Mnemata: Papers in Memory

of Nancy M. Waggoner

EDITED BY

William E. Metcalf

The American Numismatic Society, New York

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Copyright 1991

The American Numismatic Society

New York

ISBN 0-89722-243-1

The American Numismatic Society

Broadway at 155* Street

New York, NY 10032

212/234-3130

Printed in the United States of America

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Contents

Contributors to the Colloquium iv

Preface v

Nancy M. Waggoner, 1924-1989 vi

Bibliography of Nancy M. Waggoner ix

MARGARET THOMPSON, A Personal Reminiscence 1

CHARLES A. HERSH, A Fifth-Century Circulation Hoard

of Macedonian Tetrobols 3

THOMAS R. MARTIN, Silver Coins and Public Slaves

in the Athenian Law of 375/4 B.C 21

HYLA A. TROXELL, Alexander's Earliest Macedonian

Silver 49

MARTIN J. PRICE, Circulation at Babylon in 323 B.C 63

ARTHUR HOUGHTON, The Antioch Project 73

CARMEN ARNOLD-BIUCCHI, Arabian Alexanders 101

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Contributors to the Colloquium

Mr. and Mrs. Richard B. Arnold

Ellen A. Bauerle

Denyse P. Berend

George S. Cuhaj

Priscilla Elliott

Joan M. Fagerlie

Harry W. Fowler

Sallie S. Fried

Jay M. Galst, M.D.

William S. Greenwalt

Henry Grunthal

Charles A. Hersh

Arthur A. Houghton

Silvia Hurter

Jonathan H. Kagan

John D. Leggett, Jr.

Brooks Emmons Levy

The Alexander S. Onassis

Irwin L. Merker

William E. Metcalf

Leo Mildenberg

Robert A. Moysey

Robert J. Myers

Martha Waggoner Nakamura

Martin A. Rizack

Jonathan P. Rosen

Faith Ford Sandstrom

Robert Schonwalter

Laurence Silbert

Deborah Thompson

Homer A. Thompson

Hyla A. Troxell

Robert A. Weimer

Kerry K. Wetterstrom

Center for Hellenic Studies

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Preface

The news of the death of Nancy Waggoner, so soon after her retire-

ment and following upon reports that were as optimistic as circumstances

permitted, carried more than the usual shock that accompanies death.

I heard the news in Princeton, to which I had departed for a term at

the Institute for Advanced Study just before Nancy's formal retirement,

and thus had not yet experienced life at the Society without her.

The determination of the need to commemorate her and the form the

memorial should take was instant and easy. The theme would be Nancy's

longest-standing interest, the fourth century; the conference would bring

together her friends, colleagues, and students. John D. Leggett, Jr.,

formerly Treasurer of the Society and currently Chairman of its Stand-

ing Committee on Greek Coins, undertook to secure the necessary

funding; it is a pleasure to acknowledge the generosity of the donors nam-

ed on p. iv.

There was no shortage of prospective speakers at the colloquium, and

their willingness not only to participate but to provide their manuscripts

on short notice has made this publication easier. The arrangement of the

volume reflects the order and the substance of the presentations at the

colloquium on May 19, 1990, with the single exception of my own

remarks, which were not intended for publication. In their stead we

reprint by permission the obituary which appeared in American Journal

of Archaeology 93 (1989), pp. 597-98.

William E. Metcalf

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Nancy M. Waggoner, 1924-1989

Nancy Waggoner, Curator of Greek Coins at the American

Numismatic Society, died on April 10, 1989, at the age of 64. She had

undergone surgery for cancer a year earlier, soon after the selection of

students for the Society's 1988 Graduate Seminar, during which she

supervised several projects even while undergoing almost daily radiation

treatments; but her deteriorating health forced her into early retirement

at the end of September.

For Nancy, scholarship was a second career. She was a political science

major at Smith College, from which she graduated in 1946; after her mar-

riage in 1948 she raised two daughters while accompanying her husband

in the foreign service. After settling permanendy in the New York area

she began graduate work in the history of art at Columbia University,

where she studied with Edith Porada and the late Margarete Bieber, but

it was her encounter with numismatics, in the first seminar offered at

Columbia by Margaret Thompson, that would prove decisive for her

future. Like many others, she was encouraged to explore areas in which

E.T. Newell's groundwork was preserved through his collection and notes;

Nancy's investigation culminated in a dissertation treating the mint of

Alexander the Great at Babylon. Her interest in hellenistic coinages would

continue throughout her life, but for many years she was frustrated at

her inability to set in precise order all the issues of Babylon, which

employed one of Alexander's most inscrutable control systems. Nancy

finally put the problem behind her, in hopes of returning to it in retire-

ment, in the Festschrift for Margaret Thompson (1979), of which she was

co-editor with the late Otto M0rkholm.

Nancy joined the staff of the American Numismatic Society in 1968.

Almost immediately a second coincidence, which would prove pivotal

for her, steered her interest toward the beginnings of Greek coinage. A

large hoard of early Greek silver was discovered at Asyut in Egypt in

1969, and prior to dispersal records of the contents were made at both

the British Museum and the ANS. Nancy and Martin Price, then Assis-

tant Keeper of Greek Coins and now Deputy Keeper, proved natural

and congenial collaborators, and the resulting publication, Archaic Greek

Silver Coinage. The "Asyut" Hoard (London, 1975), set the chronology of

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Nancy M. Waggoner

vii

the early Greek coinage on a new footing. Not everyone was satisfied

with their conclusions, and Nancy herself came to revise some of the views

presented there; but the publication remains the most fully and cogently

argued treatment of the problems, the basis from which all other discus-

sion must depart. On one occasion a spirited defense appeared in the

pages of the American Journal of Archaeology Q.H. Kroll and N.M. Wag-

goner, "Dating the Earliest Coinages of Athens, Corinth, and Aegina,"

AJA 88 [1984], pp. 325-40), but the new chronology was not something

that interested Nancy solely for proprietary reasons; it was typical of her

to reconsider or gracefully abandon earlier interpretations, even her own,

in the face of new evidence.

Her commitment to making this evidence available was most con-

spicuous in the efficient arrangement of the collection under her care and

her continuing involvement in its publication. Though she produced on-

ly one fascicle of the Society's Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum herself, after

her appointment as Curator of Greek Coins in 1976 she supervised the

preparation of three other fascicles; and she was the author of Early Greek

Coins in the Collection of Jonathan P. Rosen (1983), a volume in the ANS

series, Ancient Coins in North American Collections, that made available

a wealth of interesting material now dispersed. This last publication was

criticized for its inclusion of unprovenanced material, but Nancy's at-

titude was that no accident subsequent to departure from the mint ought

to interfere with the exploitation of a single piece of the fragmentary

evidence available to us.

In all her numismatic work Nancy had little patience with those who

did not work direcdy from the coins, insisting that they first be understood

on their own terms before being integrated into a historical record that

often contains as much preconception as fact. In spite of her highly

developed sense of style, she much preferred the "hard" evidence of coin

dies and their interrelationship for fixing community of origin and se-

quence of issue.

The ANS Graduate Seminar in Numismatics gave Nancy annual

responsibility for several students, and after Margaret Thompson's retire-

ment in 1979 she also had charge of the seminar in Greek numismatics

that had proved so determinative for her own career. In both these

environmentsperhaps chastened by her own experience with

Babylonshe attempted to select for her students topics that would both

introduce the basic techniques of numismatic study and lead to useful

conclusions. The number of papers by her students published in the Socie-

ty's Museum Notes and elsewhere is a tribute to her success.

