MOBILE COMMUNICATION AND IT'S GENERATION

8/10/2019 MOBILE COMMUNICATION AND IT'S GENERATION

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A SEMINAR REPORT

ON

MOBILE COMMUNICATION AND ITs

GENERATION

B.TECH- IV (ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION)

SUBMITTED BY:

MUKESH KUMAR JAISWAL

(Roll No.: U11EC010)

GUIDED BY:

Prof. SHWETA SHAH

ECED, SVNIT

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Year: 2014-15

SARDAR VALLABHBHAI NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

(SVNIT)

SURAT-395007


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It gives me great pleasure to present my seminar report on Mobile communicationGeneration. No work, big or small, has ever been done without the contributions ofothers.

I would like to express deep gratitude towards Prof. Shweta s hah (Assistant Professor

at Electronics & Communication Engineering Departme nt, SVNIT) who gave me their

valuable suggestions, motivation and the direction to proceed at every stage. She extended

towards a kind and valuable guidance, indispensible help and inspiration at times in appreciation

I offer them my sincere gratitude.

In addition, I would like to thanks Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering,

SVNIT .Finally, yet importantly, I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my beloved

parents and my brother for their blessings, my friends/classmates for their help and wishes for

the successful completion of this seminar.

Mukesh Kumar Jaiswal


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ABSTRACT

Mobile communications systems revolutionized the way people communicate, joining together

communications and mobility. A long way in a remarkably short time has been achieved in the

history of wireless. Evolution of wireless access technologies is about to reach its fourth

generation (4G). Looking past, wireless

access technologies have followed different evolutionary paths aimed at unified target:

performance and efficiency in high mobile environment. The first generation (1G) has fulfilled

the basic mobile voice, while the second generation (2G) has introduced capacity and coverage.

This is followed by the third generation (3G), which has quest for data at higher speed to open

the gates for truly mobile broadband experience, which will be further realized by the fourth

generation (4G).The Fourth generation (4G) will provide access to wide range of

telecommunication services, including advanced mobile services, supported by mobile and fixed

networks, which are increasingly packet based, along with a support for low to high mobility

applications and wide range of data rates, in accordance with service demands in multiuser

environment. This paper provides a high level overview of the evolution of Mobile Wireless

Communication Networks from 1G to 4G.


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Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology, Surat-07

Electronics Engineering Department

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that candidate Mr. Mukesh Kumar Jaiswalbearing Roll No: U11EC010of

B.TECH IV, 7TH

Semester has successfully and satisfactorily presented seminar & submitted

the Report on the topic entitled Mobile Communication and its Generation for the partial

fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of Technology (B.Tech) in Nov. 2014.

Guide: SHWETA SHAH

Examiner 1 Sign: NAME .



Head,

ECED, SVNIT.

(Seal of the Department)


