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MECHANICAl MEASUREMENTS AND METROLOGY LAI30RATORY

(Common to ME /IP f AU /1M 1 MA)

Sub Code !Irs/ Week Total Hrs

06MEL47A lA Marks : 25 03 Exam I lours : 03 42 Exam Ma.rks : 50

PART-A: MECHANICAL MEASUREMENTS

I. <.:ahbrntion of Pre:>sure Gauge

2. ('o lohra!IOn ofThermocouplc

3 Calibration of l VDT

4 Cnhbrauon of load cell

5. Determinntoon of modulus of elasticity of n mild steel specomen using strain gauges.

PART-B; METROLOGY

6. Measurements using Opticnl Projector I Tool maker Microscope.

7. Measurements of angle usi11g Sine Center I Sine barf bevel protractor

8 Mcasurementli of aligrunc..'nt using Autocollnnar.or I roller set

9. Mea:.urement~ of cutting tool forces using n) lathe tool Dynrunometc:r b) Drill tool Dynam(>meter

I 0. Measurement~ of Screw thread Parameters using two wore or three wire melhod

I I Me.'!l<urements of Surface roughness usmg Tnlysurf f mechanical Comparator

12. Measurements of gear tooth profile using gear tooth venire I gear tooth micrometer .

13. Cnltbration of a micrometer using slip gauges

14. Measurement usmg optical Flnts

Scheme of Examlnulion:

ONE question from Metrology (pan -A) ONE question from lnslnlmentation (pan - B) Vrvn - Voce

AM<. (.NGINEERING COLLEGE BANGALORF

20Marks 20 Maries 10 Marks

M.<:!M LA BORA TOR\ MANUAL

CONTENTS

PART-A· MECHANICAL M1,0SUREMENTS

Cal•brat10n of l..oli.d cell

2. Calibration of L VDT

~- Colibrut1on ufThcnnocouplt:

4. Calibrnuon of Pressure Gauge

5. Detcnnmatlon of modulus of elasticity of a m1ld teet >pecimen using strum gauge:>

PART-B:METROLOGY

6. Calibration of a micrometer usmg slip gauges

7. Mea.~urumcnrs of angle using bevel protractor

J.. ;.: .... ~i~m-nu. v!" .nag!. u•int; Sine Center I Sine bo~r

9. Measurements of gear tooth profile using gear tooth vemil!r caliper

I 0. \4easur.:ments of cutting tool forces usmg Lathe tool Dyruunomet~r

ll . Measurements of cutung tool forces using Dnlltool Dynamometer

12. Measurements of Screw thread Parameters using two wire or three wire method.

13 Measurement thread profile usmg Optical Profile Projector.

14. Measurement of Surface roughness using Tal~urf Comparator

\MC 8\GINllRINll COLLFGE IMNGALOR~ M&M l.i\IIOR. \ roR Y MANUAl

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EXPI RIM ENI NO.I.

CALIBRATION OF L0,\1) <.:t:l.l . \l\1 : I v Co~hbrat.: th.: lu.1J cell by 11>101: o~.:tualload.

\ I'P ,\RA TUS: Luad cell. Otgttalload lndic.~tor and n~Cl>.'Wiry d.:ad weights.

I IIEORY:

lund cell 1> an cle.;trun:c de-. icc (trun\'4!J@) that IS u, .. xJ tu cotwen a tOn:c imn an dcctncal ·-"""' TJu,. .:''"'<."~"Stun 1> inJira:t Jlll.l happen.~ in two sta~:o Titrough a mechanil:al :mangcment,

rn· 1u1~c.: bcin~ '<'tt..cU Ucron:l:b H ~uain g~ugc:. Th:; ~lt..uu !=.SU1,;1o: t..Vn\c:tb the dcfortni.ltiOll htrau., · clcctncal stgnab. -\ lo:ld cell usuully oonstSts of fo'llr stmm gau.,res in a Wbe;ustone bridge .. mtigurnuon. L<'atl <:ells of one or two strain gauges urc ul&o available. The clectricnl signal •utput is typically in tht order of a fc11 millivolts nod requi res umplificntion by on mstrumentation •mQ!ttier before: 11 cun be used. The nutpur of the tran!Wuct•r ts plugged tRit~ no =!!sori•hm tt'

1.. •kulcte the t:Jrct •:-rheJ h> the trnncdu.:er

Although strnm gauge lo.ld cells ar.: the most common. there lll'C other types ofloo~J ..c!!s .~:>wei;. In mdustrinl nppheauons, hydrauhc (or l.)ldrostauc) ts probably the second most comrr.or., and thc~c are utilized to chmtnate some problems wtth strain gauge lotld cell devtc:el; As :lll exampie. a 1-t:rclraulic loacl cell t. t:nm•m~ to trnnstcnt V'lltlges (l ightning) so might be a more c:T.lCtive devke n outdoor environmL'IItli.

