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ModularDesignandDocumentationof

ConstructionEquipmentHoodsusingDassaultSystemes3DExperiencePlatform

MURALI KRISHNA SATHYA NARAYANAN

Department of Product and Production Development

CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2015

Modular Design and Documentation of Construction Equipment Hoods using Dassault Systemes 3DExperience Platform MURALI KRISHNA SATHYA NARAYANAN © MURALI KRISHNA SATHYA NARAYANAN Department of Product and Production Development CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY Gothenburg, Sweden 2015 SE – 412 96 GOTHENBURG Sweden Telephone +46 (0)31-772 1000 Cover: Modular Design and Documentation of Construction Equipment Hoods using Dassault Systemes 3DExperience Platform © Murali Krishna Sathya Narayanan, 2015

i

ABSTRACT Modular Design and Documentation of Construction Equipment Hoods using Dassault Systemes 3DExperience Platform ByMuraliKrishnaSathyaNarayanan,

DepartmentofProductandProductionDevelopment,

ChalmersUniversityofTechnology,

Inordertoreducetheproductcomplexityandfindsynergiesbetweendifferentproduct

categories, Volvo Construction Equipment has started an initiative called Common

Architecture Shared Technology (CAST), which concentrates on establishing the

modular product architecture for different components in a vehicle. CAST helps in

reducingthecomplexityoftheproductsbyunderstandingthefunctionalrelationshipto

thedesignandtherebyidentifyingsynergieswhichwillhelpincommonizingparts,thus

reducingthepartnumbers.TheMasterthesismainlyconcentratesonthehoodsoffive

productcategories.Thegenericproductdevelopmentmethodologydefinedinthebook

“ProductDesignandDevelopment(UlrichandEppinger,2012)andVCE’sinternalCAST

methodologyareusedasguidancethroughouttheproject.

The3DXplatformfromDassaultSystemesisusedtodocumentthemodularsolutions.

The3DXplatformhelpsincapturingrequirements,allocatingthemtodifferententities,

defining different configuration features and options based on technical rules and

creatingdifferentproductconfigurations.

The study helped in identifying the synergies in design between the five product

categoriesbyfunctionallydecomposingthedifferenthoodsandfindingtherelationship

both within and between product categories. This resulted in a modular product

architecturewhich helped to reduce the number of parts from 32 to 26 and further

down to20by theproposed changes.Thedifferentmodulesweredefinedusing3DX

platform and various technical rules were established to show different possible

configurationsofhoods.

Keywords: Synergy, functional breakdown, CAST, technical rules, capturing

requirementsconfigurations

ii

iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This  report,  “Modular Design and Documentation of Construction Equipment Hoods using 

Dassault Systemes 3DExperience Platform”  is written as a Master’s thesis during the fall of 

2014.  It  is the  final project  for the MSc. Program of Product Development. This thesis  is a 

collaboration between Volvo Construction Equipment and Dassault Systemes. 

 Firstly, I would like to thank my supervisor and mentor at Dassault Systemes, Lars Tengelin 

for all the support and encouragement provided at each and every stage of the project work 

and the guidance provided during the reviews.  

 

With profound respect, I express my deep sense of gratitude and sincere thanks to the team 

at Volvo Construction Equipment. Especially Lars Jung, Sofia Hällgren, David Carlson and all 

the people who have contributed to the project. 

 

I would also like to express my sincere thanks to my Supervisor and examiner, Lars Lindkvist 

(Docent) at Chalmers University for providing all the guidance and reviews in order to make 

the project more successful. 

 

I would  like  to add a  special  thanks  to  Frederic Penso and  Francois  Sychowicz  for all  the 

extended support provided throughout the project. 

 

Lastly  I would  like  to offer my best regards  to all  those who supported me  in any respect 

during the course of the project. 

 

   

iv

   

v

NOMENCLATURE  

DS       ‐  Dassault Systemes 

VCE       ‐  Volvo Construction Equipment 

3DX      ‐  3DExperience Platform 

CATIA      ‐  Computer aided three dimensional interactive application  

ENOVIA    ‐  Enterprise innovation interactive application 

CAD      ‐  Computer Aided Design 

PLM      ‐  Product Life Cycle Management 

USP      ‐  Unique Selling Point 

vi

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................ I

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... III

NOMENCLATURE ................................................................................................................ V

TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ VII

1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1

1.1 BACKGROUND.........................................................................................................................................................1

1.2 AIM & PURPOSE.....................................................................................................................................................2

1.3 SCOPE.......................................................................................................................................................................2

1.4 LIMITATION.............................................................................................................................................................3

1.5 DELIVERABLES.........................................................................................................................................................4

2. NEEDS MAPPING ......................................................................................................... 5

2.1 DATACOLLECTIONMETHODS........................................................................................................................5

2.1.1 LITERATURESTUDY......................................................................................................................................................5

2.1.2 INTERVIEWS......................................................................................................................................................................5

2.2 ESTABLISHINGREQUIREMENTSSTRUCTURE...........................................................................................5

2.2.1 GENERICREQUIREMENTSTRUCTURE.................................................................................................................6

2.2.2 FEATUREBASEDREQUIREMENTSTRUCTURE................................................................................................8

2.3 MAPPINGREQUIREMENTS...............................................................................................................................9

2.4 FUNCTIONALBREAKDOWN.............................................................................................................................9

2.5 INTERFACEANALYSIS......................................................................................................................................11

3. CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT .......................................................................................... 12

3.1 CONCEPTDEVELOPMENTMETHODOLOGY..............................................................................................12

3.1.1 GENERALMETHODOLOGY.......................................................................................................................................12

3.1.2 MODULARARCHITECTUREDEFINITIONPROCESS.....................................................................................12

3.2 CONCEPTGENERATION...................................................................................................................................14

viii

3.2.1 SHAPEDRIVERS............................................................................................................................................................14

3.2.2 DIMENSIONANALYSIS...............................................................................................................................................20

3.2.3 BENCHMARKING..........................................................................................................................................................33

3.2.4 CONCEPTGENERATION............................................................................................................................................37

3.3 ARCHITECTUREDEFINITION.........................................................................................................................38

3.3.1 SIDEPANELARCHITECTURE..................................................................................................................................38

3.3.2 TOPPANELARCHITECTURE...................................................................................................................................40

3.3.3 GRILLEARCHITECTURE............................................................................................................................................41

3.3.4 MODULARHOODARCHITECTURE.......................................................................................................................44

4. TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION .................................................................................. 46

4.1 REQUIREMENTMANAGEMENTMODULE...................................................................................................46

