Mnaual Juicer

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SASTECH 112 Volume 10, Issue 2, Sep 2011

DESIGN OF CONCEPTUAL CITRUS FRUIT JUICER

FOR HAWKERS IN INDIA

Raghunath D1, Prakash V Unakal2, Gopinath C 3

1-M.Sc. [Engg.] Student, 2-Professor, 3-

Professor, Department of DesignM.S.Ramaiah School of Advanced Studies, Bangalore

Abstract

Healthy diet plays an important role in maintaining good health. Fruits and vegetables are naturally availableresources and healthy food supplements for human consumption. In developing countries like India, street vendor’s supplies fruit juices for low and middle class people at affordable price. Due to economic growth and changing lifestylethere is an increase in consumption of fruit juice in India. Consequently, there is a need to provide a hygienic street

vended fruit juice which satisfies both consumer and hawkers. There is a lot of scope to introduce a manual juicer whichis safe to drink and easy to maintain.

Data collection was carried out by various research methods and analyzed. It was seen that there is increase in juice consumption in India as people are more health conscious. Auger type juicer is highly efficient and as highnutritional value from extracted juice when compared to other type of juicer. From user study it was concluded that

periodic cleaning of juicer was of prime importance in maintaining hygiene, as fermentation starts after two hours if juicer is not used continuously. Due to complex product structure the user hesitates to clean the juicer during the day and

it takes long time for cleaning the juicer. Dust and debris are the main contaminants on the collected juice as it is placed in an open environment. From the identified needs QFD was developed and the main priorities should considered are

mechanism, material, ergonomics and form. From the QFD, Product Design Specification (PDS) was made. Conceptswere generated by solving issues like cleaning, hygienic, assembly and disassembly.

Final concept was selected using Pugh selection method by evaluating all the concepts with datum product. A1:1 mock up model had been made to validate the concept and feedback was collected from users. From simulation, the proposed concept mock- up was found to have saving of over 50% time for cleaning compared to conventional juicer. It is

thus surmised that the proposed concept is likely to be a superior substitute for the existing ones in terms of maintenanceand hygienic issues.

Keywords: Citrus Juicer, Manual Juicer, Commercial Juicer, Hawkers, Citrus Juice, Hygiene

Nomenclature

Kg Kilogram weightmm millimeter Length

Abbreviations

CAD Computer Aided DesignPC PolycarbonatePDS Product DesignSpecificationsQFD Quality Function

Deployment

1. INTRODUCTION

Fruits and vegetables are rich source of vitamins,

proteins, minerals and fibres. There are vast benefits of consuming raw fruits and vegetables. Fruit juice cleansesand nourishes our body and also acts as thirst quencher.Juicing is an activity which separates liquid from fibre part of the fruit. History of extracting juice from fruits andvegetables is older than agriculture. In olden days people

manually squeeze the fruit with help of hand for extracting

juice from fruits. Solid food particle are difficult to digestand absorb by human body when compared to liquid food.Fruit juices provide instant energy to our body. Due tochanging lifestyle, people prefer fruit juice rather than rawfruit as it takes time to peel and chew the fruit.

1.1 Citrus Juicer

Citrus fruit can’t efficiently extract juice fromconventional juicer (ordinary juicer). Citrus fruit requires

a dedicated juicing machine as the flesh is soft and outer

peel has bitter taste and contains some indigestiblechemicals. Citrus juicer is special juicer used for

extracting juice from fruit like orange, sweet lime, limeand lemon. Solid fruits like apple, pineapple can’t beefficiently extract juice from citrus juicer. Reamer is theconventional manual citrus juicer. The common method of extracting juice from citrus fruit is to cut fruit into half and

then by using a reamer or press for extraction. Due to

technology advancement different types of advancedcitrus juice are available in the market. Juicers arecategorized into two they are household and commercial juicer. As juicing gains popularity in India due to increasein health conscious among people house hold juicers is

well developed in terms of usability, aesthetics andmaintenance. Less attention is paid towards small juicer

used by hawkers. Commercial juicers are used in hotel,cafes, restaurant, juice shop, street vendors etc.

