Mobile Broadband: Wireless Fundamentals
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Transcript of Mobile Broadband: Wireless Fundamentals
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1 Mobile is the largest technology platform in the world, enabling broadband internet access anywhere
Wireless is the foundation to mobile broadband
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Qualcomm is the leader in Mobile 3G/4G. We foresee and solve the impossible wireless challenges.
4 2 Mobile broadband is an amazing technical achievement, critical to the mobile user experience
Wireless fundamentals are the foundation to mobile broadband powered by Mobile 3G/4G technologies
4
Mobile is the largest technology platform in the world
~6.7 Billion connections, almost
as many as people on Earth1
7 Billion smartphones
to be shipped 2013-20172
New form factors; tablet/laptop
variants, wearables, etc. Evolving into Internet of Everything:
cars, meters, health-devices, etc.
1 GSMA Intelligence, July 2013 - note ~3.3B unique subscribers.
2 Gartner, April 2013
More prevalent than electricity
or running water in some regions
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The evolution of broadband from fixed to mobile
Fixed Broadband
Ethernet
Portable Broadband
Wi-Fi
Mobile Broadband
Mobile 3G/4G
1 Source: Wireless Intelligence, April 2013; WBIS+, April 2013
>75% Global broadband connections that
are mobile in 20131
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Anywhere Coverage
Connect to Internet with seamless mobility
anywhere you get a signal
Reliable Performance
Talk and browse without interruption with
more bars in more places
Fast Speeds
Stream, surf, upload, and download with
fast, predictable data rates
Mobile broadband is reliable, high-speed internet access…anywhere, anytime
Delivering rich user experiences through seamless mobile connectivity
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Usage Model Global Response
Access internet anytime, anywhere 60%
Fast/smooth web browsing 52%
Faster download speeds 45%
SMS/text messaging 45%
Instant access to email 41%
Take HD photos/images 40%
Runs multiple apps efficiently at same time 37%
Send/receive photos/videos (MMS) 36%
Quickly switch between apps 36%
Better power management 35%
Secure mobile banking/transactions 30%
Watch theater-quality movies/videos 27%
View/edit office docs 26%
Streaming video/movies 25%
Seamless mobile connectivity is the fundamental reason for buying a smartphone
Mobile
Broadband
High-definition
photos/images
High-definition
movies/videos
60%
40%
27%
For your next smartphone purchase, which of the following capabilities would drive your
decision to select one phone over others? Select all that apply
Source: Qualcomm quantitative survey conducted December through February 2013 on 2,000+ Gen Pop sample from 8 countries worldwide (USA, UK, China, Brazil, India, Mexico, Russia, South Korea)
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<0.01% packet loss Performance required for high priority applications with
mobility E.g., voice and video streaming
Mobile broadband is an amazing technical achievement
~100,000,000,000,000 X Magnitude of signal loss versus original signal due to
harsh wireless environment Equivalent to distance to mars versus thickness of needle
>19,000,000,000*
Gigabytes of worldwide mobile data traffic
forecasted in 2013 Equivalent to >4 billion full-length HD Movies
* Source: Cisco & GSMA, 2013
More processing power
than Apollo 11 when it
landed on moon
Battery holds ~5 watt-hours
of energy, enough to lift an
average adult 6 stories high
One device that fits in your
pocket replaces functionality
of at least 6 other devices
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Radio Signal
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Range
Radio Channel
Spectrum
Data Rate
Capacity
Radio signals are like a ripple in
the water Radio channels are like highways
Radio channel has a finite
capacity like a pipe
Wireless Connectivity Fundamentals
Wireless fundamentals are the foundation of this amazing technical achievement
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Radio Signal
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Range
Radio Channel
Spectrum
Data Rate
Capacity
Radio signals are like a ripple in
the water Radio channels are like highways
Radio channel has a finite
capacity like a pipe
Wireless Connectivity Fundamentals
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Amplitude (𝐴): Size of the ripple (energy)
Wavelength (𝜆): Distance between the ripples (meters)
Frequency (𝑓): How often the ripple goes by (hertz)
𝐴
𝜆
Water
Surface
Radio signals are like ripples in the water
Radio Signal: A form of energy that radiates
into space as radio waves.