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viii

Nancy M. Waggoner

During her final illness Nancy showed a fortitude and optimism that

impressed but hardly surprised those close to her. She was frustrated at

her inability to visit "her" collection after leaving the museum in

September, but the brief retirement she enjoyed at least permitted her

to reflect with satisfaction on a career of successes. The last onethough

she never knew itwas the designation of one of her students as the ANS's

first Margaret Thompson Curator of Greek Coins, which secured her

own place as the vital link between an illustrious past and a promising

future. Her students and colleagues already miss a dedicated scholar and

teacher and a loyal friend.

William E. Metcalf

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Bibliography of Nancy M. Waggoner

Eighteen Seal Impressions in the Collection of Edward R. Gans: their Seleucid Con-

text. Thesis submitted for the degree of Master of Arts. Columbia

University, Department of Art History and Archaeology, 1966.

The Alexander Mint at Babylon. Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment

of the requirements for the degree of Doctory of Philosophy. Colum-

bia University, Department of Art History and Archaeology, 1968.

"The Early Alexander Coinage at Seleucia-on-the-Tigris," ANSMN 15

(1969), pp. 21-30.

Review: G.K. Jenkins, The Coinage of Gela, AMUGS 2 (Berlin, 1970),

in AJA 75 (1971) pp. 448-49.

"The Importance of Coins in Archaeology," Popular Archaeology 2 (Jan.

15, 1973), pp. 29-33.

"The Coinage of Phraates II of Parthia: Addenda," in Dickran Kouym-

jian, ed., Studies in Honor of George C. Miles (Beirut: American Univer-

sity of Beirut, 1974), pp. 15-26.

Review: R.T. Williams, The Silver Coinage of the Phokians, RNS Special

Publication 7 (Oxford, 1972), in AJA 78 (1974), pp. 97-98.

(with Martin Price), Archaic Greek Silver Coinage. The Asyut Hoard (Lon-

don: V.C. Vecchi, 1975).

"Three Recent Greek Accessions," ANSMN 21 (1976), pp. 1-9.

(with William E. Metcalf), "New Collection at the American Numismatic

Society," Archaeology 30 (May 1977), pp. 194-95.

Review: CM. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (London and

Berkeley, 1976), in AJA 81 (1977) pp. 569-71.

(with Hyla A. Troxell), "The Robert F. Kelley Bequest," ANSMN 23

(1978), pp. 1-41.

(with Otto Merkholm, ed.), Greek Numismatics and Archaeology. Essays in

Honor of Margaret Thompson (Wetteren: Editions NR, 1979).

"Tetradrachms from Babylon" in Greek Numismatics and Archaeology: Essays

in Honor of Margaret Thompson, pp. 257-68.

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X

Bibliography

"The Propontis Hoard (IGCH 888)," RN 1979, pp. 7-29.

Review: M.J. Price and B.L. Trell, Greek Coins and Cities. Architecture on

the Ancient Coins of Greece, Rome, and Palestine (London and Detroit, 1977),

in AJA 83 (1979) pp. 248-49.

"Coins in the Collection of William P. Wallace," ANSMN 25 (1980),

pp. 1-15.

Review: A. Furtwangler, Monnaies grecques en Gaule, Typos 3 (Fribourg,

1978), in AJA 84 (1980), pp. 248-49.

"Another Alexander Tetradrachm of Audoleon," in S. Scheers, ed.,

Studia Paulo Naster Oblata I. Numismatica Antigua (Leuven, 1982), pp.

99-102.

"Further Reflections on Audoleon and His Alexander Mint," RBN 1983,

pp. 5-21.

Early Greek Coins from the Collection ofJonathan P. Rosen, Ancient Coins in

North American Collections 5 (New York: The American Numismatic

Society, 1983).

"Seal Impressions in the Manner of the Seleucids," in A. Houghton,

S. Hurter, P.E. Mottahedeh and J. A. Scott, eds., Festschrift fur/Studies

in Honor of Leo Mildenberg (Wetteren: Editions NR, 1984), pp. 259-68.

(with John H. Kroll), "Dating the Earliest Coins of Athens, Corinth,

and Aegina," AJA 88 (1984), pp. 325-40.

"Cassander in Babylon?," SAN 16 (May 1986), p. 68.

Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. The American Numismatic Society 7. Macedonia

I: Thraco-Macedonian Tribes, Paeonian Kings (New York: The American

Numismatic Society, 1988).

(with Carmen Arnold-Biucchi and Leslie Beer Tobey), "A Greek Ar-

chaic Silver Hoard from Selinus," ANSMN 33 (1988), pp. 1-35.

(with Georges Le Rider, Kenneth Jenkins, and Ulla Westermark, eds.),

Kraay-Merkholm Essays: Studies in Memory of CM. Kraay and 0. Merkholm,

Numismatica Lovaniensia 10 (Louvain-la-Neuve: Institut Superieur

d'Archeologie et d'Histoire de l'Art, Seminaire de Numismatique

Marcel Hoc, 1989).

"A New Wrinkle in the Hellenistic Coinage of Antioch/Alabanda," in

Kraay-Merkholm Essays: Studies in Memory of CM. Kraay and 0. Merkholm

(Louvain-la-Neuve, 1989) pp. 283-90.

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A Personal Reminiscence

MARGARET THOMPSON

Those of us who had the privilege of knowing Nancy will have many

personal memories. My own go back some twenty-five years to the time

when she first came to the ANS as a student in the Columbia Seminar

in Greek Numismatics. She was then working for her Ph.D. and at a

loss for a dissertation topic. Her obvious interest in coins and her ability

to do numismatic research led eventually to an excellent treatise on Alex-

ander's mint at Babylon. Although never published in its entirety, the

study established the basic chronology, which Nancy generously made

available to anyone interested in that coinage.

Appointment to the ANS staff came in 1968 and from then on Nancy's

contributions to the work of the Greek department were numerous and

significant, ranging from routine housekeeping and servicing chores to

the publication of numismatic material from the ANS and other sources

as well as an important role in organizing the International Numismatic

Congress of 1973. It was a sad loss to the ANS and to numismatics when

she was forced into premature retirement by the crippling illness against

which she had fought so valiantly.

Others, now far from Audubon Terrace, will have carried away their

own memories. Many Summer Seminar students will remember Nancy's

skillful guidance in their introduction to Greek numismatics and the

sincere interest she took in their subsequent careers. Visiting scholars

will remember the gracious hospitality with which she entertained them

in her Rye home. All who knew Nancy will remember a fine numismatist,

a courageous human being and a loyal friend.

1

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Mnemata: Papers in Memory of Nancy M. Waggoner

1991 The American Numismatic Society

A Fifth-Century Circulation Hoard

of Macedonian Tetrobols

(PLATES 1-8) CHARLES A. HERSH

During 1989 a fifth century1 circulation hoard of at least 223 tetrobols

was unearthed, probably in eastern Macedonia, which later in the year

came onto the numismatic market in Munich. Of the coins, 197 were

royal Macedonian silver pieces, 196 light tetrobols and 1 heavy tetrobol,

covering virtually the entire range of light tetrobols struck by the Macedo-

nian kings during the fifth century. Only the initial issue, struck by Alex-

ander I,2 and the last one, of Archelaus,3 were missing. This hoard is

the first find of any sizable number of tetrobols; all previously-found

tetrobols were either small parts of larger hoards including a number of

mints, or occasional finds, primarily from excavations.4

A short review of the obscure history of Macedonia during the fifth

century is perhaps in order here, to explain better the background, both

political and economic, of the regal coinages to be discussed.5

1 All dates are B.C.

2 D. Raymond, Macedonian Regal Coinage to 413 B. C., ANSNNM 126 (New York, 1953),

p. 84, no. 34.