4.1.1 FEATURESOFTHEREQUIREMENTMANAGEMENTMODULE...............................................................47

4.1.2 EXAMPLEOFREQUIREMENTMANAGEMENT‐MODULARHOODDESIGN......................................47

4.2 VARIANTMANAGEMENTMODULE..............................................................................................................48

4.2.1 DEFINITIONOFCONFIGURATIONFEATURESANDCONFIGURATIONOPTIONS...........................49

4.2.2 CONFIGURATIONFEATURESANDOPTIONS...................................................................................................49

4.2.3 FEATURESOFTHEVARIANTMANAGEMENTMODULE............................................................................50

4.2.4 EXAMPLEOFCONFIGURATIONFEATURESANDOPTIONS‐MODULARHOODDESIGN............50

4.2.5 DEFINITIONOFCONFIGURATIONRULES........................................................................................................51

4.2.6 EXAMPLEOFCONFIGURATIONRULESANDMARKETINGPREFERENCES.......................................52

4.3 CADINTERFACE.................................................................................................................................................54

4.3.1 DEFINTIONOFEFFECTIVITIES..............................................................................................................................54

4.3.2 PRODUCTCONFIGURATION....................................................................................................................................55

5. MANUFACTURING METHODS ................................................................................... 57

5.1 MODULARDESIGN‐CHALLENGESINMANUFACTURING.....................................................................57

ix

5.2 DESIGNFORASSEMBLY...................................................................................................................................57

5.2.1 DESIGNOFINTERFACES...........................................................................................................................................58

5.2.2 DESIGNOFGRILLE.......................................................................................................................................................60

5.3 COSTANALYSIS..................................................................................................................................................61

6. DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................. 62

6.1 DISCUSSIONONNEEDSMAPPING................................................................................................................62

6.2 DISCUSSIONONTHECONCEPTDEVELOPMENT......................................................................................62

6.3 DISCUSSIONONTHETECHNICALDOCUMENTATION............................................................................63

6.4 DISCUSSIONONTHEMANUFACTURINGMETHODS...............................................................................64

7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................ 65

7.1 IMPORTANTFINDINGS....................................................................................................................................65

7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS.......................................................................................................................................65

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 67

APPENDIX I ....................................................................................................................... 68

APPENDIX II ...................................................................................................................... 71

APPENDIX III ..................................................................................................................... 75

  

x

 

    

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existing problem diminishing design quality and increasing time to market

(Gokpinaretal.2013).

One of the preferred solutions to the above challenge is to develop a modular

architecture fordifferent componentswhichwillhelp in increasing thenumberof

commonpartsandatthesametimeofferawiderproductrange.

The 3DX platform from Dassault Systemes is used to document the modular

solutions, Dassault Systemes is a world leader in 3D and Product Lifecycle

Management (PLM) solutions. The 3DX platform offers a unique digital product

experience that brings 3D product design to life with unmatched realism and

deliveringcollaborativePLMsolutions.

1.2 AIM & PURPOSE Inordertoreducetheamountofpartnumbersandtoofferawiderproductrange,a

CommonArchitectureandsharedtechnology(CAST)strategyhasbeenadoptedby

VCE. The main purpose of the study is to define a Modular architecture, as a

technicalsolution,forhoods.Theproductcategoriesthatareincludedinthestudy

are Articulated Haulers, Wheel Loaders, Soil Compactors, Backhoe Loaders and

MotorGraders.

Thestudyincludesthefollowingtasks

Functionaldecompositionofthehoodsanditsassociatedcomponents

Benchmarkingvariousmodulardesigns

Designinganddocumentingamodulararchitecture

Identifying allowed/rejected combination of parts based on design criteria

and technical feasibility which enables the creation of better product

architecture

Thesecondaryobjectiveoftheprojectwouldbetotestrunthemodulararchitecture

of the hood on Dassault System’s 3DX platform. This requires understanding of

CATIAandENOVIAenvironmentandalso theconfigurationenginewhichcontrols

thevariantmanagement(Baldwin&Clark1997).

1.3 SCOPE The Scope of the project has two dimensions. Onewould be the definition of the

modules, the design rules, performance steps and technical feasibility of different

3

components.Theseconddimensionoftheprojectwouldbetotestrunthemodular

architectureonthe3Dexperienceplatformwhichinvolvesthefollowingactivities

CreationofmodulesinCADandsynchronizingwith3DExperienceplatform

Capturing the customer requirements, design criteria and the technical

feasibilityin3DExperienceplatform

Definingthevariantrulesandconfigurationin3DExperienceplatform

Demonstrationofthesoftware’scapabilities

Theproductcategoriesandtheirrespectivemodelswhichwillbecoveredunderthe

studyareshowninTable1.Modelsaregroupedbasedoncommonalityofhoods.

Table1:ProductCategoriesandModels

Product Categories  Models 

Articulated Haulers A25G/A30G 

A35G/A40G 

Compact Wheel Loaders 

L20F 

L30G 

L45G/L50G 

General Purpose Wheel Loaders 

L60H/L70H/L90H 

L110H/L120H 

L150H/L180H 

L220H/L250H 

Motor Graders G930C 

G940C/G946C/G960C 

Backhoe Loaders  BL60B‐BL70B 

Soil Compactors 

SD25 

SD45 

SD70 

SD75 

SD115‐SD135 

SD105‐SD130‐SD160‐SD190‐SD200 

1.4 LIMITATION TheScopeof theprojectwillbe limited toonly theabovementioned fiveproduct

categoriesduetothepossiblesynergiesthatwereidentifiedbeforethestartofthe

project.Thenumberofproductcategoriesmightgodownifthestudyrevealsthere

islesssynergybetweenthem.ThebusinesscaseintheCASTmethodologyislimited

4

tothehighlevelduetothetimeconstraints.Thedesignphasewouldbelimitedto

modelingtheparentlevelpartsonly(panels)andwouldnotbeconcentratingonthe

finerdetails.

1.5 DELIVERABLES TheDeliverablesoutofthestudyismentionedbelow

Amodular architecture design for the hood and its interfaces (Module and

Interfacedefinition)

Requirementsandtechnicalfeasibilitydefinitions

CADmodelsofmodulesandinterfacesinCATIAV5andCATIAV6

Performancestepdefinition

Avideoof thevariantmanagementandmodulardefinition for themodular

hoodin3DExperiencePlatform

AmaskedreportagreeduponbyVCEandDSforpublicuse

5

2.  NEEDS MAPPING Thischapterdescribesthevariousphasesinvolvedinthemappingofneedsinorderto

defineanefficientproductarchitecture.Thedifferentphasesaredescribedbelow

2.1 DATA COLLECTION METHODS Datacollectionfortheprojectwasdoneusingthefollowingmethods

2.1.1 LITERATURE STUDY In order to establish a modular product architecture, it is necessary to identify the

relationshipbetweenfunctionanddesign.Various internaldocumentsfromVCEwere

studied in order to understand the different product categories and their product

structure.