In U:-IIVER~ -\L TR,.'I:C:OUCER arrangement, fo11r strain gluges are used each mounted at 900 '" each other. Two str.ltn gau{teS exre;icncc tensile stress -.Me the c.ther two are subjccu:c! to compr..•sshe 'tress Co'llpressive lo1d causes a positive strain & the: tenstle load c3u;es a negative ''min.

PROCEDURE: Connect d • .: mam dl<lrd to the 230 V ISO H7 AC supply

_ C<mn.,c:tthe S<.'ll\<lr l•' tl .uckct \"tflll icleJ ''"the lront panel 1 s~ :•ch 011 :!:e ln:.ttumcr.l I l'ut the !H \D l ,I lltt,h in I{E \0 p.•<trton S· <oet the ZHHJ i"'l t<> f•ft.l.)() (t.e •• B.tlanc"

the t3ttdgc) •• t.h i lC' ? c. ..... ' I \.. \1.- )n\"1 -~ In r t\i ro~• · ton ~- chl\. ~ :alln=t:.: 1011 ;x ~nt U.: .• l v ,, I, tt 001

,1\IS)USI with •he help (If CAl pol tO 10.00. h Agam putth<: READ I,~ \1 w.Hch m REAO po,.tlton &: upply 1he load on the sensor

7 1\v" the: mdte.otor $ht;ms the reading in 1 ~~ dt;;.t <C\cn segment d"play 11ht.:h" tndtcatcd load.

\pply tl·.~ lo.t<laml nol.: du"n ihc •m.hCJJIC<lload. tomph: I} lndt~atctllo.Jd Vs IICtuallood

:!) ln(lkaled l•••d \ s ~. Errnr

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~pccimen Calculations:

% Error~ , \ctlllll Load - lr.Jic.1l~ looo X I 0_0 .-\c:tuall.oaa

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HIEOR\:

\ lln: linear '"nahle diJiert•h •I trJn;formtr ( L \ U I ) ""'>l"' •I d<-.:lrt<ill tr.othl•>nn.;r u -.1 '"' • IIJC .. "Utlll~ 1 1.-'- I 't: •(''-lf".:t :-1 ~• U 'lh.-•1 •• .,;1 iuL' t .~ tJ .. • ,,,t 1'..a~o. .. U -., • \o.tl\1

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\n alt<Tildtori!A <.'UJJ.!;!!I " Jrncn lhruugh the pnmary, Clill.•mg a \~ tu b.: tnd.,,J "' 0:.1.:h !iCCOmhry prUJ"'MIOO:JJ 10 II$ mutu.tl JndU.'ta!lCC With the 1'flffiilry fhl! !fC\LU<~ IS u-uaiJ) I l lho: r:mgc I t<. I 0 ~II<

As the .:ore moves. 1hes.: mutual mductnnces change causmg lhc ..,,,lt3g~ mduo:cd an the sn:onc!anc w ch3ng•!. The . .:tH~s ar o:onn.:ctoo i~ rc h>n sen.~. ~o tha1 the output \ .. :ta ~ ts lh~! •lifli:renc .. (hen .. c "diff~n:r.lial") ~1ween the twn secondary v<lltagc,;. When the cur•: i sn •u central W'IIIM, ~-qu1distanl hctW<'CT'I the r-.•·o se.:.. 'ndJnes. ~U3l be: (\pposit•· HII:~~C$ nr" lnUUC'C\1 m :~se r.v11 .:m 1~. so the ou1pnt voltJ~>e is z..-ro

