows users to change phones by simply removing the SIM card from one mobile phone and inserting it into another mobile phone or broadband telephony device, provided that this is not prevented by a SIM lock.

The first SIM card was made in 1991 by Munich smart card maker Giesecke & Devrient for the Finnish wireless network operator Radiolinja.

2.1.4 Multi-Card hybrid Phone:

A hybrid mobile phone can hold up to four  SIM cards. SIM and R-UIM cards may be mixed together to allow both GSM and CDMA networks to be accessed.

From 2010 onwards, such phones became popular in India and Indonesia and other emerging markets, and this was attributed to the desire to obtain the lowest on-net calling rate. In Q3 2011, Nokia shipped 18 million of its low-cost dual SIM phone range in an attempt to make up for lost ground in the higher-end smartphone market.

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Figure 3

2.1.5 Kosher phones:

There are Jewish orthodox religious restrictions which, by some interpretations, standard mobile telephones overstep. To deal with this problem, some rabbinical organizations have recommended that phones with text-messaging capability not be used by children. Phones with restricted features are known as kosher phones and have rabbinical approval for use in Israel and elsewhere by observant Orthodox Jews. Although these phones are intended prevent immodesty, some vendors report good sales to adults who prefer the simplicity of the devices. Some phones are approved for use by essential workers (such as health, security and public service workers) on the Sabbath, even though the use of any electrical device is generally prohibited during this time.

2.2 Manufactures:

Prior to 2010, Nokia was the market leader. However, since then competition has emerged in the Asia Pacific region, from brands such as Micromax, Nexian and i-Mobile, which have chipped away at Nokia's market share. Android-pow-ered smartphones have also gained momentum across the region at the expense of Nokia. In India, Nokia's market share dropped significantly to around 31% from 56% in the same period. Its share was displaced by Chinese and Indian vendors of low-end mobile phones.

In Q1 2012, according to Strategy Analytics, Samsung surpassed Nokia, selling 93.5 million units as against Nokia's 82.7 million units. In 2012 Stan-dard & Poor's downgraded Nokia to "junk" status, at BB+/B, with negative outlook due to high loss and an expected further decline owing to insuffi-cient growth in Lumia smartphone sales to offset a rapid decline in revenue from Symbian-based smartphones that was forecast for subsequent quarters.[19]

In Q3 2014, the top ten manufacturers were Samsung (20.6%), Nokia (9.5%), Apple Inc. (8.4%), LG (4.2%), Huawei (3.6%), TCL Communication (3.5), Xiaomi (3.5%), Lenovo (3.3%), ZTE (3.0%) and Micromax (2.2%).

2.3 Uses:

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Figure 4

2.3.1 Smartphones:

Smartphones have a number of distinguishing features. The International Telecommunication Union measures those with Internet connection, which it calls Active Mobile-Broadband sub-scriptions (which includes tablets, etc.). In the developed world, smartphones have now over-taken the usage of earlier mobile systems. However, in the developing world, they account for only 20% of mobile telephony.

2.3.2 While Driving: Mobile phone use while driving, including talking on the phone, texting, or operating other phone features, is common but controversial. It is widely considered danger-ous due to distracted driving. Being distracted while oper-ating a motor vehicle has been shown to increase the risk of accidents. In September 2010, the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administra-tion (NHTSA) reported that 995 people were killed by drivers distracted by cell phones. In March 2011 a US insurance company, State Farm Insurance, announced the results of a study which showed 19% of drivers surveyed accessed the Internet on a smart phone while driving. Many jurisdictions prohibit the use of mobile phones while driving. In Egypt, Israel, Japan, Por-tugal and Singapore, both handheld and hands-free use of a mobile phone (which uses a speaker-phone) is banned. In other countries including the UK and France and in many U.S. states, only handheld phone use is banned, while hands-free use is permit-ted.

Due to the increasing complexity of mobile phones, they are often more like mobile computers in their available uses. This can lead to drivers being stopped for using their de-vice illegally for a phone call when, in fact, they were using the device legally, for example, when using the phone's incor-porated controls for car stereo, GPS or satnav.

A 2010 study reviewed the incidence of mobile phone use while cycling and its effects on behavior and safety. In 2013 a national survey in the US reported the number of driv-ers who reported using their cellphones to access the Internet while driving had risen to nearly one of four. A study con-ducted by the University of Illinois examined approaches for reducing inappropriate and prob-lematic use of mobile phones, such as using mobile phones while driving.

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Figure 5

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2.3.3 Mobile banking and payments: In many countries, mobile phones are used to provide mobile banking services, which may include the ability to transfer cash payments by secure SMS text message. Kenya's M-PESA mobile banking service, for example, allows customers of the mobile phone operator Safari com to hold cash balances which are recorded on their SIM cards. Cash can be deposited or withdrawn from M-PESA accounts at Safari com retail outlets located throughout the country, and can be transferred electronically from person to person and used to pay bills to companies.

2.3.4 Tracking and privacy:Mobile phones are commonly used to collect location data. While the phone is turned on, the ge-ographical location of a mobile phone can be determined easily (whether it is being used or not) using a technique known as multilateration to calculate the differences in time for a signal to travel from the mobile phone to each of several cell towers near the owner of the phone.

The movements of a mobile phone user can be tracked by their service provider and, if desired, by law enforcement agencies and their governments. Both the SIM card and the handset can be tracked.

China has proposed using this technology to track the commuting patterns of Beijing city resi-dents. In the UK and US, law enforcement and intelligence services use mobile phones to per-form surveillance operations. They possess technology that enables them to activate the micro-phones in mobile phones remotely in order to listen to conversations which take place near the phone.