VCE’sproductcatalogueswerestudiedinordertounderstandthespecificationsandthe

featuresofthedifferentproducts.

The modular architecture defined for the cab was used as an example. The

relationships between the requirements and design were clearly mapped for the

modularcabandwereavailablefromthebeginningoftheprojectforreference.

2.1.2 INTERVIEWS Interviewswereconductedwithdifferentstakeholdersinordertoidentifythevarious

requirements.Interviewswereintheformof

‐ Onlinemeetings

‐ Personalinterviews

Onlinemeetingsweremainlydone tocollaboratewithspecialists inhooddesignwho

are outside Sweden. Personal meetings were one‐on‐one face to face interviews

conducted in both Eskilstuna and Braås (Wheel Loaders and Articulated Haulers) in

Sweden. The questionnaires used for the interview and the list of interviewees are

attachedintheAppendixI.

Sincetheprojectcapturestherequirementsdirectlyfromtheengineers,forthisstudy

theneedtoexploreonthemarketingrequirementsissubsided.

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tobestructuredinordertoidentifythesynergiesbetweendifferentrequirementsand

its impactondesign.Therequirementscaptured foreachandeverymodel forall the

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ts for the

yfromthe

the requi

tedtothed

ons, config

ompletesu

ing of the

herequirem

asaclearto

The hood

hes,etc.)

cooling

cooling

irement

different

guration

ummary

feature

ments,it

oplevel

can be

Allthe

allocate

Inorde

the dif

descrip

positio

hood. A

descrip

E

featuresan

edtotheab

ertoavoid

fference in

ption of th

noftheho

A generic

ptionsforth

ENGINEINTHE

ndrequirem

bovementi

Figu

theconfus

n orientat

he hood is

oodinthev

nomenclat

hesamepa

F

EFRONTOFV

mentscapt

ionedpane

ure6:Funct

sioninthe

ion betwe

described

vehicle,the

ture is use

anel.

igure7:En

EHICLE

10

turedfrom

els.

tionalBrea

nomenclat

een differe

d as menti

egrillemes

ed in order

nginePositi

EN

thediffere

akdownofh

tureofthe

ent vehicle

ioned in T

shisalway

r to avoid

oninvehic

NGINEINTHE

ntinterview

hood

moduleso

es (Figure

Table 2. Ir

sreferred

confusions

le

REAROFVEH

wscanbe

ofthegrille

e 7), the

rrespective

asthefron

s due to m

HICLE

edueto

general

e of the

ntofthe

multiple

11

Table2:HoodNomenclature

GeneralDescription

Positionofhood

Frontofthehoodrefersto

Lefthandsideofthehoodrefersto

Righthandsideofthehood

ArticulatedHauler

Frontofthevehicle

Frontofthevehicle

Lefthandsideofthevehicle

Righthandsideofthevehicle

WheelLoaders

Rearofthevehicle

Rearofthevehicle

Righthandsideofthevehicle

Lefthandsideofthevehicle

BackhoeLoader

Frontofthevehicle

Frontofthevehicle

Lefthandsideofthevehicle

Righthandsideofthevehicle

MotorGraders

Rearofthevehicle

Rearofthevehicle

Righthandsideofthevehicle

Lefthandsideofthevehicle

SoilCompactors

Rearofthevehicle

Rearofthevehicle

Righthandsideofthevehicle

Lefthandsideofthevehicle

2.5 INTERFACE ANALYSIS In order to understand the relationship between the design of the hood and the

surroundingcomponents,atableismappedtoshowtherelationship.Thelevelofdetail

iskepttoaminimumwithrespecttotherelationshipbetweenthedesignofthehood

andtheinterfaceindicatingonlywhetherthereisanimpactonthehoodifthedesignof

theinterfacesischanged.TherelationshipissummarizedinAppendixII.

3. COThisch

flow of

first fo

archite

3.1 There a

followe

3.1.1 Thege

strateg

2012).

F

Produc

softwar

process

3.1.2 To defi

Thepro

Plann

ONCEPThapterexpl

f the chapt

ollowed by

ecturedefin

CONCEPT are twom

edandtheo

GENERAL Mneral appr

gy (Figure

Figure8:Ge

ctionramp

re definitio

s.

MODULAR ine themo

ocessisdiv

F

ing

Review

T DEVElainsthepr

ter follows

y the conce

nition.

DEVELOPMmethodswh

otheristhe

METHODOLroach to th

8) defined

enericProd

upisnoti

on are enc

ARCHITECTodular arch

videdintos

Figure9:Vo

ConceptDevelopment

w

ELOPMErocessofc

s a uniform

ept genera

MENT METhich are ap

emodulard

LOGY heoverall p

d in Produ

ductDevelo

includedin

ompassed

TURE DEFINhitecture, V

sixstepswh

olvoCEMod

SysteDe

Review

12

ENT conceptdev

m structure

ation, conc

THODOLOGpplied in th

designpro

project foll

ct Design

opmentPro

nthescope

into the ab

NITION PROVolvo’s inte

hichisshow

dularisation

emLevelesign

Revie

velopment

ewhere th

ept evalua

GY his project.

cessofVCE

lows the ge

and Devel

ocess(Ulric

eofthepro

bovement

OCESS ernalmeth

wnbelow.

nmethod(S

DetailDesi

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fromther

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E.

enericprod

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oject.Both

tionedprod

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Source:VCE

ign Tre

Review

requiremen

ology is di

ng in the p

he generic

ductdevel

Ulrich & Ep

inger,2012

thehardw

duct devel

Figure 9)

E)

Testingandrefinement

Rev

nts.The

scussed

product

process

opment

ppinger

2)

areand

opment

is used.

ProducRamp

view

ctionp‐Up

13

Step 1: Define Scope Scopedefinitionplaysanimportantroleindeterminingthecomplexityofthemodules.

Itisimportanttomakeaconsciouschoiceonwhattoincludeandwhatnottoinclude.

Asthisprojectservesasaprestudyforfutureproducts,modulesarelimitedtotheirtop

levelonly.

Step 2: Stakeholder needs Theneedsofallthestakeholdersneedstobecaptured.Stakeholdersmaybeadvanced

engineering, operations, technology platform, product design, product platform,

productplanning,purchasing,etc.Theproductsentire lifecycleneedstobetakeninto

account and the synergies needs to be identified. It is necessary to create a balance

betweentheneedssothatanoptimumarchitecturecanbedesigned.Sincetheproject

serves as a prestudy the main stakeholder would be the designers of the current

productcategoriesandtheexistingdesign.