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CONTENTS

I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT2

II ABSTRACT

3

III CONTENTS

5

IV LIST OF FIGURES7

V LIST OF TABLES

8

Topic NAME PAGE

1 MOBILE COMMUNICATION AND ITS GENERATION

9

1.1 Advantage

9

1.2 Disadvantage 9

1.3 Types of Wireless Communication 10

1.3.1 IR wireless Communication 10

1.3.2 Broadcast Communication 11

1.3.3 Microwave Communication

11

1.3.4 Communication Satellite

12

1.4 Generation 13

2 0TH

GENERATION

14


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3 1ST

GENERATION

15

3.1 AMPS 15

3.2 ETACS 15

3.3 FDMA 16

3.4 Different 1G standards 16

3.5 Disadvantage

16

3.6 Advantage

17

3.7 Features

17

4 2ND

GENERATION

18

4.1 2G-2.7G

18

4.1.1 TDMA 19

4.1.2 TDMA Characteristics

19

4.1.3 Features 20

4.2 2.5G-GPRS 20

4.2.1 GPRS 20

4.2.2 Features 21

4.2.3 Disadvantage 21

4.3 2.75G EDGE 21

5 3RD

GENERATION 22

5.1 WCDMA 23

5.2 3.5G HSDPA 24

5.3 3.75G HSUPA

24


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5.4 Features

25

5.5 Drawbacks

25

5.6 Comparison between 2G and 3G

25

6 4TH

GENERATION

26

6.1 OFDMA

26

6.1.1 Advantage

27

6.1.2 Disadvantage 28

6.2 Features

28

6.3 Drawbacks

28

6.4 Basic Difference between 3G and 4G

29

7 5TH

GENERATION

30

7.1 Features

30

7.2 Difference Between 4G and 5G

31

8 COMPARISON BETWEEN DIFFERENT TECHNOLOGIES

32

9 CONCLUSION

34


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10 REFERENCE

35

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No Title Page NO

Fig 1(a) IR wireless Communication

10

Fig 1(b) Broadcast radio

11

Fig 1(c) Microwave radio

12

Fig 1(d) Communication Satellite

12

Fig 1(e) Different mobiles according to their Communication

13

Fig 4(a) Comparison between FDMATDMA and CDMA

18

Fig 5(a) Comparison between CDMA and WCDMA

24

Fig 6(a) OFDMA

28

Fig 8(a) Evolution of mobile Communication

33


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LIST OF TABLES

Table No Title Page NO

Table 6(a) Comparison between 3G and 4G 29

Table 7(a) Comparison between 4G and 5G 31

Table 8(a) Comparison Between different technologies 32

Table 8(b) Comparison of data throughput 33


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CHAPTER-1:

MOBILE COMMUNICATION AND Its GENERATION

Wireless communication is among technologys biggest contributions to mankind. Wireless

communication involves the transmission of information over a distance without help of wires,

cables or any other forms of electrical conductors. The transmitted distance can be anywhere

between a few meters (for example, a televisionsremote control) and thousands of kilometres

(for example, radio communication).

Some of the devices used for wireless communication are cordless telephones, mobiles, GPS

units, wireless computer parts, and satellite television.

1.1 Advantage:

Wireless communication has the following advantages:

Communication has enhanced to convey the information quickly to the consumers.

Working professionals can work and access Internet anywhere and anytime without

carrying cables or wires wherever they go. This also helps to complete the work anywhere

on time and improves the productivity.


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Doctors, workers and other professionals working in remote areas can be in touch with

medical centres through wireless communication.

Urgent situation can be alerted through wireless communication. The affected regions can

be provided help and support with the help of these alerts through wireless communication.

Wireless networks are cheaper to install and maintain.

1.2 Disadvantages

The growth of wireless network has enabled us to use personal devices anywhere and

anytime. This has helped mankind to improve in every field of life but this has led many threats

as well. Wireless network has led to many security threats to mankind. It is very easy for the

hackers to grab the wireless signals that are spread in the air. It is very important to secure thewireless network so that the information cannot be exploited by the unauthorized users. This

also increases the risk to lose information. Strong security protocols must be created to secure

the wireless signals like WPA and WPA2. Another way to secure the wireless network is to have

wireless intrusion prevention system.

1.3 TYPES OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATION:

There are several kinds of wireless technologies. The main difference is their range and

connectivity over an area or a space. Our most familiar wireless network, the mobile phone,

covers whole continents.

Wireless technology can offer businesses more flexible and inexpensive ways to send and

receive data.

Types of wireless communication

1.3.1 Infrared (IR) wireless communication:

In this communication communicates data or information in devices or systems through

infrared (IR) radiation. Infrared is electromagnetic energy at a wavelength that is longer than

that of red light IR wireless is used for short and medium-range communications and security

control. For IR communication to work, the systems mostly operate inline-of-sight modewhich


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means that there must be no obstruction between the transmitter (source) and receiver

(destination).

Ex: Infrared is used in television remote controls and security systems.

Fig 1(a): IR wireless communication

1.3.2Broadcast Radio:

Basically an audio broadcasting service, radio broadcasts sound through the air as radio waves. It

uses a transmitter to transmit radio waves to a receiving antenna. To broadcast common

programming, stations are linked to the radio networks. The broadcast occurs either in

syndication or simulcast (simultaneous broadcast) or both. Radio broadcasting can also be done

viacable FM, the internet and satellites. A radio broadcast sends data over long distances (acrosscountries) at up to 2 megabits per second.

Fig 1(b): Broadcast Radio


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1.3.3 Microwave Radio:

Microwave transmission involves the transfer of voice and data through the atmosphere as super

high- frequency radio waves called microwaves. Microwave transmission is mainly used to

transmit messages between ground-based stations and satellite communications systems.

Microwave transmission mainly uses radio waves whose wavelengths are conveniently measured

in small units such as centimeters. Microwaves belong to the radio spectrum ranges of roughly

1.0 gigahertz (GHz) to 30 GHz.