Wh<.'ll the cror.: 1s dtsploa:J m one: dtl1"CIIO:l, tl•c ~olwg ... m one cuil in~n:Hs.:; :u the 1llher do:crcas<:~. causmg tl,e output uh.t£C to mcrc<!l', ln•m /en> to~ ma.~imum. ln1s \olwgc rs tn ph:t~ ,\~ ~h·: r"'"m!'l"'' 1 '<'1t.ag~ \\1tcn thl' core mew~~ m lh~ orher dirt.'Ctln't the'".!.!!''.!' ,u,h·!~'~ 1 ! ~.,.. mcrea.~es lrmn 7ero to a mo.~tmum but tis phase ts ilJ•pChllC oo that ot the pnmary. I h.: mu!lJlttu,k of lhc output 'oltag.: ts propt•nnmJlto lhc disun .. c m••·.cd b)·lhc c<>rc (up tu us limu ''' tr.t\ ell. whi.h 1~ "h)' the ,)c\icc h d~.:nbro a.' lmear" The pha..<c ol the \oltJ"C tnthcatL"' the Ulf<.'\.110n of lhe dtspla.:~,ncnL

Be-;au;:e the 5hding core dc>c::. ol.tl tnu•h the ins1dc 11f thoe tub.:, 11 can move without fncuon. m.tkmg the L VOl a h1ghly reLiable d•·' 1cc. The abscnc.: ol mw ~lidnig or "'rating cunt.tcts alit"'' the LVDT to be o:umplctely S¢a'.'\l agaubtthc: cnvinmmcnt. -

L \'OT' are communi> Ll.ial ti•r posiuon IC...'tlba'k m <ef\"l<m.xhani'm~. ar.t! ,,,r .tutuma:~-.1 mr-• ..-ur.mc:nt tn m.t.:hinc tools ant! m~ny other mJu,tnal urod ,.;imtllic upph.:alll•O•.

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lll.IH. lU'.! l"""'r uml w ,\( mams 2Jfh<•lt50IIJ .tml "' u~h un th~· '"'trumL'fll •.,, .: '"" Rl -\1> l \I s1111~h at RF.t\1) r '"uun ll:llll'C Ill\' ~n.phlicr \\'tlh the /I· RO ~noll "' that oi~f!IOI\ ~hnuhl rcao lCfll (00 ()()) cpln.:c the RfAD.l'AL swtu.;h nt C:\l post! ton .OJU>l tho: .:othhrauun p<.11n1 hy rowung CAL knob S(l ot~plny shoulo read 10.00 (1.c.

ut.~tnlUtn .:.•ltbrnlc:d range) .et.-p the REJ\Q,("-\L switch 3! READ posuion. IO'>trumcnt i~ ready tor ltnear

t>pla.:cmcnt mdJCatavn 1 10 ,.

la.:c the tJc.:hann:al dtspl.,.;cm~t at 'LiLL !"'''""" h}·mtaungthc mien-meter (at lmm). tgtt011 m-ltcator '"II read (f)().(JO) Thts ts null bahm:mg . • ute dtlll n the tmlicau:d displacement for vanous posiuon of mecham.:al h'lc.Jr lStJ1~u;t!mCnt With the help of mu;romctt..--r lor bulh - q: ,tud .. \-= lliU!;t: l~v111 ~~ULl

ositinn. 'lot the grnph nf a)mJcromcter rcadtn:; V~ 1ndicutcd rcading

bl 0 o Error Vs Mtcrum~er Readmg

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M•cr'l!T1eter rend1ng (Rs)- LVDT readmg (RA) 0 Error= X 100

M•c•orr.~l~r readmg 1Rs)

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C -\LIBRA T IO'< 0~ 1 m RMOCOL PLF..S

\im: To Cthbmtc lhcrmocouples (J/KIT) types hy usm~; lligttll tc:rnpcruture indtcatnr

AI'PARA1 US : Thcnno couples(JtKrr). d1gttnl temperature mdicator. thL'rmometcr. wntcr hntlt witla dc~tn~al hc,,lcr. f'II EOR\ : ·\ thermocouple IS un dcc1ncnl nppamtus that can gcncMtc "1.-urrent proporuonaltu the ammu.t .. r hc!•t 11 "c~po~c.J to. If w·o dissimi!ar memb are JOmc<l an cmi cx1st.s 11 nich IS u h.m~tton ol tempcmture, whenJUIICII>~n~ .. t thts I~'P'- ~ ... us ... J h>lnc:..,ur.: tunpcm•u•"·titc} .tfC '"ilo:d ll•.:•m<•· CllUpJes. The thermO<.-ouple i~ one of the simple..~ and con-.monly u.<ed devt~c: for mc:ru;urin& tt'mper:uure. The pnnctple of n thermocouple is tiLll tf two d1~~1rn1lar r.~,l! are _joined to form a cin:uit w11h two janct:on' a.1d if the junctions are Ill tw<> dtiTerent tanpcratun:s. small cmfs ore !!CRI.Tat~.-d at the jun~.uons. TI1e rc"ultant of tile rwo emrs causes a current to flow i.t the tiTCUII. The'"'' emt 1s a luncuon of tho: two matenals used to form the ctrcuu and the temperatures of the two JUncuons. I ru• provide-. a reliaole method [or mcasunng t~mperatur,.