Step 3: Requirements Theneedsgivenby thedifferentstakeholdershavebeenexpressed indifferentways.

Thesehave tobe converted into a common technical specificationwith requirements

thatcanbeunderstoodbytheengineers.Requirementscaneitherbefunctional,logical,

physicaloracombinationoftheabovethree.

Step 4: Visualization of technical solutions This is the first step to create the product architecture and hence identifying the

modules and interfaces. This is mainly done so that none of the requirements are

forgotten.Conceptsketchesarecreatedwithoutmuchdetailsinthisstep.

Step 5: Finding the Modules Thekeytomodularityistofindpatternscrossaproductrange.Patternsshowuswhat

canbecommonandwhathastobeuniqueforeachvariant.Thesolutionistoidentify

commonaswellasuniquerequirements.Thisinvolvesthreesteps

Identifyingcommonsolutions

Identifyinguniquesolutions

Identifyingperformancesteps

Step 6: Business Case Verification Thisstepwillhelpinveryfyingthebusinesscaseandansweringcertainquestionslike

Doestheproductmeetthecosttargets?

14

Doesthearchitecturemeettherequirementsoftheproducts?

Isthemodulardesigncheaperthantheintegraldesign?

Whatistheeffectonweight,qualityandproductivity?

3.2 CONCEPT GENERATION Conceptgenerationisanimportantstepintheproductdevelopmentprocesswherethe

various inputs collected fromdifferent stakeholders are converted intoamoreuseful

product(Ulrich&Eppinger2012).

3.2.1 SHAPE DRIVERS In order to identify the dimensional constraints of design, a studywas conducted to

identifydifferentfactorswhichaffecttheshapeofahood.Eventhoughtheshapeofthe

hoodisdrivenbystyling,engineeringconstraintstoodrivetheshapeofthehood.The

concept behind zone definitions is based on the limits up to which a cluster of

componentsdrivethedesignofthepanel.Forexample, inWheelLoaders, thecooling

package drives the size of the panels in and around the radiator grille but has no

significant impact on the design of the panels surrounding the engine. This helps to

seperate the engine bay into different zones. Constraints from all directions to the

dimensionsofthehoodareanalyzedinordertoefficientlycomparebetweendifferent

productcategories.

Wheel Loader  TheshapeofaWheelLoaderhoodismoreofa“beanbagshape”whenviewedfromthe

top.Thishasanegativeeffectontheeasewithwhichitcanbemodularized.

Wheel Loader Zone Definition 

Inordertodefinethedimensionalconstraintsatdifferentpartsofthehood,theentire

hoodisdividedintodifferentzonesasshowninFigure10andFigure11.Thevarious

dimensional constraints for different zones are summarized inTable3 for theWheel

Loaders.

Table3

Zones

Zone1

Zone2

Zone3

ObservaSomeo

Figur

3:Summary

Descrip

Areabethefend

Areaartheaftetreatme

Areaarcoolingsystem

ations oftheobser

WheelLoa

5006andv

The length

effecton t

rearaxle i

maneuveri

re10:Whee

Figure11

y‐ZoneDef

ption C‐

eneathder

WE

rounderent

VCw

roundg

V

rvationsfro

adersareco

visibilityto

hof theho

the turning

soneofth

ingtheveh

elLoaderT

1:CompactW

finiton–Wh

onstraintsExterior

Wheelnvelope

isibilityofounterweights

isibility

omTable3

onstrained

owardsthe

odcannot

g radius.Th

hemainun

hicleeasily

15

opView(L

WheelLoad

heelLoade

s Constr‐Interi

Engine

Exhaustreatmesystem

Coolingpackag

arelisted

dmainlyby

counterwe

be increas

hedistance

niquesellin

eft)ZoneD

der–Zone

rs

aintsior

Ca

Noen

tent

Nosys

ge

Nopa

below

yvisibility

eights

sedbecaus

ebetween

ngpoints(U

Definition(R

Definition

anbechang

o–Gapbetwvelopeism

o–Gapbetwstemandth

o–Gapbetwckageand

regulations

eofoverha

thecounte

USP)forVC

Right)

ged?

weenthewminimum

weentheehehoodis

weenthechoodismi

sgoverned

ang issues

erweights

CEwhichh

wheel

exhaustoptimum

oolingnimum

dbyISO

and its

and the

helps in

Soil ComSoilCom

Anadd

alongw

dueto

the1m

isthele

Soil ComThe zo

Table4

mpactors mpactorsh

ditionalvibr

withtheop

thesteep

mX1mvisib

egalrequir

mpactors Zone definiti

4.

haveauniq

rationalloa

perationall

inclination

bilityrequi

rement).

Figur

one Definitiion of Soil

Figure

quedesign

adof45HZ

oad.Thera

nofthehoo

irement(se

e12:SoilC

ion Compacto

e13:SoilCo

16

whencom

Zisencount

adiatorsar

od.Theste

eeFigure1

Compactors

rs is descr

ompactors

paredtoth

teredbyth

representa

eepinclinat

12)whichi

s–Visibility

ribed in Fig

–ZoneDefi

heotherve

hecompone

ataninclin

tionofthe

isanUSPo

yZone

gure 13 an

inition

ehicleswith

entsofthe

nedangle,w

hoodisto

ofVCE(1m

nd summar

hinVCE.

vehicle

whichis

osatisfy

X1.5m

rized in

Table4

Zones

Zone1

Zone2

Zone3

Observa

ArticulaArticula

visibilit

top pan

compar

ArticulaThezon

Table5

4:Summary

Descrip

Areabeneathfender

Areaartheairintake

Areaarcoolingsystem

ations 

The design

constraine

Theabsen

similartoa

ated Haulerated Haule

tyandgrou

nel is smo

redtothet

ated Haulernedefinitio

5.

y‐ZoneDef

ption CoEx

htheWEn

round ViUS1m

roundg

ViUS1m

n is driven

edbytheUS

nceof thee

anArticula

rs ers are cha

undclearan

oth due to

toppaneld

 Zone DefinonofArticu

Figure1

finiton–So

onstraintsxterior

Wheelnvelope

isibility,SPof1mXm

isibility,SPof1mXm

nmostly by

SPrequirem

exhaust sys

atedHauler

aracterized

nce.Theco

o the absen

designofSo

nition ulatedHau

14:Articula

17

oilCompact

‐ Constr‐Inter

Engine

AirIntsystem

Coolinpackag

y the USP

ment.