Fig 1(c): Microwave radio

1.3.4Communications Satellites

A communication satellite is an artificial satellite used specifically as a communication

transmitter/receiver in orbit. It behaves like a radio relay station above the earth to receive,

amplify, and redirect analog and digital signals carried on a specific radio frequency.


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Fig 1(d): Communication Satellite

1.4. Generations:

In the past few decades, the mobile wireless technologies have experience of various generations

of technology revolution & evolution, namely from 0G to 4G. An advance implementation of 5G

technology which are being made on the development of World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW).


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Fig 1(e): Different mobile phones according to their generation)

Chapter-2 0thGENERATION

0G refers to pre-cellular mobile telephony technology in 1970s. These mobile telephones were

usually mounted in cars or trucks, though briefcase models were also made.

OG (Zero Generation) is also known as Mobile Radio Telephone system. As this generation was

invented prior to cellular system it was mentioned as pre cellular system. This system was analog

in nature i.e. analog signals were used as carriers. Generally Mobile Radio Telephone system

provides half duplex communications i.e. only one person will speak and other should hear.

Mobile Radio Telephone system (Zero generation) consists of various technologies such


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as Advanced Mobile Telephone System (AMTS), Mobile Telephone System (MTS),

MTD (Mobile telephony system D), OLT (Offentlig Landmobile telefony or Public Land Mobile

Telephony), Push to Talk (PTT) and Improved Mobile Telephone Service (IMTS).These mobile

telephones were placed in vehicles (truck, cars etc ). The mobile telephone instrument had two

main parts those were transceiver (transmitter receiver) and head (instrument which had

display and dial keys). Transceiver (transmitter receiver) was fixed in the vehicle trunk; head

was fixed near the driver seat and both head and transceiver were connected to each other with

wire. The device (telephone) would connect to local telephone network only if it is in the range

of 20 Kms. Each city had a central antenna tower with 25 channels. This means that mobile

transceiver should have a powerful transmitter with a transmitting range of 50-70 Kms. Only few

people were able to use this device as only 25 channels were available. Roaming facility was not

supported in this generation of analog cellular Mobile Radio telephone system. Mobile Radio

telephone system was a commercial service underpublic switched telephone network with unique

telephone numbers. Zero generation had seen different variants of two way radio telephones.

Large number of limitations in this generation led to the advent of new generation.

CHAPTER-3 1STGENERATION

The first generation mobile systems are based on analog technology. The first technology uses

frequency modulation (FM) and frequency division duplexing (FDD), frequency division

multiple access (FDMA). The common signalling channels were used in first generation cellular

systems. Due to the use of analog technology the analog speech signals are provided by the first

generation wireless systems. The data transmission between base station and mobile user was

insufficient and the low data rate necessitates the next generation cellular systems. The first


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generation systems are relies on analog systems therefore, the transmission is not secure whereas

the second generation systems uses digital modulation so, provides secure transmission of data. .

3.1 AMPS:AMPS is the first U.S. cellular telephone system called advanced mobile phone system. The

AMPS system uses 7-cell reuse pattern with provisions for sectoring and cell splitting to increase

capacity when needed. AMPS uses frequency modulation (FM) and frequency division duplex

(FDD) for radio transmission. It uses FDMA multiple access, Channel bandwidth is 30 KHz. In

the United States transmissions from mobile to base stations (reverse link) use frequency

between 824-849MHz, while base station transmits to mobile (Forward link) using frequencies

between 869MHz and 894 MHz. Data rate of AMPS on control channel is 10 kbps.

3.2 ETACS:

European Total Access Communication systems (ETACS) was developed in mid-1980s and is

virtually identical to AMPS except it is scaled to fit in 25 KHz channels used throughout Europe.

Another difference between AMPS and ETAC is how the telephone number of each subscriber

(called the mobile identification number or MIN) is formatted, due to the need to accommodate

different country codes throughout Europe as opposed to area codes in U.S.

3.3 FDMA:

Frequency division multiple access is the division of the frequency band allocated

forwirelesscellular telephone communication into 30 channels, each of which can carry a voice

conversation or, with digital service, carry digital data. FDMA is a basic technology in

theanalogAdvanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS), the most widely-installed cellular phone

system installed in North America. With FDMA, each channel can be assigned to only one user

at a time. FDMA is also used in the Total Access Communication System (TACS).
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The Digital-Advanced Mobile Phone Service (D-AMPS)also uses FDMA but adds time division

multiple access (TDMA)to get three channels for each FDMA channel, tripling the number of

calls that can be handled on a channel.