3 H. Gaebler, Die Antiken Munzen Nordgriechenlands, Vol. 3, Makedonia undPaionia (Berlin,

1935), p. 156, no. 7

4 For hoards containing tetrobols of Alexander I and Perdiccas II, see IGCH nos. 359,

364, 366, 375-77, 382.

5 The standard work on the subject, followed here, is N. G. L. Hammond and G. L.

Griffith, A History of Macedonia, Vol. 2 (Oxford, 1979).

3

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4

Charles A. Hersh

The entire fifth century saw only four kings on the throne ruling

Macedonia: Amyntas I, his eldest son Alexander I, Alexander's third

son Perdiccas II, and Perdiccas's son Archelaus. The history of the cen-

tury began ca. 510 when Amyntas I ruled a small kingdom with a pastoral

economy, primarily on the western side of the Thermaic Gulf in nor-

thern Greece. Its capital was at Aegeae, but it controlled the important

crossing of the Axius River near the coast at the head of that gulf. Amyntas

and Macedonia had made considerable territorial gains to the north on

either side of the Axius valley following the defeat of the Paeonians, the

most powerful tribal group in the area at that time, by the invading ar-

my of Darius I of Persia in 511, when the Paeonians chose to fight rather

than to submit to Persia. During the next year the Persian commander

Megabazus demanded and received the submission of Amyntas peaceful-

ly, and Macedonia was occupied by his army and came under Persian

control for the next 30 years. To solidify his position, Amyntas gave his

daughter Gygaea in marriage to Bubares, the son of Megabazus, and

was confirmed in the possession of the territories he held by the Persians.

Amyntas died ca. 495.

He was succeeded by his eldest son Alexander I, who was elected king

by the assembly of the Macedonian people, as there was no custom or

principle of primogeniture in force for succession to the throne. Prior to

his becoming king, Alexander had participated in the Olympic games

as a sprinter and in the pentathlon, and he was well-known in Greece

as a strong personality. During the Ionian Revolt of 498-493 both Amyn-

tas and Alexander remained loyal to the Persians and caused no problems,

unlike many of the southern Greek city-states. In 492 when Mardonius,

son-in-law of Darius, advanced into Europe with a great army and navy

through Thrace and Macedonia, he met with no resistance from the king.

Alexander was in active charge of the Macedonian contingent6 in the ar-

my under Mardonius when it was defeated at Marathon in 490 by the

Athenians and the Plataeans, and he retreated northward subsequently

with the Persian army. Darius died in 485 and was succeeded by his son

Xerxes I, whose forces invaded Europe again in 480. Alexander again

personally headed the Macedonian troops in the Persian army, but he

also had ties to the Greeks. He was said to have urged the Greeks to

withdraw from their forward positions at Tempe and later to have disclos-

ed the Persian battle plans to the Greek leaders. After the Persian army

6 This contingent consisted principally of cavalry, as the Macedonian infantry was not

very highly regarded at that time.

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Hoard of Macedonian Tetrobols

5

forced the pass at Thermopylae and burned Athens, which had been aban-

doned by its citizens, the navy of the Greeks destroyed the Persian fleet

at Salamis while Xerxes watched. Xerxes returned to Asia and Mardonius

was left in charge of the Persian land forces.

In 479 Mardonius and Artabazus met the Greek army at Plataea and

after Mardonius was killed during the battle, the Persians were routed.

Alexander again led the Macedonian contingent of the Persian army,

but he still kept contacts with the Greeks, especially the Athenians. Follow-

ing the defeat at the battle of Plataea, Artabazus and a Persian army

of at least 40,000 men retreated through Macedonia and Thrace back

into Asia, but the Macedonians did not attack the Persian forces as they

withdrew. Alexander was permitted by the Persians to fill the power void

caused by their withdrawal and to annex most of the land between the

Axius and the Strymon rivers that Persia had controlled, including the

Bisaltic silver and gold mines near Lake Prasias (Theodoraki). Up to that

time Macedonia had had no major source of precious metals, and had

not issued any royal coinage. These newly-acquired mines changed the

situation, and silver coins began to be struck, as these mines produced

at least a talent of silver per day. Alexander's later rule resulted in con-

flicts with both the Athenians and the Edones, a major tribal power in

the Strymon river basin. In the 450s Macedonia declined in strength,

with the resultant loss of the Bisaltic mines to the Edones for a number

of years, a decided setback to the kingdom's economy. Alexander died

a violent death in ca. 452.

He was succeeded by his third son, Perdiccas II. This was a period

of weakness for Macedonia. Internally, Perdiccas struggled for power with

his elder brothers Philip and Alcetas; externally, some territories annexed

by Alexander I were lost, including Bisaltia. It was not until ca. 435 that

Perdiccas managed to secure all of the power that went with the throne.

In the 440s he had problems with Athens, which had expanded into the

Thermaic Gulf, and with the Bisaltic tribes, which had taken control of

the mines near Lake Prasias under Alexander I's rule and which now

gained their complete independence from Macedonia. After 434 Perdic-

cas became involved in the war between Athens and Sparta. The Athe-

nians set up his eldest brother Philip as a pretender to the Macedonian

throne until his death in ca. 430. Perdiccas also fought with Derdas, king

of Elimiotis, and later with Sitalces, king of much of Thrace, who set

up Amyntas, the elder son of his late brother Philip, as a pretender to

the throne. This dangerous threat was blunted when Perdiccas married

his daughter Stratonice to Sitalces' son and heir Seuthes. Seuthes became

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6

Charles A. Hersh

king in 424, succeeding his father, and this situation ameliorated. Dur-

ing the reign of Perdiccas, Macedonia was weak militarily and the king

had to use his considerable political skills for himself and his nation to

survive among very powerful enemies. He died in 413.

Archelaus was elected to the throne in that year, following the death

of his father. Like his grandfather Alexander I, he was a strong personali-

ty, and a fortunate one. Late in 413 the defeat of Athens at Syracuse

severely weakened the naval and economic power of Macedonia's chief

rival in the north of Greece. Athens now needed Macedonian timber to

reconstruct her fleet and ceased her hostility toward Macedonia. Archelaus

was able to recover the Bisaltic mines and other territories lost under Per-

diccas. He helped to protect the kingdom for the future by improving

the military road system and building fortified strong points in border

areas, and he anticipated Philip II by upgrading the quality of his military

forces, both the cavalry and more especially the infantry. His court was

noted for its culture: Euripides was a member of it and the king knew

Thucydides. Archelaus was assassinated in 399.

THE COINS

The standard reference work on the fifth-century coinage of Macedonia

is that of Raymond, a carefully researched study of all the material then

available, published by the American Numismatic Society in 1953.7

As we have already seen, the Macedonian kingdom lacked a major

source of silver at the beginning of the fifth century, and had not issued

any coins at all up to that time, although a number of Thraco-Macedonian

tribes had struck large silver bullion coins as early as the sixth century.