stemon th

r

d by their u

oolingfans

nce of the

oilCompact

ulersisdesc

atedHauler

tors

raintsrior

C

e Nwm

takem

YsU

ngge

YsU

of 1m X 1

he topgive

unique slim

areonthe

engine inl

tors.

cribedinF

rs‐Zonede

Canbecha

No–Gapbewheelenvelminimum

Yes–IfcosubstantialUSP

Yes–IfcosubstantialUSP

m. The ent

sa rather

mwaist de

sidestosu

lets and ex

Figure14an

efinition

anged?

etweenthelopeis

stbenefitiscompared

stbenefitiscompared

ntire engine

smooth to

esign tom

uitthisdesi

xhausts. It

ndsumma

to

to

e bay is

ppanel

aximize

ign.The

can be

rizedin

18

Table5:Summary‐ZoneDefiniton‐ArticulatedHaulers

Zones Description Constraints‐Exterior

Constraints‐Interior

Canbechanged?

Zone1 Areabeneaththeengine

WheelEnvelope

Engine Yes‐Topofhoodcanbemodifiedasitiselevatedforflushfitwithcab

Zone2 Areaaroundtheradiator

Visibility Coolingsystem

No‐Widthcannotbeincreasedduetovisibilityrequirements

Zone3 Areaaroundradiator

Visibility Coolingsystem

No‐Widthcannotbeincreasedduetovisibilityrequirements

Observations 

Heightofthehoodcanbealteredduetothefactthatthetopsillsareelevatedto

matchwiththecabswidthandcanbemodifiedtosuitthemodularrequirements

Widthofthehoodcannotbeincreasedcomparedtothecurrentdesignasitmay

decreasethevisibilityandviolatelegalrequirements

Motor Grader ThehoodofMotorGraderswhich is taken into the study consists of only the frontal

portion of the entire hood. The reason for not considering themiddle section of the

hoodisduetothefactthatthemiddlesectionrequiresgullwingtypedoorstoaccess

theenginebaywhereastheradiatorrequiresahingedooropeningawayfromthecab.

This isdue to the fact that themiddle sectionof theenginebayneeds tobeaccessed

fromthesides.

Motor Grader Zone Definition Sincethedesignofthefrontsectionofthehoodisdependentontheradiator,theentire

zonedefinition is limited toone.ThezonedefinitionofMotorGraders isdescribed in

Figure15andsummarizedinTable6.

Table6

Zones

Zone1

Observa

BackhoThedim

rolein

otherfa

BackhoThe zo

Table7

6:Summary

Descrip

AreabeneathRadiato

ations 

Thewidth

andinterfe

negativeef

Thesidepa

compared

oe Loader mensionof

thedesign

actorswhic

e Loader Zonedefiniti

7.

Figur

y‐ZoneDef

ption CoEx

htheor

ViAr

ofthehood

erencewith

ffectonvis

anelshave

withaWh

f thehood

noftheBac

chaffectsth

one DefinitionofBack

re15:Moto

finiton–Mo

onstraintsxterior

isibility,rmtravel

dcannotbe

hthearmtr

ibility

grillmesh

eelLoader

isconstrai

ckhoeLoad

hedesign.

on khoeLoade

19

orGrader‐

otorGrader

‐ Constr‐Inter

Radiat

eincreased

ravel.Theh

coveringm

sidepanel

inedbyth

derhood.V

ers isdescr

ZoneDefin

rs

raintsrior

C

tor Noaa

dduetothe

heightcann

morethan8

earmsof t

Visibilityan

ribed inFi

nition

Canbecha

No–Dimenoptimizedbanddimensandarm.

enegativee

notbeincre

80%ofthe

thebooma

ndsizeoft

gure16an

anged?

nsionsarebetweenvissionsofrad

effectonvi

easeddue

area.This

andplaysa

theengine

nd summar

sibilitydiator

isibility

tothe

canbe

amajor

arethe

rized in

Table7

Zones

Zone1

Zone2

Observa

3.2.2 Theba

noted d

dimens

7:Summary

Descrip

Areaartheengandrad

Areaartheengandtheexhausttreatmesystem

ations 

Thewidth

andinterfe

negativeef

Thesidepa

withtheto

DIMENSIONasic functio

down to id

sions are th

Figure

y–ZoneDe

ption CoEx

roundginediator

BoVi

roundgineetent

BoVi

ofthehood

erencewith

ffectonvis

anelsandt

oppanelof

N ANALYSISonaldimen

dentify any

hen compa

e16:Backh

finitionBac

onstraintsxterior

oomArm,sibility

oomArm,sibility

dcannotbe

hthearmtr

ibility

toppanelsh

SoilCompa

S sionswhic

y dimension

aredwith e

20

hoeLoader

ckhoeLoad

‐ Constr‐Inter

Engineradiato

Enginetheexhtreatmsystem

eincreased

ravel.Theh

havenoop

actorsand

chdefine th

nal synerg

eachother

‐ZoneDefi

der

raintsrior

C

eandor

Nhwaw

eandhaustmentm

Nhwaw

dduetothe

heightcann

penings.Th

Articulated

hehoodsa

gies thatm

inorder t

inition

Canbechan

No–Widthhingeisfixewouldhaveandincreaswouldaffec

No–Widthhingeisfixewouldhaveandincreaswouldaffec

enegativee

notbeincre

etoppanel

dHaulers

aremeasur

ay exist be

to identify

nged?

ofboomared.Anychaearippleefeinheightctvisibility

ofboomared.Anychaearippleefeinheightctvisibility

effectonvi

easeddue

lcanbecom

red fromC

etween the

smalldim

rmangesffectt

rmangesffectt

isibility

tothe

mpared

ADand

em. The

ensions

whichc

for all

dimens

Wheel LTheWh

dimens

Thevie

isthel

canbeneg

the mode

sionswhich

Loader heel Loade

sionswhich

a‐Widthn

b‐Widthn

c‐Overall

d‐Distanc

e‐Heighto

f‐Heighto

g‐Overall

h‐Heighto

Figur

Fi

ewonthel

efthandsi

gatedtodef

els in the

hdrivethe

ers hoodh

haretaken

neartherad

neartheen

lengthinm

cebetween

ofthehood

ofthehood

heightoft

oftherears

e17:Drivin

igure18:D

eftsideist

ideviewof

finecommo

study. Th

shapeofth

as eight di

nintoaccou

diatorinm

ngineinmm

mm

rearenda

dneargrille

nearengin

hehoodin

sectionoft

ngDimensi

DrivingDim

thetopview

fthehood

21

onmodule

he dimensi

hehood.