3.4 Different 1G standards were used in various countries.

Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was a 1G standard used in the United States.

Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) was a 1G standard used in Nordic countries

(Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden), as well as in its neighboring

countries Switzerland and Netherlands, Eastern Europe, and Russia.

Italy used a telecommunications system called RTMI.

In the United Kingdom, Total Access Communication System (TACS) was used.

France used Radiocom 2000.

3.5Disadvantage:

Overall connection quality is poor (limited capacity).

Unreliable handoff.

Poor voice link.

Less security (unwanted dropping more interference by third party).

Poor battery life and large phone size.

3.6 Advantage:

It has some advantage over 2G in some ways.In comparison to 1G's

Analog signals, 2G's digital signals are very reliant on location and proximity. If a 2G handsetmade a call far away from a cell tower, the digital signal may not be strong enough to reach it.

While a call made from a 1G handset had generally poorer quality than that of a 2Ghandset, it

survived longer distances. This is due to the analog signal having a smooth curve compared to

the digital signal. Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was a 1G standard used in the

United States.
http://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/D-AMPShttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/TDMAhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/TDMAhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/D-AMPS


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3.7Features:

It's Speed was up to 2.4kbps.

It allows the voice calls in 1 country.

1G network uses Analog Signal.

Chapter-4 2NDGENERATION

(2G)

4.1 (2G-2.75G)


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Second generation (2g) telephone technology is based on GSM or in other words global system

for mobile communication. Second generation was launched in Finland in the year 1991. 2G

network allows for much greater penetration intensity. 2G technologies enabled the various

mobile phonenet works to provide the services such as text messages, picture messages and

MMS (multimedia messages). 2G technology is more efficient. 2G technology holds sufficient

security for both the sender and the receiver. All text messages are digitally encrypted. This

digital encryption allows for the transfer of data in such a way that only the intended receiver can

receive and read it as we know that first generation mobile system was based on analog system

but due to evolution in Integrated circuit, it had made more economical. It can be classified in

different groups.

As:

Fig 4(a): Comparison between FDMA, TDMA and CDMA

FDMA: set of frequency slots.

TDMA: same frequency but different time slot.

CDMA: multiple sender and receiver use code for detection the correct channel.

GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is adigital mobile telephony system that is

widely used in Europe and other parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of time division

multiple access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digitalwireless telephony

technologies (TDMA, GSM, and CDMA). GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it
http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/digitalhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/TDMAhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/wirelesshttp://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/CDMAhttp://searchtelecom.techtarget.com/definition/CDMAhttp://searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/wirelesshttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/TDMAhttp://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/definition/digital


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down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. It operates at

either the 900MHz or 1800 MHz frequency band.

4.1.1 TDMA:

Time division multiple access (TDMA) is achannel access method for shared medium

networks. It allows several users to share the samefrequency channelby dividing the signal into

different time slots. The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the other, each using its

own time slot. This allows multiple stations to share the same transmission medium (e.g. radio

frequency channel) while using only a part of itschannel capacity.TDMA is a type ofTime-

division multiplexing,with the special point that instead of having onetransmitter connected to

onereceiver, there are multiple transmitters. In the case of theuplinkfrom amobile phone to

abase station this becomes particularly difficult because the mobile phone can move around andvary the timing advance required to make its transmission match the gap in transmission from its

peers.

4.1.2 TDMA CHARACTERISTICS:

Shares single carrier frequency with multiple users

Non-continuous transmission makes handoff simpler

Slots can be assigned on demand in dynamic TDMA

Less stringent power control thanCDMA due to reduced intra cell interference

Higher synchronization overhead than CDMA

Advancedequalization may be necessary for high data rates if the channel is

"frequency selective" and createsIntersymbol interference

Cell breathing (borrowing resources from adjacent cells) is more complicated than in

CDMA

Frequency/slot allocation complexity Pulsating power envelope:Interference with other devices

4.1.3 Features:
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Digital signals are considered environment friendly. The use of digital data service assists

mobile network operators to introduce short message service over the cellular phones.

Digital encryption has provided secrecy and safety to the data and voice calls.

voice clarity and reduces noise in the line.

Better capacity and quality in comparison to 1G.

