Clostridium perfringens

•Gram positive, obligate anaerobe•Bacillus shaped with endospore present•Found in environment, such as in soil,

sediment or fecal contaminated foods•Pathogenic- causes necrotic enteritis and gastroenteritis

•Usually self limiting in course of illness•Abdominal pain

•Symptoms occur 8-22 hrs after ingestion of large amounts of bacteria•Diagnosed with stool sample and characteristic delayed onset.•Most likely found in institutionalized settings, such as schools, hospitals, nursing homes and prisons due to mass preparation of food and improper heating/chilling and storage.

http://www.musee-afrappier.qc.ca/fr/index.php?pageid=3113b&image=3113b_gangrene

Vibrio vulnificus• Gram -, rod• Located in marine environments such as estuaries ,

brackish ponds, or coastal areas• Pathogenic – Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal

pain, and a blistering dermatitis that is sometimes mistaken for the autoimmune disease pemphigus.

• usually enters the bloodstream, where it may cause fever and chills, septic shock (with sharply decreased blood pressure), and blistering skin lesion

• health officials clearly identified strains of V. vulnificus infections among evacuees from New Orleans due to the flooding there caused by Hurricane Katrina.

HIV: human immunodeficiency virus

• Retroviridae• Single-stranded RNA core, outer lipid envelope, spherical protein

coat/capsid• Causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)• Four stages: incubation period, acute infection, latency stage and

AIDS– 1st- upon infection asymptomatic last 2-4 wks– 2nd-last average 28 days include fever, swollen lymph nodes,

sore throat, malaise, rash, muscle pain, mouth and esophageal sores

– 3rd- shows little to no symptoms can last from 2wks-20yrs+– 4th- symptoms of various opportunistic infections

• No cure but can have antiviral treatment and or therapy