r\n)'two dissimilar metals can be usl'd to lorm n thCT111ocouple. The tberrnocoupl~ mntennlq cnn be of two 1 ypes - Rare metal types using pluunum. rhod1um etc 11nd Base metal ty~. EOrrwr ~onstantnn, lron.lcnn~.llllltnn, Chromium/ a!umel ore th.:: bJ'c: metal types and p!Jtinurn-Rhodiu1r wit !-a vunous percentage<; form the rnre-metoltype. 1 he dil~l tllt lypes efsilnse~l.alln elcqnc~l rogmeenng and industry, th~rmoeo>upl~s a.·e a widdy usc:d type~ temperature scnwr and can also be used ,'b a mcam. to .:on~cn thermal potennal dilfrrence mto electnc potenn..! dtff=nce. Somf .:.-nv-~., f)~ "f

~··,..'1'1 usn! ore: J-l ) pc.'- Chrom1un1 - Alumel. K ·Type· Copper-consllnllm and T- Type • 1 ungsten -steel PROCF:OURE:

St~the mimmum le\'el ofternperarure (to amb1enttmtpcrnture) using !OK smgle rum putentiometer.

' AllJlht mt~Ximum lc1d otu.-mpc:ruturc usin!: !OK SJnglc: tum pOtent tOme! a (\•nn~ t J K T t)'PC thcrn:,>eouple~ to the t!IJ!It:tl <<"T!'J)(:r.llure mdi<.".Jio'. l11lthc com•ancr with" atcr ( 2 tures I "~lllthc t'Mt~c..t hc.gh:

-\ H.:M the wnter ut the contatner tu tlw t~mo••,.,tur.- on<l ~lim• i• '" r.:ach •~<-arl• (•. Select the J11Vf Thetrnocuuples by scl~tor swttch ' Ct•nn •• t the J K rr Therrnt>C••uples to the scn~or socket pmvidcd at th.: lrt•nt par.:l b. Set the MIN pot to rend the ambtentternp an dt)"{{lay !1 . Dtp theJ1KfTTbenno.:ouples tn tht: hut l>:tth 111 1 '1 Olt,<it LEO tiJ,rlay '"''"< the temperature at the !-t•t b.1th dlret".lly 10 t.lq;re.:

<en 11 1-'lillle II II n~c."•l) a.IJusl the \1,\X J">tl"r t)l~ rnJ.\Imum IC\d ofLL"fllpc.:r.Uurc 1 ~ :'>lt>te do.-n the tr·JIC<lh.-.1 t~"tllpc:rdturc Jl I'Mt<lU' uner.-al ag.un.'t the

thcmlometcr n:ad1ng

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'-"II· I \ I U'o.! h••lllc:r i~ f'r<l\ tJo.:J lu rr,hXI lhe <lr\Utl ro•lltllw """ 1.•.1<11 'uu "'~' ' l>n not "Jl<.'fl 1~ ti"c <:ar whtl.: ll""cr d1Nd h '"""' ... ''''''' :nfl v ,, ... m.un ... \ljo11 l'httrd ''a 'l Ct,n.:. 'pan c-.lhlt: pnl\hJetl• ,:unn\."\:t 11, the n1.111' I 1t ul.u t •lunn . --

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Tnernc. meter t<i!ad•ng (Ts)'c- Tr.e. mocouple read;ng (Tm'c)

Thermo mc~er rt:.1.-lmg ( 1, )

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X100

EXPERIMENT No.4

PRESSURE TR\NSOlJCER

. \ IM : To cnhbr;~tc l'r.-ssurc transducer with tht help of m,•dmmcal pn:!;Surc gauge

.:, P PARATUS: Pr<!Ssure T rnnsducer, Pressure Indicator, Manually operated air pump with pressure gauges

ri!EORY: -\ Trun-;Juccr is J deYice, which conv~rt> <lne lurm ur energy into nnoth~'f mensurable iom1. VurictiL~ vt tran~duc•-:-s hke inductiv.:, capacitive, resistive. seismic, etc are used for the measurement o:· j)hystcal panunctcrs.