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Radio signals (ripples) are modulated with information
1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 0
Data
Amplitude Modulation
(AM)
Amplitude Modulation (AM):
Alternating how big you make the ripples
Modulation turns radio signals into information “carriers” creating a radio channel
Ripple Receiver
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Radio signals (ripples) transmit in noisy environments
Signal Power
Po
we
r
Distance (from ripple source)
𝑆𝑁𝑅 =𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 + 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
Range is the distance the signal can travel with acceptable SNR to
be decoded by receiver
Ripple Receiver
Noise + Interference Power
Noise
Interference
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~100,000,000,000 X Amount of signal loss possible across cell
compared to original signal
Cell Ripple Range
Operator Base Station
Ripple Source
User Equipment
Ripple Receiver
Mobile technologies provide signal quality despite harsh wireless environments
Ripple Source
(Transmitter)
Ripple Receiver
Internet
PSTN
Other Users
Interference
Environment
Noise
Enabled by Mobile 3G/4G technologies:
Advanced receivers and coding to detect low-power signals from noise
Multiple antenna techniques to create multiple paths to amplify signal
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Ripple Source
Transmitter #1
Ripple Receiver
Ripple Source
Transmitter #2
Requires seamless handoff between transmitters like swinging from a trapeze
Po
we
r (d
B)
Mobile technologies provide coverage beyond the cell
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Mobile cells are networked to provide mobility
Network
Switch/Router
Cells are designed with overlapping coverage to provide seamless handoffs across cells
Internet
PSTN
<0.01%
Packet loss required for high
priority apps (e.g., video)
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Radio Signal
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Range
Radio Channel
Spectrum
Data Rate
Capacity
Radio signals are like a ripple in
the water Radio channels are like highways
Radio channel has a finite
capacity like a pipe
Wireless Connectivity Fundamentals
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Spectrum is like land – a finite resource; Radio channels are like highways built on this land
Radio Channel (highway):
Spectrum for specific communication link
105.3 FM Radio Channel
Radio Frequency Spectrum (land):
Frequency range for different types of wireless communication
100 MHz
Mobile band
850 MHz
FM Radio
1,500 MHz
GPS
1,900 MHz
Mobile band
2,350 MHz
Satellite Radio
Data (vehicles):
Bits of information carried on Radio channel
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Spectrum can be either licensed or unlicensed
Licensed Spectrum Cleared spectrum for exclusive use
(Mobile 3G/4G technologies)
Unlicensed Spectrum Spectrum shared by multiple technologies
(Wi-Fi, BT & others)
Operator
Predictable Performance
Foundation of Mobile Broadband
Unpredictable Performance
Local Area Access, Opportunistic Offload
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Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)
Two-lane highway (paired spectrum)
Spectrum 1
Spectrum 2
Spectrum 1
Time
Uplink (UL)
Downlink (DL)
Time
UL DL DL UL
Mobile technologies are a two-way (duplex) highway
Time Division Duplex (TDD)
One-lane, shared highway (unpaired spectrum)
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Finite
Spectrum Mobile technologies have finite available spectrum
Radio Frequency Spectrum
Defense 27%
Commercial 27%
Aeronautical 17%
Mobile 15%*
Broadcasting 8%
Other 6%
60 MHz 600 MHz 6 GHz 60 GHz
Requires large
antennas
Travels short
distance
* Based on average Europe allocations up to 6 GHz
Evolving Mobile 3G/4G technologies maximize spectrum efficiency with:
Advanced receivers and radio link improvements to get more bits per Hz
Multiple antenna techniques to create multiple paths to carry more data
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A radio channel has a peak data rate
≈ 𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑀 − 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑∗
The number of spatially
separated paths (highway
overpasses)
Number of Antennas
The width of the radio channel
(highway) built on spectrum
(land)
Spectrum Bandwidth
Peak Data Rate
(𝑅)
Theoretical max data rate in
ideal conditions measured in bits
per second (bps)
Higher Order Modulation
The number of bits (passengers)
transmitted per signal (vehicle)
Frequency
11
10 01 00
Note: Overhead is extra bits for each packet beyond the payload containing information necessary to properly transport the packet end-to-end across the network
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Evolving Mobile technologies increase peak data rate
Channel Bandwidth (𝑾) 200 kHz 5 MHz 20+ MHz
# of Antennas (𝒏) 1 x 1 (n = 1) 1 x 1 (n = 1) 2 x 2 (n = 2)
Modulation (𝑴) 8-PSK (M = 3) 16-QAM (M = 4) 64-QAM (M = 6)
Peak Data Rate1 474 Kbps 14.4 Mbps 150+ Mbps
1 Download peak data rate, 2 Download peak data rate with 2 x 2 MIMO, 64-QAM Modulation, and 20 MHz carrier
2G Voice plus Messaging
CDMA, GSM, GPRS/EDGE
3G Mobile Broadband
WCDMA/HSPA, EV-DO
3G+/4G Advanced Mobile Broadband HSPA+, LTE, LTE Advanced
𝑅 ≈ 𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑀 − 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
Peak Data Rate Equation
Example: LTE Peak Data Rate2
Spectrum Bandwidth (𝑊) = 20 MHz
Number of Antennas (𝑛) = 2
Bits per Symbol (𝑀) = 6
Overhead = 37.5%
Peak Data Rate (𝑅) = 150 Mbps
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Radio Signal
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Range
Radio Channel
Spectrum
Data Rate
Capacity
Radio signals are like a ripple in
the water Radio channels are like highways
Radio channel has a finite