These pieces were struck primarily for export, especially to Persia and

Egypt. These tribes had utilized silver from Mount Pangaeum, Paeonia,

and the mines near Lake Prasias. In the period following the Persian

retreat from northern Greece in 479, Alexander I took over the mines

near Lake Prasias and began to strike silver coins in large (octodrachm

and tetradrachm) and small (tetrobol) denominations, probably at a mint

in his capital city, Aegeae. During the long reign of his successor Perdic-

cas II only heavy and light tetrobols were issued, along with a few frac-

tional silver pieces, a sure sign of Macedonia's weak economic position.

The heavy tetrobols had a theoretical weight of 2.45g and were of a good

7 Above, n. 2.

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7

Table 1

LIGHT TETROBOL DIES

Obv.

Rev.

Combi-

Speci-

RAYMOND:

dies

dies

nations

mens

Remarks

Alexander I

Group I (34-44, 125)

11

9

12

23

Group IP (76-95)

16

6

20

29

aH Series

Group III (122-24, 126-30)

8

6

8

8

omitted

Total

35

21

40

60

Perdiccas II

Group IV

Series 1 (131-47)

13

14

17

22

Series 2 (148-61)

14

14

14

19

Series 3 (162-69)

8

5

8

12

Series 4 (170-75)

4

3

6

12

Total

38b

36

45

65

bOne die used

in both Series

Raymond Overall

73

57

85

125

1 and 2

LIGHT TETROBOL HOARD.

Alexander I

Group I (34-44, 125, etc.)

10

11

12

15

Group IP (76-95, etc.)

20

11

23

33

CH Series

Group III (122-24, 126-30,

omitted

etc.)

7

6

9

19

Total

37

28

44

67

Perdiccas II

Group IV

Series 1 (131-47, etc.)

44

37

50

62

Series 2 (148-61, etc.)

25

20

24

34

Series 3 (162-69, etc.)

11

9

14

25

Series 4 (170-75, etc.)

4

2

4

4

Total

84

68

92

125

Hoard Overall

121

96

136

192

(Overall totals omit H series [7], barbarous imitations [7], and other tribal issues [12].)

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8

Charles A. Hersh

silver alloy, being used primarily for external trade, while the light

tetrobols had a theoretical weight of 2.18g, were of a poorer alloy and

were used mostly internally.8

In fact, both groups of tetrobols fall short of these theoretical weights.

The hoard under study contained only tetrobols, mostly those struck by

Alexander I and Perdiccas II. It was composed of 197 regal coins, of which

196 were light tetrobols and 1 was a heavy tetrobol. Raymond had noted

that in the excavations at Olynthus in the Chalcidike only 6 light tetrobols

were uncovered, as compared with 34 heavy ones. This would appear

to bear out the position that the heavy tetrobols were used primarily for

external trade.

A comparison of the number of light tetrobol dies and light tetrobol

specimens that were known to Raymond and those in the present find

shows how much additional material is now available.

The dies of these small coins are very difficult to differentiate from one

another, especially the obverse dies. Even when working with original

coins (many of which had considerable wear), it was extremely hard to

distinguish between various dies. Raymond, who worked primarily with

plaster casts and some photographs, had an almost impossible task, and

a sizeable number of errors became obvious as I worked with the

photographs in her book and the actual coins from the hoard. It was

therefore not feasible to integrate the die information from both sources,

and in Table 1 they are shown as two separate entities. In any case, the

number of light tetrobols from the new find increases by 150% the coins

of this denomination known from her volume, with the pieces of Alex-

ander I being slightly more numerous than those known in Raymond

and those of Perdiccas II from the find being more than twice the number

available to her. This new material, and the resultant increase in the

number of new obverse and reverse dies, particularly associated with the

light tetrobols of Perdiccas II, makes his coinage of these pieces far more

substantial in size than Raymond's work suggested. Although the fineness

of the silver alloy of these coins was not high, there were no plated coins

in this find.

CATALOGUE OF THE FIND

Each die combination is numbered serially; the first entry (the Ray-

mond column) indicates the number of her combinations known in the

8 C. M. Kraay, Archaic and Classical Greek Coins (London, 1976), p. 142.

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9

hoard. Reference is made to her catalogue numbers, as follows:

34 = same dies as Raymond 34

34/ = same obverse die as Raymond 34

/34 = same reverse die as Raymond 34

= dies not recorded by Raymond

The second column indicates the number of coins of each die pair found

in the hoard. In the third and fourth columns, die numbers indicate obverse

and reverse dies recorded by Raymond; die letters (upper case for obverse,

lower case for reverse) indicate new dies from the hoard. In each case,

unless otherwise noted, coin (a) is illustrated. Die axes are randomly

distributed and have not been listed. Except in the case of obvious errors

(e.g. no. 125 and various tribal issues), Raymond's order of presenta-

tion has been followed.

ALEXANDER I

Dies

Horse

Helmet

No. Ravmond

Coins Obv.

Rev.

faces

faces

Reference, remarks

Group I

Archaic Hor

1. /35

1 A

2

R

R

(a) 2.24, author

2. 40/39

1 6

5

R

L

(a) 2.02, author

3. --

1 B

a

R

L

(a) 2.01, author

4. 41

2 7

6

R

R

(a) 2.06, author; (b) 2.12

5. 41/

1 7

b

R

R

(a) 2.12, ANS

6. 44/

1 10

c

R

R

(a) 2.07, author

7. -

1 C

d

R

R

(a) 2.26

8. 125

1 38

25

L

L

(a) 1.93, author

9. /125

1 D

25

L

L

(a) 1.97, author

10. --

1 E

e

L

L

(a) 1.99, author

11. --

1 E

p

L

L

(a) 2.34, ANS

12. 38,39/

Archaic Horse, A A on obv.

R R (a) 1.97, author; (b) 2.03,

author; (c) 2.14, ANS

Group II

13. 79/81

A on obv.

13 l0v. R R (a) 2.09, author. A on ex-

ergual line. See 36-38.

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10

Charles A. Hersh

Dies Horse Helmet

No.

Raymond

Coins

Obv.

Rev.

faces

faces

Reference, remarks

Group II (continued)

A on obv.

14.

m

1

F

l0v.

R

R

(a) 1.87, author. A on ex-

ergual line. See 36-38.

15.

1

G

g

R

R

(a) 2.03, author. A on ex-

ergual line. Rev. die of 42.

16.

88/81

1

21

l0v.

R

R

(a) 2.19, author. A above

horse. See 36-38.

17.

88/90-95

1

21

14

R

R

(a) 2.41, author. A above

horse.

18.

/90-95

3

H

14

R

R

(a) 2.02, author; (b) 2.27;

(c) 1.95. A above horse.

19.

94

1

25

14

R

R

(a) 2.05. A above horse.

Edones

20. 99-101/ 1

21. 107 2

22. /107 1

23. 1

24. 98/ 1

25. 98/ 1

30

h

R

R

34

22

R

R

I

22

R

R

I

i

R

R

29

j

R

R

29

k

R

R

H on obv.

(a) 2.07, author. H above

horse.

(a) 2.10, author; (b) 2.07,

ANS. H above horse,

(a) 2.03, author. No H.

(a) 2.15, author. No H.

(a) 1.93. No H.

(a) 2.11. No H.

Rev.: Quadripartite square

(see Raymond, pi. XI, a)

R (a) 2.19, author; (b) 1.97,

ANS; (c) 2.04.