1.2 Street Vendors

Street vendors are providing juice at affordable priceto most sector of the people in India. They sell fruits,

juices, vegetables, snacks, etc and it varies according totraditions of the place. Street vending is popular in urbanand sub urban areas. As India is a developing country,many people afford to consume juice offered by street

vendors. Street vending provides employment opportunityto many people to live their daily life. Citrus juice is

selling by street vendor at affordable price. But few peoplehesitate to drink due to lack of facilities and unhygienic

conditions




2. DESIGN METHODOLOGY

A systematic design methodology is followed to achievereliable and most suitable solution. It involves thefollowing steps.

• Journals and patent research

• Market study and user(GEMBA)survey• Bench marking

• QFD matrix

• PDS

• Concept generation and selection

• Final concept refinement

• physical modeling and validation

3. LITURATURE REVIEWJournal papers and patents explored here are related

directly or indirectly to the proposed area of work that isdesign of a Citrus fruit juicer. These papers are tosupport and enlighten the whole process of design in thespecific area.

3.1 Citrus Fruit Extraction Method

This article focusing on citrus juice extraction

methods, as extraction method is a major area to be

focused to make a hygienic and efficient juicer.

Brown MethodIn this method the fruit is cut into half and squeeze againstthe reamer to extract the juice. Juice can’t be fullyextracted from the citrus fruit [1].

In line methodIn this method, machine has upper and lower cup. Thefruit is fed on to the lower cup and the upper cup moves

down and encloses the fruit for extraction. The upper cuphas finger like structure in order to prevent the fruit from

bursting. Upper and lower knife cut the plug to separatethe peel from the inner flesh portion of the fruit. The upper cup starts exerting pressure on the fruit to move the inner flesh portion into the strainer via the bottom plug. Theorifice tube moves upward tends to press the inner portion

of the fruit in the strainer tube. Due to the pressure the

juice is extracted from the inner portion of the fruit [1].

3.2 Extraction Type

Juice from citrus fruit can be extracted by twomethods. Citrus water and total citrus fruit method. Incitrus water, outer skin and white layer is removed whichresults in watery. As white layer is rich in vitamin P, thereis a huge nutrient loss in this method. In total citrus fruit,

outer peel is removed and juice is extracted with whitelayer which results in thick and creamier juice. It requires

citrus juicer and can’t extract by conventional juicer [2].

Fig. 1 In line method [1]3.3 Role of Extraction Method

Extraction method plays important role in

maintaining the nutrition content of the juice. To get fullnutrition benefits of juice it must be consumed soon after extracting from the fruit. Vitamin C [ascorbic acid] ismain constituent in citrus fruit and help in maintaining theshelf life of the juice. Ascorbic acid in citrus fruit is

unstable and decomposes with heat, light, time and

oxygen. After few hours fermentation starts and results in juice turns more acidic and stale taste. Pasteurization is thetechnique followed to increase the shelf life of the juice.[1]

3.4 Street Vended Food

Consumption of food from street vendor isincreased in recent years in India and getting popular among educated and rich people. This is due to increase in

population. Ensuring food safety is important factor for

street vendor. Most of the illnesses are caused due tounhygienic food. Most of the unhygienic conditions aredue to uncovering the prepared food, improper wash area,as people wash their hands next to the cart area, open dust bin which attracts flies, cleaning of plates and glasses in

unclean water and water used for preparing the food.Many people are aware of these issues but they consume because of hunger, thirst and economic status. Even

though some vendor prepare under hygienic conditions,the food get contaminated due to poor handling of food.Availability of good water is main factor for maintaining

hygienic condition. Creating awareness among publicregarding hygienic condition through media can increasethe awareness among public and vendors [3].

3.5 Ergonomic Aspects of Hand Wheel Turning

This article gives an overview of the ergonomicfactors need to be considered while operating hand wheel.