4.2 (2. 5GGPRS)

(General Packet Radio Service)

It is the technology between 2G and 3G. It is also called as 2G cellular technology with GPRS

services. The mobile technology using general packet radio service (GPRS) standard has been

termed as 2.5G. 2.5G systems enhance the data capacity of GSM and mitigate some of its

limitations. GPRS adds packet-switched capabilities to existing GSM and

TDMA networks. Working on the basis of emails, it sends text and graphics-rich data as packets

at very fast speed. The circuit-switched technology has a long and successful history but it is

inefficient for short data transactions and always-on service.

4.2.1 GPRS:

General Packet Radio Services (GPRS) is apacket-basedwireless communication service that

promises data rates from 56 up to 114Kbps and continuous connection to the Internet formobile

phone and computer users. The higher data rates allow users to take part in video conferences

and interact with multimedia Web sites and similar applications using mobilehandheld devices as

well as notebook computers. GPRS is based on Global System for Mobile (GSM)

communication and complements existing services suchcircuit-switched cellular phone

connections and the Short Message Service (SMS).

In theory, GPRS packet-based services cost users less than circuit-switched services since

communication channels are being used on a shared-use, as-packets-are-needed basis rather than

dedicated to only one user at a time. It is also easier to make applications available to mobile

users because the faster data rate means thatmiddleware currently needed to adapt applications

to the slower speed of wireless systems are no longer be needed.
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4.2.2 Features:

Phone Calls

Send/Receive E-mail Messages Web Browsing

Speed : 64-144 kbps

Camera Phones

4.2.3 Disadvantage:

Circuit switched data transmission (dedicated link is required.)

Poor video quality

Appropriate for only voice services

4.3 2.75EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution)

EDGE (EGPRS) is an abbreviation for Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution, is a digital

mobile

Phone technology which acts as a bolt-on enhancement to 2G and 2.5G General Packet Radio

Service (GPRS) networks. This technology works in GSM networks. EDGE is a superset to

GPRS and can function on any network with GPRS deployed on it, provided the carrier

implements the

necessary upgrades. EDGE technology is an extended version of GSM. It allows the clear and

fast

transmission of data and information. It is also termed as IMT-SC or single carrier. EDGE

technology was invented and introduced by Cingular, which is now known as AT& T. EDGE is

radio technology and is a part of third generation technologies. EDGE technology is preferred

over GSM due to its flexibility to carry packet switch data and circuit switch data. The use of

EDGE technology has augmented the use of black berry, N97 and N95 mobile phones.


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Chapter-5 3rd Generation(3G)

If you want augmented bandwidth, multiple mobile applications and clarity of digital signals,

then3G (Third Generation Technology) is your gateway. GSM technology was able to transfer

circuit switched data over the network. The use of 3G technology is also able to transmit packet

switch data efficiently at better and increased bandwidth. 3G mobile technologies proffers more

advanced services to mobile users. It can help many multimedia services to function. The

spectral efficiency of 3G technology is better than 2G technologies. Spectral efficiency is the

measurement of rate of information transfer over any communication system. 3G is also known

as IMT-2000.

3G technologies make use of TDMA and CDMA.3G (Third Generation Technology)

technologies make use of value added services like mobile television, GPS (global positioning

system) and video conferencing. The basic feature of 3G Technology (Third Generation

Technology) is fast data transfer rates. However this feature is not currently working properly

because, ITU 200 is still making decision to fix the data rates. It is expected that 2mbit/sec for

stationary users, while 348kbits when moving or traveling. ITU sell various frequency rates in

order to make use of broadband technologies. Network authentication has won the trust of users,because the user can rely on its network as a reliable source of transferring data.3G technology is

much flexible, because it is able to support the 5 major radio technologies. These radio

technologies operate under CDMA, TDMA and FDMA.CDMA holds for IMT-DS (direct

spread), IMT-MC (multi carrier).