ifferentdim

untareliste

mm

m

andexhaust

efrombase

nefrombas

mm

thehoodin

ions–Gene

mensions–C

woftheW

(Figure17

s.Thedime

ons are li

mensionsw

edbelow

topening(

eplaneinm

seplanein

nmm

eralPurpos

CompactWh

WheelLoade

7andFigur

ensionalco

imited only

which cont

(min)inmm

mm

mm

eWheelLo

heelLoade

erhoodand

re18).The

omparison

y to a few

trol its sha

m

oaders

ers

dontherig

ebaseplan

isdone

w basic

ape. The

ghtside

einthe

dimens

conditi

Table8

L60H

L110H

L150H

L220H

Table9

L20F

L30G

L45G

A bar

dimens

betwee

Fig

sions refer

on.Thedim

8:DrivingD

a

1220

1550

1680

1680

9:DrivingD

a

1380

1420

1600

graph (Fig

sionshelps

enthedesig

gure19:Com

rs to the p

mensionso

Dimensions

b

1060

1280

1280

1280

Dimensions

b

1420

1310

1530

gure 19, Fi

tovisualiz

gnscanbe

mparison–

plane on w

oftheWhee

–GeneralP

c

1915

2625

2740

2905

–Compact

c

1035

1080

1600

igure 20, F

zethenumb

easilyiden

Topviewd

22

which the h

elLoadersa

PurposeW

d

720

800

650

820

tWheelLoa

d

400

320

400

Figure 21

bersinam

ntifiedusing

dimensions

hood rests

aresumma

WheelLoade

e

980

1000

1145

1145

ader

e

440

590

580

and Figure

moremeani

gthegraph

sofGenera

on the fr

arizedinTa

er

f

1360

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1555

1555

Alldime

f

620

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930

Alldime

e 22) show

ngfulmann

h.

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able8andT

g h

1430

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ensionsare

g

630

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ensionsare

wing the d

ner.Thesy

WheelLoad

s closed

Table9.

h

500

465

590

590

einmm

h

550

410

410

einmm

different

ynergies

ders

Figuure20:Com

Figure21

Figure22:

mparison–

:Comparis

:Compariso

Sideviewd

on–Topvi

on–Sidevi

23

dimensions

iewdimens

iewdimens

sofGenera

sionsofCom

sionsofCom

alPurposeW

mpactWhee

mpactWhe

WheelLoad

elLoaders

eelLoaders

ders

Inferenarchitec

440and580

ces from Wcture. 

GeneralPu

Thewidth

Figure 23)

heightoft

architectur

theheight

commoniz

Compact W

Theoveral

therearse

becommo

0mmd0mm

Wheel Loade

urposeWhe

oftherea

), resulting

thefrontgr

re).Thehe

oftherear

edbetween

Fig

Wheel Loade

llheight(e)

ectionheigh

nizedbetw

Figu

er graphs ex

eelLoaders

rsection(b

g in two pe

rille(e)has

eightiscom

rsection(h

nthemode

gure23:Inf

ers 

)ofthefron

ht(h)ofthe

weenthetw

ure24:Infe

24

xplain the in

s

b)iscomm

erformance

stwoperfo

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h)hastwo

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ference‐W

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1050

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e steps on

ormancest

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.

mpactWhe

0mmand1

0mmand1

nking it to t

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the rearw

teps(taken

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rmanceste

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ormancest

4).Asaresu

eelLoaders

1280mm

1145mm

500mm

the final pro

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width. The

ncarebyth

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Sidepanels

eps.

tepsalongw

ultsidepan

s

mand590m

410mand550m

oduct 

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overall

hegrille

20Hand

scanbe

with

nelscan

mm

mm

mm

Soil ComSimilar

definet

Theval

Table1

SD25 SD45 SD70 SD75 SD115 SD160

A bar

visualiz

canbe

mpactors rtoWheel

thebounda

a‐Widthn

b‐Widthn

c‐Overall

d‐Distanc

e‐Heighto

f‐Heighto

g‐Overall

h‐Heighto

luesofthe

10:Driving

a 690 710 970 1175 1180 1100

graph (Fig

zethenum

easilyiden

Loaders,S

ariesofthe

neartherad

neartheen

lengthinm

cebetween

ofthehood

ofthehood

heightoft

oftherear

dimension

Figure2

Dimension

b 865 910 1300 1430 1420 1485

gure 26 an

mbersinam

ntifiedusing

oilCompac

ehood.The

diatorinm

ngineinmm

mm

rearenda

dneargrille

nearengin

hehoodin

sectionoft

saresumm

25:Driving

ns‐SoilCom

c 920

1260

2020

1715

2235

2300

nd Figure

moremeani

gthegraph

25

ctorsalsoh

elistofdriv

mm

m

andairinta

efrombase

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mm

thehoodin

marizedin

Dimension

mpactors

d

60

210

380

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380

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27) show

ingfulmann

h.

haveeight

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keopening

eplaneinm

seplanein

nmm

Table10.

ns–SoilCom

e

650

700

50

125

160

0

wing the di

ner.Thesy

dimension

sionsisme

g(min)inm

mm

mm

mpactors

f

850

890

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1000

1040

920

Alldime

ifferent dim

ynergiesbe

ns(Figure2

entionedbe

mm

g 850 890 930 1000 1040 920

ensionsare

mensions

etweenthe

25)that

elow

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4.2.3 FEATURES OF THE VARIANT MANAGEMENT MODULE SomeofthesalientfeaturesoftheVariantmanagementmodulearedescribedbelow

Roles Access to the different parts of themodule can be restricted based on different user

roles.Forexample,accesscanbegiventotheproductengineertocreatenewproducts

based on predefined rules but no access is given to create a new configuration by

breakingtherules.Productmanagercanbegivenaccesstobreaktherulesandcreate

newproductconfigurations.

Version Management and Traceability Changes in the features and options can be captured as revisions, as a result the

evolution of the configuration features andoptions canbe visualized easily using the

Variantmanagementmodule.

Theability toallocatetherequirements tovariousentities likeconfiguration features,

configuration options, physical models etc. enables the ease of traceability.

Requirementsandproductswhicharerelatedtothevariousconfigurationfeaturesand

optionscanbeeasilytraced.

Effectivity Date effectivities can be allocated to various features and options. For example, if a

specificrequirementarisesforvibration,say“VibrationRequirementfor70HZisvalid

fromJanuary1st2015”onSoilCompactors,Configurationfeaturesandoptionsrelated

to the new vibration requirement are assigned date effectivities which result in the

optionsnotbeingvisibleonDec31st2014butvisibleontheJan1st2015.