Ergonomic Concerns in Design of Hand Wheel

• Hand wheel placement – height, orientation

• Turning radius – increase in radius reduce the effort

• Handles –diameter, length, material and texture

• Grip strength – power grip

The result shows that people prefer 8 & 12 inch diameter for low force settings and 16 inch is preferred for high

force [4].

3.6 Citrus Ripening Season

There are different families of sweet lime available

in India and each variety has different harvesting andripening season which makes fruit available throughoutthe year. Orange is a seasonal fruit and it’s produced between September and May. Lime available throughoutthe year, but maximize its availability in June and August

[5].

3.7 Structure of Citrus Fruit

Citrus fruit has an outer rind. White pith is inside theouter rind which is rich in vitamin P. After the white pith,fruit segment contain juice sacs and seeds [6].

Fig. 2 Structure of citrus fruit [6]

4. TYPES OF COMMERCIAL CITRUS

JUICER

There are two different types of commercial citrus juicer. They are press type juicer and single auger juicer.These types of juicer are available for both household andcommercial purpose.

4.1 Press Type Juicer

In press type it uses brown method for

extracting juice from the fruit. It has a lever mechanismfor pressing the fruit against the reamer for extracting the juice. It is available in various sizes. Advantage are easyto maintain, compact and reliable. Main disadvantage areits less efficient and while extracting juice it extracts peel

oil which results in bitter taste.

Fig. 3 Press type juicer [7-10]

4.2 Auger Type Juicer

In single auger type juicer it uses total citrusfruit extraction type. It has an auger in which the fruit iscrushed against the wall by rotating the auger screw. It is

available in various sizes. Advantages are the resultant juice will be creamier and rich in nutritional content. It

can efficiently extract juice from the fruit and yield morewhen compared to press type juicer. No bitter taste. Asyield is more this type of juicer can be suitable for commercial market. Main disadvantage is difficult to

maintain.

Fig. 4 Single auger juicer [11-13]

4.3 Bench Marking

By studying the various available commercial juicers, single auger citrus fruit juicer is suitable for commercial purpose due to its high yield capacity. Kalsi ismost selling juicer brand in this category. This is the best

juicer in terms of quality when compared to other brands.So this juicer is chosen as competitive bench marking product. Its specification are listed below

Fig. 5 Bench marked product [9]




Extraction method Total citrus fruit method Number of auger 1Mode ManualStrainer Stainless steel

5. PRODUCT STUDY

Fig. 6 Different parts of auger juicer

Auger screw - Auger screw is conical in shape, which issupported by face plate fixed on the outer body and screwfor fixing the crank. Auger screw has spiral thread likestructure as shown in fig. 6 in which the gap between thespiral thread is decreasing in order to squeeze the fruitefficiently.

Waste Control Fly Bolt -Waste control fly bolt is used tocontrol the amount of waste ejection. If the adjustment rodis fully closed, as the screw rotates the seeds in the fruitstarts crushing which produce bitter taste. Also increases

the effort of operator. If the adjustment rod is fullyopened, some quantity of juice will not extract from thefibre and reduces the effort of operator.

Face plate - Face plate is used to support the worm shaft

and to arrest the horizontal movement of worm shaft.

5.1 Working Principle of Single Auger Juicer

Peeled fruit is inserted into the hopper. Crank isrotated and with help of plunger a reasonable amount of

pressure is exerted in order to press the fruit against theauger screw. As the auger screw is rotated the fruit issqueezed gradually by the spiral arrangement on the auger screw as shown in fig. 7. The worm shaft moves the pulpalong and press against the strainer to extract juice. There

is no heat and oxidation takes place as it is rotated in slow

speed. The white pith on the orange or sweet lime whilesqueezing, form a fibrous structure which made to movealong with the worm shaft. At the end the waste fibre isejected and controlled by waste control fly bolt. Strainer isused to filter the seed and the waste fibre while squeezing.

Fig. 7 Working principle of auger juicer

6. RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS6.1 GEMBA Study and User Survey

GEMBA Study was conducted to understand the citrus juicer usage and to identify the problems faced by the

user. Users included street hawkers selling citrus juice.Fig.8 shows the photos taken during the GEMBA study.