There are many3Gtechnologies as W-CDMA, GSM EDGE, UMTS, DECT, Wi Max and

CDMA 2000.Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution or EDGE is termed to as a backward

digital technology, because it can operate with older devices. EDGE allows for faster data

transfer than existing GSM.EDGE was introduced by AT& T in 2003.EDGE has increased the

GSM coverage up to three times more. EDGE is a 3G Technology (Third Generation

Technology); therefore it can be used for packet switched systems. Universal
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mobile telecommunications systems .UMTS conforms to ITU IMT 2000 standard. It is complex

network and allows for covering radio access, core network and USIM (subscriber identity

module). It is a relatively expensive technology for the network operators because it requires

new and separate infrastructure for its coverage. The GSM is the base of this technology. CDMA

is also referred to as IMT-MC. this technology is close to 2G technology GSM because it is also

backward compatible. Digital enhanced cordless telecommunications (DECT) is another 3G

Technology (Third Generation Technology). DETC was developed by

European telecommunications standards institute; however it is now widely popular in the other

countries of the world as well.

Fig 5(a): Comparison of CDMA and WCDMA

5.1 WCDMA:

W-CDMA (Wideband Code-Division Multiple Access), an ITU standard derived from Code-

Division Multiple Access (CDMA), is officially known as IMT-2000 direct spread. W-CDMA is

a third-generation (3G) mobile wireless technology that promises much higher data speeds to

mobile and portable wireless devices than commonly offered in today's market.

W-CDMA can support mobile/portable voice, images, data, and video communications at up to

2Mbps (local area access) or 384Kbps (wide area access). The input signals are digitized and
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transmitted in coded, spread-spectrum mode over a broad range of frequencies. A 5MHz-wide

carrier is used, compared with 200KHz-wide carrier for narrowband CDMA

5.2(3.5GHSDPA (High-Speed Downlink Packet Access)

High-Speed Downlink Packet Access(HSDPA) is a mobile telephony protocol, also called 3.5G

(or "3G"), which provides a smooth evolutionary path for UMTS-based 3G networks allowing

for higher data transfer speeds. HSDPA is a packet-based data service in W-CDMA downlink

with data transmission up to 8-10 Mbit/s (and 20 Mbit/s for MIMO systems) over a 5MHz

bandwidth in WCDMA downlink. HSDPA implementations includes Adaptive Modulation and

Coding (AMC), Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO), Hybrid Automatic Request (HARQ),

fast cell search, and advanced receiver design.

5.3 ( 3.75GHSUPA (High-Speed Uplink Packet Access)

The 3.75G refer to the technologies beyond the well defined 3G wireless/mobile technologies.

High Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) is a UMTS / WCDMA uplink evolution

technology. The HSUPA mobile telecommunications technology is directly related to HSDPA

and the two are complimentary to one another. HSUPA will enhance advanced person-to-person

data applications with higher and symmetric data rates, like mobile e-mail and real-time person-

toperson gaming. Traditional useful applications along with many consumer applications willbenefit from enhanced uplink speed. HSUPA will initially boost the UMTS / WCDMA uplink up

to 1.4Mbps and in later releases up to 5.8Mbps.

5.4Features:

Data Transmission speed increased from 144kbps- 2Mbps. Providing Faster Communication

Send/Receive Large Email Messages

High Speed Web / More Security

Video Conferencing / 3D Gaming

TV Streaming/ Mobile TV/ Phone Calls
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/MHzhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/kHzhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/kHzhttp://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/MHz


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Large Capacities and Broadband Capabilities

11 sec1.5 min. time to download a 3 min Mp3 song.

5.5 Drawbacks:

Expensive fees for 3G Licenses Services

It was challenge to build the infrastructure for 3G.

High Bandwidth Requirement.

Expensive 3G Phones.

Large Cell Phones.

5.6 Comparison between 2G and 3G

General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) offered speeds up to 114 Kbps.

Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution (EDGE) reached up to 384 Kbps.

UMTS Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) offered downlink speeds up to 1.92 Mbps.

High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) boosted the downlink to 14Mbps.

LTE Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) is aiming for 100 Mbps.


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Chapter-6 4thGeneration(4G)

It was started from late 2000s.

It is basically the extension in the 3G technology with more bandwidth and services offers in the

3G. The expectation for the 4G technology is basically the high quality audio/video streaming

over end to end Internet Protocol.Capable of providing 100Mbps1Gbps speed.

In fourth generation a new method OFDMA is adopted. It is somewhat different from CDMA or

TDMA. CDMA sends data through one channel but with the division of time in three slots.

While CDMA also sends data through one channel identifying the receiver with the help of code.

Whereas in 4Gmobile technology OFDMA is going to introduce in which data packets sends

by dividing the channel into a narrow band for the greater efficiency.

One of the basic term used to describe 4G is MAGIC.