Otten prc:;sur.: is measured t.y transferring k:. effect, a ut:rlection, through use of a prcssuriLI!d ar,-o wtth crther a gravttaJtonal or elastic rcstrnining element. The familiar dead weight tester uunm<~nly used as a source of static pressure for cnlibrotion purpose, but which is basi~lly a pr~-ssun: producmg Jnd pressure-measuring device. When the applied weights and piston area nrt: km>" '" th• . .:sultin~ pressur; can be rapiJiy a.lculared.

PROCEDURE:

Cvnneet the mains ..:hart! to the 2~0V I 50 Hz AC Su;•nly. 2. Connect thl' seaso• to the senscr socket provided at Uto.. front panel. ~- Switch ON the: Instrument. -+. Put the READ I CAL ~witch m READ position & Baiance the bridge l>y '>Clti:~g the

ZERO pot to ('{).00 S. P~t the Rt:AD~'CAL sw;tch ;o CAL po~ition & ch~d. calibmtion point i.e., 10.00 if not

?djust that to I O.vo wiw the bdp of CAL poL -6. r\gutn put tre READ I CAL switch to the READ position, now digital indicator i~ really

f<.'r displo} of pressure 7 ".fplv the pres;ure by a fiooc pump by pumpmg nir often closmg the needle value.

~ •Jot p !!nph wr a) apph~.J l'ressure vis lndlt:tt<: PrcS"'Jre. l>J ,. o.cr.or Vs lnd;cu:::cl prc:""u~e.

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\l'r \It \Tl •. .. .• uJ.-,,·r ""·''" .. ·cur s ..... , m<~••.oh•r ,\ <;..·t "' u.::"l "~•·•ht "' .oppl '" "' 1m ()In:

II ~~t.J ..:t•ndu~otur b MU .. "tch~o."\1 (1( ('otupl~~t."tL :ts n."'<l IMC:C' -.:h.111g\~ un Jtr,:4r,.'H\.il' ut thl~ •·•'-' th;JI 'lli·th l~ngtl, Jlhl ,11.1111~tct ,~, "'ndudo1 l1.UIJ.!\. .111d uho c.:h .. mcc 1o1 th~ \o.t1ll~ ,11 ll '·II\ : ~ t'l the .,lllciWh1f \\~en II '" 'tf.tltll'•' T ht< rr:•J•I."I ~ I'' .lied p1<=.!0 r. "' 1\.: c!!c-.:1 lh<•n:t• I l'SI • '"'"

tr g::u.:.;t."" ...:-.: .ll... krtl'\\ a .1' pac.t rt;:\1 1 ... \: gat:1." 1'1.~..· ,tr' gu.-... u~'" h,. I' C".l\tlll:!l1'-il1 ''' ,Jr.un ar ! dS~o ... '1atl.'l! ~ • .tt\: n nJI':nmo:ntal we.;: ;an;1l~~~- ~"'""11<1! 111 "' oth.:r

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" h411·'l' th~ \ t ..: ' t .. un '" "' · the ut,..._ -..1_. b..: ., ,l} .. t\lt • 1 r II ~. rt l< ~ .xted h lcr.

p It\ U.:. lnngJtUh :kt~ ~tnn..._"'fl'i;1IIO'i \\11i t.:h .. ll!'aS~ \\ht 11 ~.;. ,uJ j\.: 1. tJl I lhc lat~-rai dunc-n~101 . St' \\hc·n 11 gaug~ is MlhJ•~tc•lto <1 posrtt\e s.rarn. tis lcnl.!th tn<.rcuscs •.\l1•1c ''' uen of ern<<; ~l'ttil'~ de.:reJse<:. Sn~<:e th~ r· ~tSISncc nr u runduelor IS d11ectly pwp< 11 orul l" ih kngth and ~ln:<.11y ;-wpor:11•nal l• tl> .U"c. "' • ro-~ <c'Cllon. th.: rc::;iscan<:e of the g;~u •o: rncre3.''-' with Jl<l:>i·:vc Stram