Fig. 8 User study

Main observations from GEMBA study are

• User has to clean the machine if not used for

more than 2 hours, as fermentation starts in the

fibre struck in between the auger screw.

• Difficulties in cleaning the machine in between

the day

• Difficulty in assembling the face plate

• Seven screws require assembling and

disassembling the juicer.

• Machine is too bulky, can’t be cleaned easily.

• Dust accumulation on juicer and juice collecting

vessel.

• 15-20 minutes require for cleaning the machine.

• No proper grip in handle.• Lack of appearance

6.2 Design Opportunity

• Design can intervene at

• Cleaning the juicer

• Assembling and disassembling the juicer

• Hygienic of the juicer

6.3 Study of Technical Voices- Findings from QFD

Technical voices from QFD are listed below. These

were studied and incorporated while concept ideation

stage.

Mechanism- easy to clean and assemble isconsidered




Ergonomics- Placement of juicer (height), Handlediameter, holding postures and weight of the juicer are considered

Material - this contribute to the weight, hygiene andappearance of the juicer

Form - this contribute to appearance of the juicer

Product structure – this contributes to assembling

and disassembling of the juicer Size – easy to carry, reachability are consideredProduct design specification (PDS) is arrived from theQFD.

6.4 Ergonomic Details

All dimensions are considered according to Indiananthropometric dataDimensions considered for handle, height from ground to

base of the juicer are shown in below fig 9.

(a) (b) (c)

Fig. 9 Palm, grip and elbow dimensions [14]

a = 111mm (95th percentile) - Hand breadth

b = 35mm (power grip) - Handle diameter c = 1039mm (50th percentile) - Elbow height [15]

Calculation of preferred Height to Place the Juicer

Juicer should be placed in correct height in order to prevent improper body posture.

Height of the juicer auger screw centre to ground= 1039 mmAverage collecting vessel height= 250 mm (max)Height from ground to base of the juicer

= 1039 – 250 = 789 mm

Apart from the dimensions, other parameters are takencare to improve the ergonomic aspect are given below

• Weight of the juicer

• Decrease awkward body postures while assembling and

disassembling the juicer

7. CONCEPT GENERATION

Based on Product Design Specification concepts aregenerated using mind mapping tool.

7.1 Mind Mapping

The juicer is classified in to main body, mounting,handle, dust protection, mechanism, cleaning and cost.

Each parameter is further classified to explore more ideas.

7.2 Concept 1

Fig. 10 Concept 1

In this concept new mechanism housing as shown in fig.

10 enables the user to clean the juicer quickly. Mechanism

housing has upper and lower casing and auger screw placed in between. A step at the end is provided in order to prevent the leakage of juice. Flange on the upper and bottom casing end is used to provide rotational axis and toarrest the horizontal movement of the auger screw. After

assembling the mechanism housing it is inserted on to themounting base and the hole on flange and mechanism

housing gets aligned. Then the whole unit is inserted on tothe screw fixed on the cart with help of bolts. Finallycrank is press fit on to auger screw slot. Important featuresare

• Two bolts require to assemble and disassemble the

juicer

• Separate mechanism housing

• Easy to clean

• Press fitted crank

Fig. 11 Assembly sequence of concept 1

7.3 Concept 2

In this concept separate mechanism housing is

used. After assembling the mechanism housing, it is

inserted in to the rectangular base frame. The mechanismhousing has a threaded hole on the top for fixing with thehelp of screw to arrest the horizontal movement of themechanism housing. Finally the crank is press fit on to theauger screw slot. The hopper is made up of polycarbonate

material is fixed on the top of the rectangular frame. PCsheet is used to cover the front portion of the rectangular frame. No need of disassembling the whole juicer for

cleaning. Mechanism housing can be taken out for cleaning in between the day.

Mechanism




Fig. 12 Concept 2

The main highlights of this concept are

• Easy to clean

• One screw for assembling and disassembling the juicer

• No tool requires.

• Peeled fruits can store on the rectangular frame to

prevent dust accumulation on peeled fruits.