MAGIC:

Mobile Multimedia

Anytime Anywhere

Global Mobility Support

Integrated Wireless Solution

Customized Personal Services

6.1 OFDMA

OFDMA is the access technique used in Long-Term Evolution (LTE) cellular systems to

accommodate multiple users in a given bandwidth. Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

(OFDM) is a modulation method that divides a channel into multiple narrow orthogonal bands

that are spaced so they dont interfere with one another. Each band is divided into hundreds or

even thousands of 15-kHz wide subcarriers.


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The data to be transmitted is divided into many lower-speed bit streams and modulated onto the

subcarriers. Time slots within each sub channel data stream are used to package the data to be

transmitted. This technique is very spectrally efficient, so it provides very high data rates. It also

is less affected by multipath propagation effects. . OFDMA assigns a group of subcarriers to

each user. The subcarriers are part of the large number of subcarriers used to implement OFDM

for LTE. The data may be voice, video, or something else, and its assembled into time segments

that are then transmitted over some of the assigned subcarriers.

Fig 6(a): Ofdma

6.1.1Summary of advantages

Highspectral efficiency as compared to other doublesideband modulation schemes, spread

spectrum, etc.

Can easily adapt to severe channel conditions without complex time-domain equalization.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_efficiencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidebandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectral_efficiency


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Robust against narrow-band co-channel interference.

Robust againstintersymbol interference (ISI) and fading caused by multipath propagation.

Efficient implementation usingFast Fourier Transform (FFT).

Low sensitivity to time synchronization errors.

Tuned sub-channel receiver filters are not required (unlike conventionalFDM).

Facilitatessingle frequency networks (SFNs); i.e., transmittermacro diversity.

6.1.2 Summary of disadvantages

Sensitive toDoppler shift.

Sensitive to frequency synchronization problems.

Highpeak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR), requiring linear transmitter circuitry, which

suffers from poor power efficiency.

Loss of efficiency caused bycyclic prefix/guard interval.

6.2 Features:

More Security

High Speed

High Capacity

Low Cost Per-bit etc.

High QOS.

Speed 100Mbps-1Gbps.

6.3 Drawbacks:

Battery uses is more

Hard to implement
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersymbol_interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Fourier_Transformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_frequency_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrodiversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crest_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_prefixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_intervalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_intervalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_prefixhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crest_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrodiversityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_frequency_networkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Fourier_Transformhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersymbol_interference


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Need complicated hardware

Expensive equipment required to implement next generation network.

6.4The basic difference between 3G and 4G is in data transfer and signal quality.

Table 6(a): Comparison between 3G and 4G

Technology 3G 4G

Data Transfer Rate 3.1 MB/sec 100 MB/sec

Internet Services Broadband Ultra Broadband

Mobile - TV Resolution Low High

Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100MHz

Frequency 1.6-2 GHz 2-8 GHz

Download and upload 5.8 Mbps 14 Mbps


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Chapter-7 5th Generation(5G)

5G Technology stands for 5th Generation Mobile Technology. 5G technology has changed to

use cell phones within very high bandwidth. 5G is a packet switched wireless system with wide

area coverage and high throughput. 5G technologies use CDMA and BDMA and millimeter

wireless that enables seed is greater than 100Mbps at full mobility and higher than1Gbps at low

mobility. The 5G technologies include all types of advanced features which make 5G technology

most powerful and in huge demand in the near future. It is not amazing, such a huge collection of

technology being integrated into a small device. The 5G technology provides the mobile phone

users more features and efficiency. A user of mobile phone can easily hook their 5G technology

gadget with laptops or tablets to acquire broadband internet connectivity. Up till now following

features of the 5G technology have come to surface- High resolution is offered by 5G for

extreme mobile users, it also offers bidirectional huge bandwidth [2], higher data rates and the

finest Quality of Service (QoS) (i.e. discussed below in the paper).

5G Wireless Communication System is not deployed yet. The big challenge for the design anddeployment of 5G wireless system can be faced easily as proposed features and architecture

(mentioned below) that will increase system capacity and quality within the limited available

frequency spectrum, whose frequency band and Data Bandwidth will be 3-300GHz and 1Gbps &

higher (as demand) successively. The remarkable issue, there dont have anylimitation in 5G as

respect to user demands in the next 200 years. The 5G also implies the whole wireless world

interconnection (WISDOMWireless Innovative System for Dynamic Operating Mega

communications concept), together with very high data rates of the Quality of Service (QoS)

applications.