4.2.4 EXAMPLE OF CONFIGURATION FEATURES AND OPTIONS ‐ MODULAR HOOD DESIGN 

Anexampleoftheconfigurationfeaturesandoptionsforthemodularhoodisshownin

Figure 60. The column display name shows the list of configuration features and

options.Thecolumnsingular/multiplestatesthatwhethertheoptionsselectioncanbe

singular(onlyoneoptioncanbeselected)ormultiple(manyoptionscanbeselected).

The entire features can be sequenced which controls the order of options when

selecting the product configuration. The date effectivities control the timelinewithin

whichtheoptionsarevalid.Thisresultsinasetofoptionsbeenshownononedayanda

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5. MANUFACTURING METHODS This chapter explains about the challenges inmodular design of products, design for

assemblyandpossiblemethodsforassemblyofthemodularcomponentswhichhelps

torealizethemodulardesignofthehood.

5.1 MODULAR DESIGN ‐ CHALLENGES IN MANUFACTURING Modularsolutionsmaysometimesrequireadditionalassemblyoperationstorealizethe

design. This poses challenges with respect to logistics, inventory, manufacturing

methods,etc.Thegapsandflushrequirementsonthematingpartsmayposechallenges

onhowthemodularsolutionismanufactured.

Apartfromtheabovechallenges,questionsonwhetherthepartshouldbeassembledat

the suppliersendor inside theplant in subassembly linesneeds tobe researched in

order to take a decision onwhere to assemble the product. In the quest to improve

better reusability of panels, individual panels may be broken down resulting in

increasednumber of split lines. The ability to provide amodular solutionwhich also

appealsaestheticallyisachallengeduetotheincreaseinthenumberofsplitlines.

Advantages of breaking down the components can be smaller tools and thereby

reducingtheoverallcostofthecomponents.Anotheradvantageofhavingthemodules

manufacturedbythesupplierishigherspeedofproductionandreducedcosts(Wits&

Vaneker2011).

Supply chain too has a role to play in the modular design of components. The

relationshipbetweentheOEMandthesupplierplaysanimportantroleinthedesignof

components(Ülkü&Schmidt2011).Modulardesignrequireslessinvestmentintooling

andinfrastructurecomparedtointegraldesign.

5.2 DESIGN FOR ASSEMBLY Designforassemblyisamethodwheretheaspectsofassemblyareconsideredfromthe

early stages of design. Studies reveal that enormousbenefits such as lower assembly

and manufacturing costs, improved quality, reduced time to market, etc. can be

achieved through this method. (Boothroyd & Alting 1992). Challenges posed by the

assemblyprocessareidentifiedinthestartofthedesignstageitselfthroughinterviews

with experts, benchmarking etc. Some of the proposals to solve this problem are

describedbelow.

5.2.1 Basedo

ordert

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62

6. DISCUSSION Thischapterprovidesareflectionandcriticalthinkingofthedifferentsectionsinthereport.

6.1 DISCUSSION ON NEEDS MAPPING Capturing the requirements from two different perspectives helped to cover the

requirementsofthehoodinaholisticmanner.Distinguishingtherequirementcapture

methods into the genericmethod helped to analyze the problem and decompose the

hood with respect to the design requirements, whereas the functional perspective

helpedtoidentifytherelationshipbetweenthefeaturesofthehoodandits impacton

designwhichwaseffectivelyusedintheconfigurationfeatureandoptiondefinitionin

the3DXplatform.

Oneofthemaindrivingfactorsforbreakingdownthehoodintofivedifferentsegments

was the need to satisfy different stakeholders’ needs with a common solution. The

interfaceanalysishelpedtounderstandtheunderlyingrelationshipbetweentheparts

of the hoods and its surrounding components but it was not implemented in the

documentationofthetechnicalsolutionas the interrelationshipbetweenthedifferent

surrounding components and the hood design needed to be defined. Due to the

explorativenatureofthestudy,thiswasnotconsideredinthetechnicaldocumentation.

6.2 DISCUSSION ON THE CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT Theconceptdevelopmentstudyfollowedasystematicbreakdownofthehoodbasedon

its functions fordifferentproduct categoriesandalsocomparing thembasedon their

shapesanddimensionalconstraints.Volvo’sinternalmethodusedformodularproduct

development along with the generic product development methodology helped in

approaching the problem in a structuredmanner. TheModular cabwas an excellent

exampleofhowaproductisbrokendownbasedonitsfunctions.Lotsofsynergieswere

foundwithinandbetweenproductcategories.Thestudywaslimitedconsciouslytothe

toplevelassemblyduetoitsexplorativenature.

Constraintswith respect to the exterior dimensionswere strictly adhered to, so that

there isnoviolationofvisibility regulations.Theconstraintsput forthby theexisting

componentsareretainedsothattheproposedtechnicalsolutioncanbeeasilyrealized

withoutaffectingthedesignofthesurroundingcomponents.Thestudyeventhoughis

elaborate on the top level is not complete without studying the effects on the

surroundingcomponentstoo.Moreresearchneedstobecarriedoutinthisarea.

63

Themethodofoptimizationusedtofindthe leastnumberofcommonpartshelpedto

reduce the number of parts required to satisfy the requirements of differentmodels.

Researchneedstobecarriedouttofindoutifanymathematicalmethodisavailableto

reducethenumbersfurther.

Tradeoff’smadebetweentheUSP’sandthedesignconstraintsplayanimportantrolein

implementing amodular solution.Defining the architecture of the engine bay and its

relationshipwith respect to the cab and axle plays an important role in defining the

designboundariesofthehoodinalltheproductcategories.

Themethodusedforvisualizingthedimensionsusingbarchartswassimpleandvery

effective to identify the synergies in design. The impact of trading off the USP of

visibilityrequirementsinSoilCompactorswithrespecttothemodulardesignneedsto

be studied. From the preliminary studies, the scope of changing the visibility

requirementsfrom1mX1mto1mX1.5mhelpsinpanel’sreusabilityonthetwosides.It

also helps to organize the engine bay thereby commonizing the alignment of the

radiatorandthecoolingsystem.

6.3 DISCUSSION ON THE TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION Various featuresof the3DXplatformwereeffectivelyused todocument the technical

solutions.Theimplementationoftheconfigurationfeatures,configurationoptionsand

the rules were simple straightforward tasks. The training provided on the different

modulesalongwith theonlinehelp (Documentation) strengthened theunderstanding

ofthesoftwareandeasedtheuseofthesoftware.The3Dconfiguratorwhichshowsa

real‐time light weight model made the product configuration creation process more

intuitive. The seamless integration between the web and CAD interface reduced the

timetakentoconfiguretheproducts,i.e.whenanewconfigurationoptioniscreatedin

thewebinterfaceitisimmediatelyvisibleintheCADinterface.