7.4 Concept 3

Fig. 14 Concept 3

In this concept the bottom casing of mechanism housing is

integrated into support legs for fixing the juicer on to the

cart. Crank is integrated into auger screw. The assembly procedure starts with fixing the bottom casing on to thecart. Then the auger screw integrated with the crank is placed on the flange at end of bottom casing for arresting

the horizontal movement. Finally upper casing is fixedwith the bottom casing with help of fly bolt. TransparentPC sheet are snap fit to the bottom casing. Main featuresof concept are,

• Hollow support to reduce the weight of juicer

• Two screws to assemble and disassemble

• Transparent PC sheet to improve aesthetics of juicer

• Easy to clean

• Sleek and stylish


7.5 Concept 4

Fig. 16 Concept 4


This concept is developed by taking conch shell asmetaphor. It represents purity, nature and emotionally

connected to Indians. This concept has upper and lower

casing. The lower casing is fixed to the cart with bolts.Then the strainer is placed on the provision provided onthe bottom casing. The auger screw integrated with crank is placed on the bottom casing and finally the upper casingis placed on the lower casing and fixed with help of

flybolts. Two plastic portions are provided on two sides of

the lower casing to improve the appearance and attract the

people. It is snap fitted on to the lower casing. The form isdesigned such that the juice is flowing from the conchshell, which conveys it is pure without any ingredients,fresh and clean.

Mechanism housingUpper

casingTransparent

cover Auger screw

Bottom

casing

Upper Casing

Auger screw

Bottom casing

PC cover

Metaphor




Main highlight of concept-4 are

• Easy to clean

• Stylish

• Two fly bolts require assembling and

disassembling the juicer. • Form represents purity and fresh

7.6 Concept 5

Fig. 18 Concept 5

In this concept the juice collecting chamber isdesigned separately with Polycarbonate. Juice is collected

at the centre. This concept has two triangular supportswhich has a base for fixing to the cart. Support A has ahole on top for fixing the mechanism housing firmly. Theassembly procedure starts with assembling the juice

collector on to the supports then inserts the mechanismhousing in to the triangular support. Then transparent

cover and mechanism housing is fixed with help of screw.Juice collector is not integrated with the mechanismhousing. Finally the crank is assembled to the auger screw with press fit. The transparent portion extends up tothe bottom as shown in fig 18 to prevent the dust

accumulation. An additional flexible transparent sheet is

used for covering front side of the juicer when not in use.While operating the juicer the user has to hook the PCsheet on the hook provided. Hopper for feeding fruits isintegrated with the transparent plastic portion.


Juice collecting chamber is a conical shape with bottom slopes towards other side from both the endsforming a receptacle. The direction of juice flow is as

shown in fig 20. Template is provided to avoidmisalignment between supports while installing the juicer.

Main highlights of the concept are

• One screw for assembling and disassembling the juicer

• No tools required

• Hygienic

• Stylish

• Transparent juice collector makes the user to feel the

freshness and purity of juice.

Fig. 20 Juice collecting chamber

Fig. 21 Flexible cover in closed and open condition

7.7 Concept Evaluation and Selection

The generated concepts were compared and studied

using Pugh method with the bench marked product.

Concept 5 was selected as the final concept and it wasverified with user opinion. The selected concept ismodeled using CATIA and rendered in Hyper shot for

visualization.

Fig. 22 Final concept

7.8 Ergonomic Model

1:1 scale Ergonomic model was done to analyze the body posture, dimensions and placement of juicer (height). Study was conducted among 7 users. From studyit is found that there is enough space for placing and

accessing the juice collecting vessel. Handle diameter for comfortable holding were analyzed and considered asØ35mm. Overall length, height and width of the juicer are

within reachable zone. Hand is straight to the center axisof the juicer. Height at which he juicer is placed iscomfortable for most of the people. Mechanism housing

can be easily removed and inserted in to the supportseasily. Fixing of transparent cover can be easily done

Flexible

Stainless steel

frame




without any difficulties. Fig 23 shows the various postureof the user.