7.1 Features:

High Speed, High Capacity

5G technology providing large broadcasting of data in Gbps.


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Multi - Media Newspapers, watch T.V programs with the clarity as to that of an HD

Quality.

Faster data transmission that of the previous generations.

Large Phone Memory, Dialing Speed, clarity in Audio/Video.

Support interactive multimedia, voice,

streaming video, Internet and other 5G is More Effective and More Attractive

7.2The following basic differences between 4G and 5G are:

Table 7(a): Comparison between 4G and 5G

Technology 4G(2000-10) 5G(2010-20)

Switching Circuit/packet Circuit/packet

Data Rate Upto 20Mbps Upto 1Gbps

Technology Combination of broadband

LAN/WAN/PAN

Combination of broadband

LAN/WAN/PAN


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Chapter:8 Comparison Of Different Technologies


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Table 8(a)

ology 1G 2G 3G 4G 5G

yment 1970/1984 1980/1999 1990/2002 2000/2010 2014/2015

width 2kbps 14-64Kbps 2Mbps 200Mbps >1Gbps

ology Analog

cellular

Digital cellular Broadbandwidth/

cdma/ip technology

Unified ip

&seamless combo

of

LAN/WAN/WLA

N/PAN

4G+wwww

es Mobile

telephony

Digital voice

short

messaging

Integrated high quality

audio,data and video

Dynamic

information

access

Dynamic inf

access with AI cap

plexing FDMA TDMA/CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA

hing circuit Circuit/

circuit for

access

network&air

interface

Packet except for air

interface

All packet All Packet

Network PSTN PSTN Packet Network Internet Internet

hoff Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal &

vertical

Horizontal & vertic


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8.2 Data Throughput speeds over fixed line vs Wireless Networks:

Table 8(b)

8.3 Evolutionof Mobile Technologies:

Fig 8(a):Evolution Of Mobile technology


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CONCLUSION

The last few years have witnessed a phenomenal growth in the wireless industry. The everincreasing demands of users have triggered researchers and industries to come up with a

comprehensive manifestation of the up-coming fourth generation (4G) mobile communication

system. As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been made to reduce a

number of Technologies to a single global standard. The first generation (1G) has fulfilled the

basic mobile voice, while the second generation (2G) has introduced capacity and coverage. This

is followed by the third generation (3G), which has quest for data at higher speeds to open the

gates for truly mobile broadband experience, which will be further realized by the fourth

generation (4G).


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REFRENCES

[1] Review on Generations in Mobile Cellular Technology C. S. Patil1, R. R.Karhe2, M. A.

Aher3.

[2] Evolution of Mobile Wireless Communication Networks: 1G to 4G Amit Kumar1; Dr.

Yunfei Liu2; Dr. Jyotsna Sengupta3; Divya4.

[3] Generations of Mobile Wireless Technology: A Survey Mudit Ratana Bhalla and Anand

Vardhan Bhalla.

[4] Generations of Wireless Technology Gagan Preet Kaur1, Joni Birla2 Jitender Ahlawat3.

[5] Jamil.M. 4G: The Future Mobile Technology, in TENCON 2008 IEEE Region 10

Confererence, 19-21 Nov. 2008

[6] Li Weiwei, Comparison and Transition of Key Technologies on 3Gand

4G,GUANGDONG

COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY,2004.

[7] Marcus L. Roberts, Michael A. Temple, Robert F. Mills, and Richard A. Raines,

"Evolution

of the air interface of cellular communications systems toward 4G realization", IEEE

Communications Surveys & Tutorials, vol. 8, no. 1,1st Quarter 2006,

[8] Mishra, Ajay K. Fundamentals of Cellular Network Planning and Optimization,

2G/2.5G/3GEvolution of 4G, John Wiley and Sons, 2004.

[9] S. Y. Hui and K. H. Yeung, "Challenges in the Migration to 4G Mobile Systems," IEEE

Communication Magazine, vol. 41, no. 12, Dec. 2003, pp.54-59.

[10] Fumiyuki Adachi, Wireless past and Future: Evolving Mobile Communication Systems.

IEICE Trans. Findamental, Vol. E84-A, No.1, January 2001.

[11] Kamarularifin Abd Jalil, Mohd Hanafi Abd. Latif, Mohamad Noorman Masrek, LookingInto The 4G Features,MASAUM Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences Vol.1,No. 2

September 2009


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