R (a) 2.06, author; (b) 2.08;

(c) 2.15.

Rev.: Caduceus in quadripartite square

(see Raymond, pi. IX,a)

28.

1 L n

R

(a) 2.14.

29.

1 L o

R

(a) 2.12.

30.

4 M p

R

(a) 2.31, author; (b) 2.28;

(c) 2.00; (d) 2.27, ANS.

Other Tribal coinages

26. 3 J 1

27. 3 K m

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11

Dies

No. Raymond

Coins

Obv.

Rev.

Group II (continued)

31. 82

1

16

10

32. /79.80,

2

N

10

82,83

33. /79.80,

4

O

10

82,83

34. ,79,80,

1

P

10

82,83

35.

1

P

q

36. /81

1

Q

10v.

37. /81

1

R

l0v.

38. /81

1

S

l0v.

39. /85

2

T

11

40. /86

1

U

12

41. /86

1

V

12

42.

3

W

g

43.

1

X

r

44.

1

X

s

45.

1

Y

t

46.

2

Z

u

Group III

47. /122

1

AA

23

48.

1

AB

V

49.

3

AC

w

50.

6

AC

X

51.

1

AD

y

52.

3

AD

w

53.

1

AE

w

54.

2

AF

w

55.

1

AG

z

Helmet

faces Reference, remarks

Helmeted head

R (a) 1.95.

R (a) 1.99; (b) 1.96.

R (a) 2.23, author; (b) 2.02;

(c) 2.19; (d) 2.01.

R (a) 2.33, author.

R (a) 2.14, author.

R (a) 2.32, author. See

13-14, 16.

R (a) 2.04. See 13-14, 16.

R (a) 1.95. See 13-14, 16.

R (a) 1.86; (b) 2.26. Note

that reverses of Raymond

84 and 85 are different.

R (a) 2.23.

R (a) 2.14.

R (a) 2.27, author; (b) 1.96;

(c) 1.99. Rev. die of 15.

L (a) 1.77.

L (a) 1.39.

L (a) 2.27, author.

L (a) 2.10, author; (b) 2.04.

Helmet with no head

R (a) 2.10, author.

Helmet always faces r.

(a) 2.19, author.

(a) 2.09, author; (b) 2.02;

(c) 2.13.

(a) 2.26; (b) 2.15; (c) 2.01;

(d) 2.17; (e) 2.19; (f) 2.19.

(a) 2.15.

(a) 2.00; (b) 2.08; (c) 1.92.

(a) 2.16.

(a) 2.15, author; (b) 1.99.

(a) 2.11.

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Charles A. Hersh

PERDICCAS II

Dies

No.

Raymond

Coins

Obv.

Rev.

Reference, remarks

Group IVSeries 1

Helmet r. in a single linear square

56.

1

AH

aa

(a) 1.63.

57.

1

AI

ab

(a) 1.84.

58.

132

2

44

31

(a) 2.13, author; (b) 2.03.

59.

132/

1

44

ac

(a) 1.95.

60.

/132

1

AJ

31

(a) 2.02.

61.

/132

1

AK

31

(a) 2.06.

62.

/132

1

AL

31

(a) 1.91.

63.

133

3

45

31v.

(a) 2.08, author; (b) 2.10;

(c) 1.77. Not Raymond's

rev. die 31.

64.

136/

3

48

ad

(a) 1.93; (b) 2.20; (c) 2.09.

Obv. dies of 136 and 137

are different.

65.

1

AM

ad

(a) 1.93.

66.

1

AN

ad

(a) 1.97.

67.

/137

AO

35

(a) 1.99, author; (b) 1.75.

68.

/138

1

AP

36

(a) 2.00, author.

69.

1

AQ

ae

(a) 1.85.

70.

138-140/

1

49

af

(a) 1.87.

71.

138-140/

49

ag

(a) 1.95, author; (b) 1.87.

72.

138-140/

1

49

ah

(a) 1.81.

73.

1

AR

ai

(a) 2.06. Rev. die is not

Raymond 43.

74.

147/

1

56

ai

(a) 1.87. Rev. die is not

Raymond 43.

75.

147/146

1

56

43

(a) 1.88.

76.

/146

1

AS

43

(a) 1.70.

77.

146

1

55

43

(a) 2.01

78.

146/

1

55

aj

(a) 1.98.

79.

1

AT

aj

(a) 2.10.

80.

143/

1

52

ak

(a) 1.96.

81.

144

1

53

41

(a) 1.96.

82.

145

1

54

42

(a) 2.03, author.

83.

/145

3

AU

42

(a) 2.09, author; (b) 1.81;

(c) 2.04.

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13

Dies

No.

Raymond Coins

Obv.

Rev.

Reference, remarks

Group IV

-Series 1 (continued)

Helmet r.

in a single linear square

84.

1

AV

al

(a

1.94.

85.

1

AW

al

(a

1.98.

86.

1

AX

am

(a

1.69.

87.

1

AY

an

(a

1.96.

88.

1

AY

ao

(a

2.54.

89.

1

AZ

ao

(a

1.96, author.

90.

1

BA

ap

(a

2.11.

91.

BB

aq

(a

1.62; (b) 1.63; (c) 1.90.

92.

1

BC

aq

(a

2.24.

93.

1

BD

ar

(a

1.93, author.

94.

1

BE

as

(a

1.94.

95.

1

BF

at

(a

1.85.

96.

1

BG

au

(a

1.92.

97.

1

BH

av

(a

1.92.

98.

1

BI

aw

(a

1.96.

99.

1

BJ

ax

(a

2.11.

100.

1

BK

ay

(a

2.00.

101.

1

BL

az

(a

1.96.

102.

1

BM

ba

(a

1.96.

103.

BN

bb

(a

1.93; (b) 1.68.

104.

1

BO

be

(a

1.92.

105.

1

BP

bd

(a

2.08.

Group IV-

-Series 2

Helmet r. in a double linear square

106.

1

BQ

be

(a]

2.18, author.

107.

1

BR

bf

(a]

1.92.

108.

1

BS

bg

(a]

1.61.

109.

/148

1

BT

44

(a]

1.93, author.

110.

BT

bh

(a]

1.99; (b) 1.86.

111.

149

1

57

45

(a]

1.99.

112.

/149

BU

45

(a]

2.01, author; (b) 1.93.

113.

/149

1

BV

45

(a]

2.06.

114.

157

1

65

53

(a

2.09.

115.

158

1

66

54

(a

2.09, author.

116.

/158

2

BW

54

(a

2.06; (b) 1.94.

117.

2

BX

bi

(a]

1.94; (b) 1.95.

118.

3

BY

bj

(a]

1.92; (b) 2.07; (c) 1.96.

119.

2

BZ

bk

(a

2.14, author; (b) 1.95.

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14

Charles A. Hersh

Dies

No. Raymond Coins Obv. Rev. Reference, remarks

Group IVSeries 2 (continued) Helmet r. in a double linear square

120.

1

CA

bl

(a) 1.82.

121.

1

CB

bm

(a) 1.98, author.

122.

1

CC

bn

(a) 2.11.

123.

1

CD

bo

(a) 1.87.

124.

1

CE

bp

(a) 1.99.

125.

1

CF

bq

(a) 1.98.

126.

1

CG

br

(a) 1.96.

127.

2

CH

bs

(a) 1.97, author; (b) 1.92.

128.

1

CI

bs

(a) 1.91.

129.