Fig. 23 Postural study

7.9 Mock-up Model for Selected ConceptA 1:1 Mock-up model is developed in MDF wood

and sprays painted to validate the concept. Fig.24 showsthe dimensional drawing and mock-up model of the finalconcept.

Fig. 24 Concept

8. VALIDATION AND DISCUSSION OF

RESULTS• The product has better grip which makes it

more comfortable while operating.

• Transparent cover protect juicer and juice

collecting vessel from dust particles

• Transparent juice collecting chamber is

attractive.

• Easy to place the large collecting vesseland peeled fruits.

Fig. 25 Validation of product with user

• Separate mechanism housing enable to

clean the juicer on the cart and takes lesstime

• Quick and easy to clean during the day as it

has only one screw without any tool

• Form is good and attractive

The final product fulfils the requirement of the hawkersand consumers in terms of maintenance, appearance andhygienic.

9. SUMMARY

Throughout the study a systematic approach has been

followed to arrive at a reliable and most competentsolution. From the research methods various issues likecleaning, assembling and disassembling were identified.From the identified areas, cleaning, assembling,disassembling, hygiene and appearance issues were

prioritized by QFD. PDS was made based on user requirements. Different concepts were generated by PDS

using mind mapping technique to solve the abovementioned issues. Digital modeling was done for better visualization. Final concept was selected using Pughselection matrix by evaluating the concepts with datum

product. A 1:1 mock up was made to validate the finalconcept. From simulation, the proposed concept mock- upwas found to have saving of over 50% time for cleaningcompared to conventional juicer. It is thus surmised that

the product concept is likely to be a superior substitute for the existing ones in terms of maintenance and hygienic

issues.

10. REFERENCES

[1] Bates, R .P. and Morris, J .P., “ Principle and

Practice of small and medium scale fruit juice processing ”, FAO Agricultural servive bulletin,Rome 2001.

[2] John Kohler., “Types of Citrus fruit extraction”,www.discountjuicer.com, 08-10-2010.

[3] S, Ahmed P., S, Lahiry., M, Shahjahan.,

“ Hygienic Practice and Consumption of Street Food among Inhabitants in Selected Locationsof Dhaka City”, Sub journal of public health,Vol. 2, Number 1, January – June 2009.

[4] Glen West., Donald S. Bloswick.,

“ Biomechanical and Psychophysical aspects of Handwheel turning ”, University of Utah.

[5] Milind S. Ladaniya., “Citrus fruit , Biology,Technology and Evaluation”, Acadamic press,

2008.[6] Structure of citrus fruit, www.visual.merriam-

webster.com, Retrieved on 10th Nov, 2010.

4 4

Hand straight

to center axis of

juicer

Overalldimensions are within

reachability

Posture of hand

while rotating thecrank

Juicer has

comfortable handle,easy to clean andgood appearance

Enoughclearance for placing glass and

large collectingvessel.




[7] Unknown, “ Press type juicer ”,www.discountjuicer.com, retrieved on 15th Nov,2010.

[8] Unknown, “ Manual Press type juicer ”,www.alatest.co.uk, retrieved on 15 th Nov, 2010.

[9] Unknown, “ Manual citrus juicer ”,

www.basantappliances.com, Retrieved on 15th

Nov, 2010.[10] Unknown, “ Manual press type juicer ”,

www.metrokane.com, Retrieved on 15th Nov,2010.

[11] Unknown, “ Manual single auger type juicer ”,

www. basantappliances.com, Retrieved on 15th

Nov, 2010.

[12] Unknown, “Single auger type juicer ”,www.kalsiproducts.com, Retrieved on 15th Nov,2010.

[13] Unknown, “ Manual single auger juicer ”,www.indiamart.com, Retrieved on 15th Nov,2010.

[14] Debkumar Chakrabarti, “ Indian Anthropometric

Dimensions for Ergonomic Design Practice”, National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad, 1999.

[15] Sarah, “ Factors in ergonomic hand tool design”,www.malcodesignanddeliverygroup.wordpress.

com, retrieved on 7th Dec. 2010.

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