Ui)!ll'l strarn &mlu::uor IS a •:•Impact and r'lrt-!,1,1..- ro:uJottl in,lrumc'l't Jc-s1gno•d I ·r it.thle .ono.! dyrwmc ,(f3tn ... ,.,,uremcr.: by m.:oi1\S ofstr.un ~~~ugc 120. Jf.O, or ~(XI ol.ms Oi 'alur fl\ m •;o tu II ()I} ohm; (lr t:..c'<l only :r. 1 ;urn., Rc'"' rl;) re>~•tancc ~= 1,.: o·'":lri••Y ,1 tor noC:lSUr.:mcrt rt.o; 111SliWTI-.11t pm\IJo:s highly a'.:urJ:c :md rd1.1hk \.Uue ot st•ltc smun drrc-.:11> 0:1 meter, un.llrettc•l hy any charge 11. '·•rply ·. Ott.tgc PROCEDURE

t unr..:L'I th._. ~iilllllever beam rn tht str.un •lllh.::ttnr u-m~ -1 core •·ahlc ( '' r.c rolour I\ I th, tennln3IIJ Plug the matns ~:hnnl co chc '30V 1 SOIIl ,\C ll'ams

' Swuch '01\' tn~ anstrumcm -1. !lck~rrhe llnn -1 ti•r -1-"rm. ,.1m1:! h>r 1 :um.ann I h.r 1-arm. ' luf'lt~ Fl):-oCTIO'\ s" nch 1<..1 READ po.>sllll•n. AdJU't ZERO J'Vt.:tllr<•mct<:r ..,trlthc

d"rlay read, 1!.1'0.

f>. rum th~ FU\CTION swll.:h CAL po~tt1on Adjl.*l ( AL potenltomctcr unultho: &11\fllav rc.,,ls ltlOO;.. 10. tt'nut adjust CAL po.•t<nltomdc:r till dbplay-rcad' 11100 micr< .;mun,,

7 r urn the Fl \1 Tf(J"i ;;wudo h> G.F l"'"tron. AJJU•I G F p.J!etllromcto:r 10 rend "UO :\ 10 9 on the: d1 fllJ] RF..-\[) pi>Sltton. AdJU t 7ERO

g, 1 urn theFt,"· rtON "' 11d1 tl) REAL> p<•n111n, (cn,urc 0.00) CJ ,\pplythc ln.IL1 n tcnm. uiiOO gm.201lgm etc In. Uosplay dm-.:tly shows the mtcrr> $tntu•< ( \luluplrcd hy 10) lor the cl'rrd;ponJml: lonJ.

~t.\\11 \ll<tK\' t, i \I\' \I

~.,tc:

\\ hll~ l"ll11! 'iUJrtcr hrugc the ll!mpcratur.: (ltcc:.' may appear sin.:c thcrc 1s "'' c:xt.mal

.nml' ·nsaun~: strum cau~" an<l hence the 'l;!blllly of the rc:ading dcpc:nd!> on thc strom

gaugc u~cd 2. S" 1tt:h on the 1""''-T ah<T connL-ctmg the ~cnsor cable and "'ltrh nff the p.mer after

rcrnovmg the sensor cable 111 avoid damage 10 the bnd11e.

3 \\h1l,• cahhr.lliu!! negall\c \3luc is ~hown on the mditator ched. th.: connccttons

Tahular Column:

-r;-,ad i Strain g3u_gc I -lndtcated T u~ --J---;;;ctulil Young's Modulus

11pl)hcd m in.t1cator I stram- c. ,J bcmJmg I Sl~tain

~ Ne" tl>n, :-.; K:acHng t:. 1 .:;-;;..;., I

trrucro.>strams) ~, 1'1'"~., 0 ~·.,.,. N / m'- t ,.,.,,orb~ N / rn"

-+-----J----!.'X_!ll_• -1-----t----t---__;1-----l

'· I I

l--2.,_,~---~-- ---1 3

~-~-+--- I r ----+----------r----r--

---;-------r-----~

C=-~~-~-----+---+---+----+---l

sp.-... uncn Cnkulal!or" ( -1 ann lmJsrl

J ,,r H l t\0. t ... ~..-.o·

'\ot .. u .,

1: "110 <l"''!!" lnthcatnr Rc:.tdmg m rn;~r J ~tnuns (4 ~11n hn<lgc)l-1

o, Bcndmg ~lTC'S m .V rm·

W applied lt•ad. :-=C\\11'0 ·s

I. Length ullh.: hcam (Oci\\CL'Il support t.. Loml) 2.91nnm

t ·nnd.nt-..s nll3cam 1mm _

n \\ilitn oft he bc.un 4l~nm

E }UUng·s mudulus ot matmJI ~0' I o'n N lm:

\\!('I "' ol '-'I JU~<o I IJIII (ol H '"' \lORI

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\I~M IABORA HlRY ~1-\NIJAI

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EXPEfUMENT No.6

CAL.I BRA TION OF i\11CR0:\1ETER

Ali\ I: : ,, cult bruLe th~ g1\ t:n mt<.rorn..:t~'f u.u1g >ltp gauge ~tandartl.