3

cj

bt

(a) 2.02; (b) 1.95; (c) 1.76.

Dies

No. Raymond Coins Obv. Rev. Horse Square Reference, remarks

Group IVSeries 3 l~l sometimes below horse on obv.;

horse prances or walks;

linear square single or double

130.

/151

1

CK

47 Walks

Double

(a) 2.22, author. No 11.

See 139.

131.

/151

1

CL

47 Walks

Double

(a) 1.93. No n. See 139.

132.

166

1

74

60 Prances

Double

(a) 1.96, author.

133.

165

3

73

60 Walks

Double

(a) 1.96, author; (b) 1.98,

ANS; (c) 1.88.

134.

165/

1

73

bu Walks

Double

(a) 1.96.

135.

3

CM

bv Walks

Double

(a) 1.73; (b) 1.96; (c) 1.65.

136.

1

CN

bw Prances

Single

(a) 1.98, author.

137.

1

CO

bx Prances

Single

(a) 1.94, author. No 11.

138.

3

CP

bx Prances

Single

(a) 1.93; (b) 1.97; (c) 1.96.

No n.

139.

/151

1

CP

47 Prances

Double

(a) 1.93, author. No 11.

See 130, 131.

140.

3

CP

by Prances

Single

(a) 1.95; (b) 1.89; (c) 2.08.

No n.

141.

3

CQ_

by Walks

Single

(a) 2.15; (b) 1.96; (c) 1.95.

No n.

142.

1

CR

bz Prances

Single

(a) 1.66. No n.

143.

/160

2

CS

56 Prances

Double

(a) 2.18, author; (b) 2.06.

No n.

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Hoard of Macedonian Tetrobols

15

Dies

No. Raymond Coins Obv. Rev. Horse Square Reference, remarks

nEPAlK on rev.

(a) 1.98, author.

(a) 2.05, author.

Group IVSeries 4

144. 175/170, 1 81

171

145. 170 1 78

146. 174 1 80

147. 173 1 78v.

63 Prances Partly

Double

63 Prances Partly

Double

64 Prances Double

64 Prances Double

(a) 1.99, author.

(a) 2.10, author. Obv. die

is not Raymond 78.

Dies Linear

No. Raymond Coins Obv. Rev. Square Reference, remarks

Barbarous imitations of Perdiccas II

148.

1

DA

da

Single

(a) 1.95.

149.

1

DB

db

Single

(a) 1.66.

150.

1

DC

dc

Single

(a) 1.59, author.

151.

1

DC

dd

Double

(a) 1.31, author.

152.

1

DD

de

Double

(a) 1.72.

153.

1

DE

df

Double

(a) 1.77.

154.

1

DF

dg

Double

(a) 1.35.

Heavy tetrobol

n below hors

155. cf. 216,

1

(a) 2.27, author.

217

ARCHELAUS

Tetrobols

156.

1

EA

ea

(a) 2.03, author.

157.

1

EB

eb

(a) 2.01, author.

158.

1

EC

ec

(a) 2.05, author.

159.

1

ED

ed

(a) 1.97, author.

COMMENTARY

Group I. All the basic types of these coins of Alexander I are present

in the hoard, except for the earliest light tetrobol issue (Raymond 34),

which is known from only two specimens, both in Berlin. The coin has

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16

Charles A. Hersh

on its reverse a goat's head r. in a linear square within an incuse square,

rather than a helmeted head in an incuse square like the remainder of

the group. The obverses of this group all show archaic-style horses, in-

cluding Raymond 125 which obviously belongs here.

Group II. Coins 13-19, with an A on the obverse dies above the walk-

ing horse or on the exergual line and with a helmeted head on the reverse,

belong to this group. It portrays a more finely executed and later-style

horse on the obverse, as do coins 31-46, which lack the A on the obverse

but share reverse dies in a number of cases with coins 13-19.

The attribution of coins such as nos. 20-25 in this hoard to the Edones,

a Strymon-basin tribe, was originally made by Nicholas Hammond and

is almost certainly correct.9 Hammond writes, "There are other peculiar

features about the 'H' series (Raymond 96-107). No other Alexander coin

has an 'H', or a horse of such slight short-barrelled build (as Raymond

on page 114 remarks), or a crested helmet of the odd kind appearing on

one 'H' coin (reverse die 22Raymond 107), or such poor technique,

especially when the technique of the 'A' series of the same group is the

most advanced.10 ... These peculiarities can be explained only by con-

cluding that series 'H' is not Macedonian at all. That 'H' stands for

HAONEON the tribal name...is an obvious and perhaps obviously cor-

rect suggestion."

There are two other tribal issues in this hoard, which were called "frac-

tional issues'' by Raymond although they are of normal light tetrobol

weight. These are hoard coins 26-27 (shown on Raymond pl. XI, a),

and 28-30 (shown on Raymond pl. IX, a). Although these pieces have

a fine-style horse on the obverse, similar to that of Group II, and are

clearly later than the archaic-style coins of Group I, they have quadripar-

tite squares as the types on their reverses. Once coins in an issue are struck

with specific types on the reverse, representing an advance from the pun-

ches or squares of various forms used on the earliest of issues, the return

to the more primitive quadripartite squares would mark a definite

retrogression, especially when the light tetrobols of Alexander I were

originally issued with a regular type on the reverse. It appears uniformly

true, as far as the issues of this area are concerned, that no such backward

step took place.

Group III. The reverse type now uniformly shows an Illyrian helmet

facing r., instead of the earlier helmeted head.

9 Hammond and Griffith (above, n. 5), p. 107.

10 Raymond coins 76-95.

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Hoard of Macedonian Tetrobols

17

Group IV. Series 1 has as its reverse type an Illyrian helmet r. in a single

linear square, while Series 2 has a similar helmet r. in a double linear

square. These are evidently two distinct and separate issues of light

tetrobols of Perdiccas II, as, to my surprise, there do not appear to be

any obverse die links between the two series. Series 3 oftentimes has a

n on the obverse die below the horse, which is now shown prancing as

well as walking. The helmet on the reverse may be in either a single or

a double linear square. Series 4 has the legend IHEPAIK on the reverse

around a helmet to the right, generally in a double linear square. The

obverse shows a prancing horse to the right.

Archelaus. His light tetrobols in this hoard portray a rearing horse l. on

the obverse and an Illyrian helmet l. on the reverse, with APXEAAO

around it. The rare and probably later tetrobol issue of this king with

the same obverse type and an eagle with spread wings facing l., head

r., is missing from this hoard."

Raymond dated these light tetrobol issues of Alexander I and Perdic-

cas II as follows:

The contemporary copies of the coins of Perdiccas II were undoubted-

ly struck by tribes that lived on the fringes of Macedonian territory, most

probably in this case somewhere in the Strymon valley region. Normally

these rather crude copies were made by less artistically-developed tribal

groups, imitating the common currencies circulating in the areas that

11 See Gaebler (above, n. 3), p. 156, no. 7; pi. 29, 16. Also missing from this find is

a variety of hoard coins 156-59, which has the horse and helmet to r. (Gaebler, p. 156,

no. 5; pi. 29, 14).

Dating

Alexander I Group I

Group II

Group III

Perdiccas II Group IV

Series 1

Series 2

Series 3

Series 4

480/79-477/6

476/5-ca. 460

460-451

451/0-447/6

446/5-438/7

437/6-435/4

415-413

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18 Charles A. Hersh

they inhabited or in which they traded. These imitations are unplated,

but, as is quite common, they are well under the normal weight of the

pieces imitated.