capacity like a pipe
Wireless Connectivity Fundamentals
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Radio channel capacity is like a pipe’s capacity for water
Capacity (𝐶)
Theoretical max amount of data traffic that
can be reliably transmitted over a noisy radio
channel at a given time
100%
Single User
29%
15% 10%
21%
12% 13%
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 4
User 5
User 6
Radio channel capacity is shared amongst multiple users
26 Shannon’s Law
A radio channel has a finite capacity
≈ 𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ log2(1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)
The number of spatially
separated pipes (paths)
Number of Antennas
This size of your pipe
(bandwidth)
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
The quality of your water
flow (signal quality)
Capacity (𝐶) Theoretical max amount of data that
can be reliably transmitted over a noisy
radio channel
Spectrum Bandwidth
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Shared
Resources Evolving Mobile 3G/4G technologies increase capacity
𝐶 ≈ 𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ log2(1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)
Mitigate interference with
advanced receivers and antenna
techniques
Interference Mitigation
Higher
Efficiency
More Antennas
Create spatially separated paths
resulting in higher spectrum
efficiency (bps/Hz)
More Spectrum
Spectrum Aggregation
Clear additional licensed spectrum
plus opportunistic use of
unlicensed spectrum
Aggregate contiguous and non-
contiguous radio channels for
higher data rates
Detect low-power signals with
advanced receivers and coding
techniques
Enhancing user experience through faster data rates and lower latencies
Wireless fundamentals are the foundation to this evolution
Aggregated Data Pipe
Carrier #1
Carrier #2
Carrier #3
Carrier #4
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1000x data traffic growth*
preparing for
More devices everything connected
Richer content more video
Average bestseller:
Cumulative smartphone forecast between 2013-20171
7 ~
Billion
Movie (High Definition) 5.93 GB
Movie (Standard Definition)
2.49 GB
Homepage 0.0014 GB
Game for Android
1.8 GB
Soundtrack 0.14 GB
Book 0.00091 GB
Interconnected device forecast in 20202
25 ~
Billion
1 Gartner, April 2013; 2 Machina Research on behalf of GSMA, Dec. ’12, Note: 1000x would be reached if mobile data traffic doubled ten times, but Qualcomm does not make predictions when 1000x will happen, we work on the solutions to enable 1000x
Mobile technology evolutions to increase capacity equation will not be enough
Mobile data traffic growth— industry preparing for 1000x
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Small Cell
SMALL CELL
SMALL CELL
SMALL CELL
𝐶
𝐶
𝐶
𝐶
𝐶
𝐶 ≈ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑊 ∙ log2(1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)
Scaling Capacity with Small Cells
Reusing Capacity (𝐶) equation everywhere
More Small Cells
The biggest gain – reuse Shannon’s Law everywhere!
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Qualcomm is the leader in seamless mobile connectivity
delivering superior performance and technology
leadership We foresee and solve the impossible wireless challenges
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Qualcomm is the leader in Mobile 3G/4G technologies Each modem generation enhances user experience and provides more capacity
First LTE
World
Mode
First LTE Advanced
DL: 150 Mbps
20 MHz Carrier Aggregation
First HSDPA
DL: 1.8 Mbps
UL: 384 kbps
Higher Order Modulation
First HSUPA
DL: 7.2 Mbps
UL: 5.76 Mbps
Enhanced Uplink Channel
First Integrated
LTE
Smartphone
First HSPA+
DL: 28 Mbps
UL: 5.76 Mbps
Higher Order Modulation
2 x 2 MIMO
First DC-HSPA+
DL: 42 Mbps
UL: 11 Mbps
Carrier Aggregation
First Integrated LTE Multimode
DL: 100 Mbps
Higher efficiency (LTE)
2 x 2 MIMO
Support for 3G and 4G technologies
Time
Inc
rea
sin
g U
se
r E
xp
eri
en
ce
Qualcomm Gobi is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.
First World Mode LTE
Advanced Modem
with 40 MHz CA and CAT61
DL: 300 Mbps
40 MHz Carrier Aggregation
1 November 20, 2013: Qualcomm Technologies Announces Fourth-Generation 3G/LTE Multimode Modem - First Commercial Solution to Offer Global 4G LTE Advanced 40 MHz Carrier Aggregation for CAT6 FDD and TDD
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1 Mobile is the largest technology platform in the world, enabling broadband internet access anywhere
Wireless is the foundation to mobile broadband
3
Qualcomm is the leader in Mobile 3G/4G. We foresee and solve the impossible wireless challenges.
4 2 Mobile broadband is an amazing technical achievement, critical to the mobile user experience
Wireless fundamentals are the foundation to mobile broadband powered by Mobile 3G/4G technologies
33
For more information on Qualcomm, visit us at:
www.qualcomm.com & www.qualcomm.com/blog
© 2013 QUALCOMM Incorporated and/or its subsidiaries. All Rights Reserved.
Qualcomm is a trademark of Qualcomm Incorporated, registered in the United States and other countries.
Other products and brand names may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
References in this presentation to “Qualcomm” may mean Qualcomm Incorporated, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and/or other subsi diaries or business
units within the Qualcomm corporate structure, as applicable.
Qualcomm Incorporated includes Qualcomm’s licensing business, QTL, and the vast majority of its patent portfolio. Qualcomm Te chnologies, Inc., a
wholly-owned subsidiary of Qualcomm Incorporated, operates, along with its subsidiaries, substantially all of Qualcomm’s enginee ring, research and
development functions, and substantially all of its product and services businesses, including its semiconductor business, QM C.
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