A PPI\I~A T US: Micromett:r (0-25rnm}, Slip gauge set, cleamng agent. and soft doth.

T!IEOR\'

A micrometer, ulso known as a rntcrometer screw galq!e. IS a wtdcly usell dcvtcc 111 mcchaqj<.:~l engineering for precisely measuring thickness of hlocks. outer and mncr diameters of shufts and ct••nth~ -'f10:-l1\lS . •

1\Ucron (symbol flOI) is one millionth of a metre. or cquivakntly c,r.c thousandth of u millimetre. It is also commonly known as a micron, It can be written in ~gentilic notation as l><l0-6m, r.1eamng Il l 000 00<~ m

The accuracy of a micromcter derives from the accuracy of the thread form of the screw .The 2.mount of rotation of an ocCUP'tely made screw can be directly l:lld precisely correlated too certam amount of a:<1al movement (and vice vas:.), through tbe coostant known as the screw's lead .A screw's lead is the dist::.,ce it movrs forward axi111ly with one cotnplcte tu.ot (360~. 1.'/ilh ar oppropnote lead and major diameter uf the sC~ew, u giwn amount c,f a~ial movemeut wtll be amplified in the resulting circumferential mon~mem.

t;u!Jgc blo~k Guuge block (nlso known as a gage bloc!;, Johansson gauge, slip gauge, or J., block) r.:: a pn'CisiC:"'I ground and taop~-d ll'l'lgth mea.'Wing stnndard. It is used as a reference for tht. setting of measuring equipment used in machine shops, such as m:crom~ters, s:ne bars. and dial indicators (when used tn an inspection role}. Wringing ts ihe process of sliding two blocks together so that their faces ltghlly bond. When combined with a very tight fi!:n of oil,lhis action excludes any air frL'm the gap between the two hlock5 The alignment of th<> ultra-smootiJ surfaces m this nunner perrmts molecular aw,tCil0/1 to (lCCur hc!\n~n the hl<'<.ks, J.OO fom.s 3 VCI) strong bond !>.;tween tl .. : blncks along "'ith uo ,l:.>ccmtHc nltc~.ttt.•n !I) •h. stack'> overall t::men. .. i.ns.

Stnce mi~-rome•crs are most wtddy used for jJrCctston measunn£ iostrumcnt> m the overnge worl..,hnp. their clos~ at!r>-.:mcnt 1U1d ~c~urocy are almost imP<manco:. t\ c"nto'I'I(>O fault m m~eromttter tS Zero r:rmr. t.e. n reailing todicated who:n thl.'re ~~ nco gap bctw~~n anvil and spmok Even allowmg for 2-ero error .if a number of accurate Shp gauges ts mt.-asure<l with ull due prc.:au•tnns \~ry >ltght discrepao•'tes hetwecn the g .. p wtllth and cllrrcsponding micmmctcr reading .trr: often discovcr~-d. Shnuld lhis be Juc tu slnd.n.:ss and end float of tho: spmllle screw. 11 can be custly reclllied by lightening lhc taper out on the outstdc ;~l the pamally sinned hubnut \\ hic;h then contiOCIS to fit the mtcromcter screw more closely. Zero error rcmammg after tilts adjustment will he due to wear of the measuring fuces. can b~ corrcc;tctl by rotation of the thimble

\~II· L -.;(;!Ni l RIM; lOUTtof IIAI\'<.•AlORf \I,~~II.AfiORA!OKY ~1 ·\NU·\l

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I\,:} lH\.I_w h~ lh'-• 'JHih&l ~h·l"-lJ\111 ,, .. I h.: li ,J-Ut\. h. II th~.--n: i., 11<1 slad.n ...... s ollltl ~·~1 llo.tt ••I the <pmolk "'-''I:W. then pnch crr••h "' I,."I:CCillfl II\ ,,, I IC

1lumblc alA:ounl h•r "'h~l~tl) \Hunt! h.:.tthng,." .md t. l!o\Hlh.:.Um~ 'uh1t:dt..:U h• ph ••1 .... "1\ C .lml 1>cnowc CI'Tl'rs. Prngr~~i~·r ~:rror