Table 2

WEIGHTS OF LIGHT TETROBOLS

OF ALEXANDER I AND PERDICCAS II

Alexander I Perdiccas II

Range

Coins

%

Coins

%

2.65-2.69

1

.8

2.60-2.64

2.55-2.59

2.50-2.54

1

.5

2.45-2.49

1

.8

2.40-2.44

2

1.6

2.35-2.39

1

.8

2.30-2.34

5

4.0

2.25-2.29

6

4.8

2.20-2.24

6

4.8

3

1.6

2.15-2.19

11

8.9

3

1.6

2.10-2.14

13

10.5

9

4.9

2.05-2.09

16

12.9

18

9.8

2.00-2.04

20

16.2

20

11.0

1.95-1.99

17

13.8

48

26.3

1.90-1.94

12

9.7

33

18.0

1.85-1.89

5

4.0

13

7.1

1.80-1.84

3

2.4

10

5.5

1.75-1.79

2

1.6

8

4.4

1.70-1.74

3

1.6

1.65-1.69

1

.8

7

3.8

1.60-1.64

1

.8

5

2.7

1.55-1.59

2

1.2

1.50-1.54

less than 1.50

1

.8

Totals

124

100

183

100

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19

Weights

The weights of the light tetrobols of Alexander I and Perdiccas II, in-

cluding both the coins known to Raymond and those in the present hoard,

are summarized in Table 2.

As compared to the theoretical weight of 2.18g for light tetrobol issues,

those of Alexander I peak at 2.00-2.04g and those of Perdiccas II peak

at 1.95-1.99g. However, from Table 2, it is clear that very many of the

coins of Alexander are above the peak weight, while the great majority

of those of Perdiccas are below the peak weight.

SUMMARY

This fifth century silver circulation hoard, although it contained only

about 200 regal Macedonian light tetrobols, has more than doubled the

number of coins known of this denomination struck by Alexander I, and

almost trebled those published of Perdiccas II, as recorded by Raymond.

There are at least 33 obverse dies and 26 reverse dies of Alexander I that

were unknown to her, and 64 new obverse dies and 52 new reverse dies

of Perdiccas II.

This hoard indicates that the light tetrobol issues of these kings were

substantially larger than she envisioned. The silver used for these coins

was a poor alloy, but none of the royal pieces in the hoard shows any

sign of plating. The weights of the light tetrobols do not show any severe

reduction between the issues of the two kings, although the reign of Per-

diccas II was even more fraught with political and economic perils than

those faced by his father Alexander I.

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Plate 2

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Plate 4

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Plate 5

Charles A. Hersh

99

81 82 83 84 85

0 W t

86 87 88 89 "90

91 92 93 94 95

96 97 98 99 100

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Charles A. Hersh

Plate 6

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Plate 7

Charles A. Hersh

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Charles A. Hersh

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Mnemata: Papers in Memory of Nancy M. Waggoner

1991 The American Numismatic Society

Silver Coins and Public Slaves

in the Athenian Law of 375/4 B.C.

(PLATE 9) THOMAS R. MARTIN

When I was a student in the Graduate Seminar of the American

Numismatic Society in the summer of 1976, Nancy Waggoner encouraged

me to pursue my interest in the intersection of the evidence of coins and

of literary and documentary sources for ancient Greek history. In this

contribution to honor her memory, I have followed the same approach

in investigating the implications of the provisions of an Athenian law of

375/4 B.C. concerning a special problem in the allocation of power that

silver coinage created for one of the principal ideals of Athenian

democracy. In Athenian public service, ideally no one was supposed to

exercise a power over others that was not subject to regular and effective

review by the citizen body, but the official scrutiny of coinage necessari-

ly represented an anomaly in the system. This anomalous power was all

the more striking in that it resided in the hands of public slaves.

The text from 375/4 B.C. that sheds light on this remarkable situation

is an inscription of 56 lines, discovered in the American excavations of

the Athenian agora in 1970 and published with extensive commentary

by Ronald S. Stroud.1 For the arguments of this paper, it will fortunate-

ly suffice to summarize the text.2 After a brief opening that records the

1 R.S. Stroud, "An Athenian Law on Silver Coinage," Hesperia 43 (1974), pp. 157-88.

For periodical abbreviations see Numismatic Literature 123 (March 1990), pp. xiii-lxiii. All

dates are B.C.

2 To give a full translation would require extensive discussion of epigraphical uncertain-

ties and gaps in the Greek text caused by damage to the stone, for which this is not the

21

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22

Thomas R. Martin

year in which this law was passed and naming Nicophon as its proposer,

the body of the text begins in l. 3 with the programmatic statement that

Athenian coinage that has been shown to be of silver and to carry the

public coin type must be accepted in financial transactions. (See Plate

9, 1 and 2 for Athenian tetradrachms of the fifth and fourth centuries

respectively). The dokimastes (that is, the public slave who works as the

official certifier of the coinage) is to take his seat among the "tables"

(presumably those of the bankers and money changers of the agora) and

is to be available there every day to certify coinage according to the

specifications listed above, except on the days when financial payments

are being made to the city-state, when he is to be in the council house.

If someone presents a foreign silver coin to the certifier that has the same

type as Athenian coinage (that is, the category of coins that modern

scholars call imitations, to which we will return), the certifier is to return

it to the person who presented it. (Whether the text specified that the

imitation had to be "good" remains controversial; see below.) The cer-

tifier is to cut through all counterfeits such as plated subaerate coins and

deposit them with the council under the guardianship of the Mother of

the Gods (see Plate 9, 3 for an example of a plated tetradrachm wihout

such a cut, and Plate 9, 4 for a subaerate with a cut.) If the certifier does

not appear at his designated post or certify coinage according to the pro-

visions of the law, the appropriate magistrates are to punish him with

50 lashes of the whip. Anyone who refuses genuine silver coins that have

been certified is to have confiscated all the merchandise that he had on

sale for that day.

appropriate place. Stroud provides a complete English translation with his publication of

the editio princeps. For an English translation that takes into account different suggestions

for restoration published during the period from the appearance of Stroud's article until

1983, see Translated Documents of Greece and Rome, vol. 2: From the End of the Peloponnesian War

to the Battle of Ipsus, P. Harding, ed. and trans. (Cambridge, 1985), no. 45, pp. 61-64. The

following items propose restorations that differ from Stroud's: M.H. Hansen, Eisangelia

(Odense, 1975 = Odense University Classical Studies 6), p. 28; R. Bogaert, Epigraphica

///(Leiden, 1976), no. 21, p. 25; J. and L. Robert, Bulletin Epigraphique 1976, no. 190;

F. Sokolowski, "The Athenian Law Concerning Silver Currency (375/4 B.C.)," BCH 100

(1976), pp. 511-15; P. Gauthier, "Sur une clause penale de la loi athenienne relative a

la monnaie d'argent," Revue de Philologie 52 (1978), pp. 32-35; T. Fischer, "Das Athener

Miinzgesetz von 375/74 v. Chr.," Hellenika: Jahrbuch fur die Freunde Griechenlands (1981),

pp. 38-41; F. Bourriot, "Note sur le texte de la loi athenienne de 375/4 concernant la cir-

culation monetaire (loi de Nicophon)," ZPE 50 (1983), pp. 275-82; T.R. Martin, reported

in Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum 33 (1983), no. 77, p. 22; H. Wankel, "Bemerkungen

zu dem athenischen Miinzgesetz von 375/4," ZPE 52 (1983), pp. 69-74; H. Engelmann,

"WegegriechischerGeldpolitik,"ZP60(1985), pp. 165-76; G. Stumpf, "Ein athenisches

Munzgesetz des 4. Jh. v. Chr.," JNG 36 (1986), pp. 23-40.