Hackers are able to track a phone's location, read messages, and record calls, just by knowing the phone number.

2.3.5 Thefts: According to the Federal Communications Commission, one out of three robberies in-volve the theft of a cellular phone. Police data in San Francisco show that half of all robberies in 2012 were thefts of cellular phones An online petition on Change.org, called Secure our Smart-phones, urged smartphone manufacturers to install kill switches in their devices to make them unusable if stolen. The petition is part of a joint effort by New York Attorney General Eric Schneiderman and San Francisco District Attorney George Gascón, and was directed to the CEOs of the major smartphone manufacturers and telecommunication carriers.

10 June 2013, Apple announced that it would install a "kill switch" on its next iPhone oper-ating system, due to debut in October 2013.

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2.4 Future Evolution: 5G is a technology and term used in research papers and projects to denote the next major phase in mobile telecommuni-cation standards beyond the 4G/IMT-Advanced standards. The term 5G is not officially used in any specification or official document yet made public by telecommunication companies or standardization bodies such as 3GPP,WiMAX Forum or ITU-R. New standards beyond 4G are currently being developed by standardization bodies, but they are at this time seen as under the 4G umbrella, not for a new mobile generation. Deloitte is predict-ing a collapse in wireless performance to come as soon as 2016, as more devices using more and more services compete for limited bandwidth for their operation.

2.5 Advantages of Mobile Phone:

2.5.1 Easy communication:

Most people have at least a simple, if not sophisticated, mobile phone. These devices are convenient to carry around and you can use them on the go as long as there is network coverage wherever you are. Many parents allow their kids to own mobile phone because they feel secure in the knowledge that they can reach their kids wherever they are and at any time. Mobile phones have clearly made it easier to communicate.

2.5.2 Always Connected With the upgrades made year in, year out, mobile phones are becoming more like computers with the added benefit of portability. One can receive and send emails, browse websites, down-load games and videos, book flight tickets, money transfer to banks and even chat with friends. With a mobile phone, you are connected to the internet through-out. You can search for places and directions for places that you are not familiar with, you can check out what your friends are up to on social media and you can even access your work PC re-motely.

2.5.3 Multiple Uses Mobile phones are convenient devices that can be used for a variety of tasks. You can lis-ten to music, watch movies, play games, browse, store notes, make video calls, and also set an

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Figure 7

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alarm for your waking up. You can even use some phones to control your TV. Mobile phones have become the modern day personal assistant.

2.5.4 Emergency Situations Although the mobile phone doesn’t guarantee safety, you can use it to make calls whenever there is an emergency. Travelling with your phone is very important. In case you have an accident, you can always contact someone who will help you.

2.6 Disadvantages of Mobile Phones

2.6.1 Constant Interruption Since you’re always connected when you have your mobile phone, it becomes harder to ignore interruptions. People are always on their phones receiving calls, checking out their friends on Facebook, chatting on WhatsApp, checking emails and listening to music. It has become vir-tually impossible to avoid unneeded interruption. If you’re unable to control yourself, this can become a problem as you won’t have time to get anything important done. Furthermore, you can’t avoid work related emails and phone calls when you’re at home with your family or on va-cation.

2.6.2 Possibility of Privacy Leak Having all your information on your device is very convenient. However, it’s also dan-gerous because there’s a possibility of someone else accessing your phone. Mobile phone theft is quite common and it could leave you exposed. It is therefore important to secure your phone from unauthorized access. You should also avoid storing sensitive data such as bank and credit card details. It is also possible for someone to hijack your email and social media accounts using

your phone for malicious reasons.

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Figure 10

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2.6.3 Distraction The accidents caused by usage of mobile phones when driving is innumerable. The temp-tation to pick an important call when driving is huge. While you may have done it successfully in the past, it is not a good idea. The distraction could easily cause you to lose control of the car and consequently cause an accident. While it is possible to put your phone on hands free mode, it is usually best to wait until you get to your destination or even pull over in order to pick the call.

The mobile phone can also disrupt a meeting or class if proper etiquette is not followed. The phone ringing during a class or meeting can distract the attendees and waste precious time. Al-ways put your phone in silent mode when you are in such a circumstance.

2.6.4 Affect Real Interaction Today, socializing that involves real interaction is very rare. People have been reduced to interacting on social platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, or chat applica-tions such as Viber and WhatsApp. While there’s nothing expressly wrong with chatting with your friends on these platforms, it can be a problem if it is done at the expense of face to face interaction. It can easily take you away from the real life activities and you will find it hard interacting with real people. In a family where every family member has a mobile phone and uses it every time they are together, it might cause breakdown of relationships and families.

3. Conclusion: Almost everyone has a mobile phone these days. Everywhere you go, you’ll see people sporting the latest mobile phone models. Mobile phones have completely changed the way people interact. You can call, send text messages, read emails, play games as well as read and edit documents on the go. Today, the mobile phone has become part and parcel of many people’s lives. Leaving home without your phone is akin to leaving without your shoes on. Clearly, the mobile phone is one of the phenomenal inventions of this age. So what are the repercussions of constantly using these devices day in day out? 

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4. Recommendations: Hence by making this report I recommend to use mobile phone. It is easy to use and its applications are various in our daily life. It is reliable and effective devices. The numerous application area of this devices made us easy to know about its scope and area. However, there may be more or less updates and features available. Thus, Mobile Phones have changes our world completely.

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5. Bibliography

Web Resources:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone#Conflict_minerals https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones

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http://www.enkivillage.com/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-mobile-phones.html https://www.google.com.np/#q=LTE+full+form http://ec.europa.eu/health/scientific_committees/opinions_layman/en/electromagnetic-

fields/index.htm#il1

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