The open nature of the software posed a different challenge due to the wide scope

available to document the solutions (Documentation can be done with multiple

methods). Themethods chosen for documentationweremainly oriented towards the

interests of the productmanagers anddesigners. Thedocumentation of the technical

solutions does not capture any manufacturing related documentations which can be

carriedoutinthefuture.

The ability of the software to collaborate with different people at the same time

improvestheoverallefficiencyoftheproductdevelopmentprocess.Researchsuggests

64

thatsupplychaincollaborationhasenabledcompanies tocompetemoreefficiently in

themarket by improving design quality, enabling reuse, lowering product costs, etc.

(Bankeretal.2006)

6.4 DISCUSSION ON THE MANUFACTURING METHODS Manufacturing assemblyprocess feasibility studyplays an important role in realizing

theproposedtechnicalsolutions.Oneofthemainindicatorsofthesuccessofaconcept

liesintheeasewithwhichitcanbecommercialized.Thedesignforassemblyconcepts

providesastrongbaseinprovidinganeffectiveandefficientsolutionfortheinterfaces.

Theproposedassemblymethodsdescribethedesignoftheinterfacesofthepanelsand

thegrilleinasimpleandeffectivemanner.

The advantages and disadvantages of having amodular solution are described in the

manufacturingsectionclearlyhighlightingeffectsonlogistics,inventory,manufacturing

methodetc.Theproposal for themanufacturingmethod is rudimentaryona concept

levelwhichneedstobefurtherstudiedupon.Theattachmentmethodproposedforthe

grillefollowsaunique“Legoblocklike”designwhicheffectivelyreducesthenumberof

components.Costanalysisofthetoolingneedstobecarriedoutinordertojustifythe

businesscaseofthemodularhoodproposal.

Inordersucceedinamodulararchitecture,thewholeportfolioneedstobedeveloped

inparalleluntiltheendoftheconceptphasetosecurefullbenefitofit.Finaldesigncan

bedonelaterandintroducedinsequencemaintainingtheinterfacesdefined.

65

7. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter describes the important findings of the study and also the

recommendationsforthefuture.

7.1 IMPORTANT FINDINGS Thisprojectfollowedthefootstepsofthemodularcabdesign.Theoveralloutputofthe

studyresultedintheproposalofacommonproductarchitecturecoveringfourdifferent

product categories for thedesignof thehood.Amodulararchitecture for thegrille is

also proposed. Possible assemblymethods for the interfaces of the individual panels

andgrillemeshesinthehoodhavealsobeenproposedwhichneedsadditionalresearch

oneconomicviability.

Themethodofoptimizationused toachieve the leastnumberofpartnumbers in the

designofthegrillemesheswasveryeffectiveinreducingthenumberofpartnumbers

from32to26.Thenumberofpartnumberscanbereducedfurtherto20bybreaking

downthemeshesintosmallerpartsbuttheeffectonmanufacturingneedstobestudied

before a decision is made. The entire design proposal is based on the fact that few

changes are made to the existing systems. From the study, the benefits of having

modularproductarchitecturefaroutweightheexistingintegraldesignsolution.

The 3DX platform plays an important role in documenting the technical solutions

effectively.The seamless integrationbetween thewebandCAD interface reduces the

time taken to document the solutions. The requirementmanagement app allows the

usertoeffectively tracetherequirements fromthemoment it iscapturedtohowit is

captured into the design. The documentation of the solution can be done inmultiple

waysbutinthisprojectthedocumentationisdoneinamannertosuittheinterestsof

designersandproductmanagers.

7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS Furtherresearchneedstobecarriedoutonmathematicalmethodsthatcanbeusedto

reducethenumberofparts further.Theproposedmanufacturingmethodsneedtobe

evaluatedwithrespecttoperformanceandeconomicstofurthervalidatetheproposal.

Further steps needs to be taken to implement a product architecture for the engine

compartment. If theproductarchitectureoftheenginebay isestablishedfordifferent

productcategories,aclearunderstandingofthevariableswhichaffectthedesignofthe

66

hoodcanbeobtained.Futuredesigns canmakeuseof theenginebayarchitecture to

definethevariableswhichdrivethedesignofthehood.

With respect to the 3DX platform, other features of the software with respect to

manufacturingcanbeusedtodemonstratethemanufacturingprocessoftheproposed

modularhood.Theimpactofdifferentrolescanalsobeemphasizedinthesame.

67

REFERENCES 

Baldwin, C.Y. & Clark, K.B., 1997. Managing in an age of modularity. Harvard business review, 75(5), pp.84–93.

Banker, R.D., Bardhan, I. & Asdemir, O., 2006. Understanding the impact of collaboration software on product design and development. Information Systems Research, 17(4), pp.352–373.

Boothroyd, G. & Alting, L., 1992. Design for Assembly and Disassembly. CIRP Annals - Manufacturing Technology, 41(2), pp.625–636.

CAT, 2015. Caterpillar. Available at: http://www.cat.com/en_US/products/new/by-industry/construction.html [Accessed January 3, 2015].

Dahmus, J.B., Gonzalez-Zugasti, J.P. & Otto, K.N., 2001. Modular product architecture. Design Studies, 22(5), pp.409–424.

Dynapac, 2015. Dynapac. Available at: http://www.dynapac.com/en/Products/ [Accessed January 4, 2015].

Gokpinar, B., Hopp, W.J. & Iravani, S.M.R., 2013. In-house globalization: The role of globally distributed design and product architecture on product development performance. Production and Operations Management, 22(6), pp.1509–1523.

Hinze, J.W. & Teizer, J., 2011. Visibility-related fatalities related to construction equipment. Safety Science, 49(5), pp.709–718. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0925753511000099 [Accessed December 28, 2014].

Komatsu, 2015. Komatsu. Available at: http://www.komatsuamerica.com/ [Accessed January 4, 2015].

Ülkü, S. & Schmidt, G.M., 2011. Matching product architecture and supply chain configuration. Production and Operations Management, 20(1), pp.16–31.

Ulrich, K., 1995. The role of product architecture in the manufacturing firm. Research Policy, 24(3), pp.419–440.

Ulrich, K. & Eppinger, S.D., 2012. Product Design and Development . McGraw-Hill Higher Education, (5).

Wits, W.W. & Vaneker, T.H.J., 2011. TRIZ based interface conflict resolving strategies for modular product architectures. In Procedia Engineering. pp. 30–39.

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79