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23

There follow provisions for lodging accusations about offenses under

this law with the appropriate magistrates according to the location at which

the alleged refusal to accept certified coinage took place. Cases concern-

ing less than 10 drachmas are to be handled by magistrates; cases of more

than that amount are to be taken before a court of citizens. Those who

make successful accusations are to receive half of the confiscated goods.

Slave merchants, both male and female, who are convicted under the

provisions of the law are to receive 50 lasnes. Magistrates who fail to act

in accordance with the provisions of the law are to be brought before

the council, which is to remove a convicted magistrate from his post and

fine him up to 500 drachmas.

Then, in ll. 36ff., the council is instructed to acquire another certifier

of the coinage who is to work at a set location in the Piraeus, the harbor

district, for the benefit of shipowners, merchants, and "all the others."

If a certifier cannot be found among the city's current stock of public

slaves, one is to be purchased. The overseers of the market are to see

to it that the certifier for the Piraeus takes his position at the location

specified and that the law is followed. Inscribed copies of the law are to

be set up at the separate locations where the two certifiers will regularly

work. The new certifier for the Piraeus will receive the same payment

as the certifier in the agora, whose payment will henceforth be taken from

the same source as those to the mint workers. The law then closes with

the standard provision for eliminating any earlier law that is in conflict

with this new one.

This fascinating document has aroused scholarly comment and

disagreement on a wide range of issues, such as the treatment of imita-

tions of Athenian coins, the nature of the work of the dokimastes, inter-

pretation of the law as a legal tender act, the identification of tralatitious

material from earlier legislation reiterated in ll. 3-36 of this text of 375/4,

and the economic and political circumstances surrounding its passage and

the passage of earlier legislation on the same topic.3 Controversy has

3 In addition to the items listed above (n. 2), see A. Giovannini, "Athenian Currency

in the Late Fifth and Early Fourth Century B.C.," GRBS16 (1975), pp. 185-95; R. Bogaert,

"L'assai des monnaies dans l'antiquite," RBN 122 (1976), pp. 5-34; T. Fischer, SM 26

(1976), pp. 20-21 (commenting on Giovannini, GRBS 16 [1975]); H. Wankel, "Zur For-

mulierung von Strafbestimmungen in dem neuen attischen Miinzgesetz," ZPE1\ (1976),

pp. 149-51; J. Diebolt and H. Nicolet-Pierre, "Recherches sur le metal de tetradrachms

a types atheniens," SNR 56 (1977), pp. 79-91; L. Migeotte, "Sur une clause des contrats

d'emprunt d'Amorgos," AC 46 (1977), pp. 128-39; J. and L. Robert, Bulletin Epigraphique

1977, nos. 146 and 147; A. Giovannini, Rome et la circulation monetaire en Grece au He siecle

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24

Thomas R. Martin

even arisen over the appropriate English translation of the Greek term

dokimastes. I have employed "certifier of the coinage," which seems to

convey the sense of the Greek term with the least awkwardness in

English.4

Other significant issues arising from this text have not yet, to my

knowledge, been raised in the scholarly debate: the anomaly of the power

exercised by the certifiers of the coinage at Athens and the question of

why they were public slaves. The significance of these issues will emerge

from a discussion of the appearance of imitations of Athenian coins in

circulation at Athens, the disruption of the established pattern of monetary

circulation at Athens at the end of the Peloponnesian War, and the

characteristics of the Athenian institution of public slavery.

Numismatists have long recognized that silver coins imitating the types

of Athenian silver coinage were minted outside Attica, especially in the

avant Jesus-Christ (Basel, 1978), pp. 39, 68; T. V. Buttrey, "The Athenian Currency Law

of 375/4 B.C.," in Greek Numismatics and Archaeology. Essays in Honor of Margaret Thompson,

O. Merkholm and N. Waggoner, eds. (Wetteren, 1979), pp. 33-45; D. Placido, "La ley

aticade 375/4 a. C. y la politica ateniense," Memorias de Histmia Antigua 4 (1980), pp. 27-41;

J. and L. Robert, Bulletin Epigraphique 1980, nos. 195 and 196; T. V. Buttrey, "More on

the Athenian Coinage Law of 375/4 B.C.," NumAntClas 10 (1981), pp. 71-94; J. Cargill,

The Second Athenian League (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1981), pp. 140-41; M. H. Hansen,

"Initiative and Decision: The Separation of Powers in Fourth-Century Athens," GRBS

22 (1981), p. 356; T. V. Buttrey, "Pharaonic Imitations of Athenian Tetradrachms," Pro-

ceedings of the Ninth International Congress of Numismatics. Berne, September, 1979, T. Hackens

and R. Weiller, eds. (Louvain-la-Neuve/Luxembourg, 1982), pp. 137-40; E. Ercolani Cocchi,

"II controllo statale sulla circolazione di moneta straniera nelle citta greche," Rivista storica

dell'antichita 12 (1982), pp. 53-59; O. Merkholm, "Some Reflections on the Production

and Use of Coinage in Ancient Greece," Historia 31 (1982), pp. 290-96; S. Alessandri,

"II significato storico della legge di Nicofonte sul dokimastes monetario," AnnaliSNSPisa

14 (1984), pp. 369-93; T. V. Buttrey, "Seldom What They SeemThe Case of the Athe-

nian Tetradrachm," Ancient Coins of the Greco-Roman World. The Nickle Numismatic Papers

(Waterloo, Canada, 1984), pp. 292-94; J. K. Davies, in The Cambridge Ancient History, 2nd

ed., vol. 7, pt. 1 (Cambridge, 1984), p. 281; T. Eide, "Merisai and Dounai in Athenian

Fourth-Century Decrees," Symbolae Osloenses 59 (1984), pp. 21-28; O. Picard, "Sur deux

termes des inscriptions de la tresorerie d' A'i Khanoum,'' Hommages a Lucien Lerat 2 (Besan-

con, 1984), pp. 679-690; D. Bellinger, "Wahrungsordnung im griechischen Altertum: das

Miinzgesetz Athens," Die Bank 12 (1986), pp. 644-50; M. R. Cataudella, "Aspetti della

politica monetaria ateniese fra V e IV secolo," Sileno 12 (1986), pp. 111-35; G. Le Rider,

"A propos d'un passage des Poroi de Xenophon: la question du change et les monnaies

incuses d'ltalie du Sud," in Kraay-Morkholm Essays. Numismatic Studies in Memory of C. M.

Kraay and 0. Morkholm, G. Le Rider et al, eds. (Louvain-la-Neuve/Luxembourg, 1989),

pp. 159-72.

4 Correspondingly, I will use "certification" as the translation for the work done by the

dokimastes, that is, the dokimasia of coinage. On the question of the translation of dokimastes,

see Buttrey in Greek Numismatics and Archaeology (above, n. 3), p. 38. I am grateful to Dr.

Buttrey for his illuminating correspondence on Athenian imitations and the law of 375/4.

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Coins and Slaves at Athen