If th.; prh.:h ul thc lhrc.•l 1< lull!;<"f ur 'h~~~''' ' lhan '" twrnm,ll l,tlu..: •"ch uwrs "" ulk<l pmyresswc e1 mr. l'h" type ol .,-n•rs ut:c"lll'll "hcu

I. Tool-\\c•rl. '""'·,'Y raun" tn..,O!TlXI ' Due tu <'fTM on 1h.: ptt.:h c 1 th.:l ;ld •c \ l, Otk: Ill lauh m th.: s;llldl,• \:'~,.k "~" 4 Du~ Ill u.'.: ,,f llh;HtT~.-'1:1 !!•·•r 1 b<.'l ' ":d. ::l htill

l'c~iodic ~.rrors

r~.:g_liiUI'I\tCr.Jb. U lh ... - 1\\Ur ft..\!Ui..._l: lt.,;\"1) h!'.~llUIHIIItll Ullo!lU(\!lUitll\.11 I hrcatl. Em•" ••l th1s I\~· .trc :nn•t fn:•tncnlh 1u :c:ll hy l.1d: e>l :;qu:tr~nc '111 1

1:1 k.od ...:rc1~ lJ';t.'\111 pr •J .( t <: lhrr::sd I !he pllcb I I h.: >Cf "' o.:m.! c l.:.11l SCT<:I' tht< 1.1uh \\til cau_<c: a p•n t!lc mu

.,,

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\s .1 mh.Jo•m<tcr \\t:ar.; 1!\cnly 111 '~<"'-11.'1: cmn~ pllch error d.:"'dop c: • .:n ual > •~ ••nl) nhllw a thml oftl11: s~.-TcwC\1 lm_,;lh <"l;;ab•'S \\;th the babnu: at :my ltmc the rc:ouhlll' .. 'T" ros o • 1he rc..dmg ..re d•llicult "' pretlh.t. T'lc ~ctual <"Om:dlon reqwrcd tor 1111~ r~.-~t !.! " II h.: progressiVe errors iud•.:~tcd ll•r the parltcul.~r r~...Jmg.

PROCEOIJRf Check the ll1t• •..>mc:er l• r •m<->th runmng uf spmdlc thrc11.:gluJut "' kl' •th. 1l r.=,,,,:L)', 'ldiu.st the "~lf •"Jill~!\S;itWg ur.11r.gc-nent!o dt~•m.lc LO)' ood,Ju.,h

l.. Cle:a'lthc m• .. -rtm:cll:r ~n\11 carciulh. 3. l-lotc tlowr. d.c: imual ermr tn the mt,romt:la. tloll> ;s dt•oc b:• u.k•o:; •he: ro:aJ.ng wuh

mu:romclcr anvtl and >pt011lc t~ces 10 contact. 4. For p .. ,g.csSI\C: crrn1 uke a reading of mu:romctcr l'y placmg sl1p g;tuses !5-25mm m

>h!i!> d ~:< ''I '><'!"CCII >pmdJc ldC<:.> vf ntl.:fOiliCI<!f ,lfld tahUI>it< 10 IJ11 t,o0Ul3t ,.,Jumn. 5. The rL-admg for o.:n.>thc em.tr •~ tokM .ot 1\\0 (l<lSt tions of tbc spmtlk nne nc.or ca.:b c:nd tlf

t•s tm\d. Th's i d<·ne by plllctng shp ~:aug~!': 2.! - 2.9 i~l step• 01 0 In:- mtl ;1!-~0 'onm m >ICp~ uf 0. I mtn tn h.:tWL'Cil 'ptndlc and an~ il t>~.:t" of ntt<ri)IH<.:h.:t

6. Plot the graph 1)1 u) t'm!!ress11.: crr"r Vs :"llwnloal >IZ<! ,,f ~hr gauges '" ... '1 b) Pcnodtc em)r \'s :'llumlllal 'w: ct shp gaug~' u;..:<l

,r

!\1lcrnmc1cr rcadmg T R MSR+ (CSR \ LC.)

Frror= ~htromcl~'l" readmg· slip gauge: sue

~: 1 .NO.I SLIP u .\LuE SIZE

;..------'-' m mm l

; I ~ -r--- -------i-f-_-_-_-_-_---=-------.-'--

I MICRO~IETFR RF\DING , T ~lin mm)

Progressi\'C Frrur

----~------------~--------------~----------__J

Pt>riodic error

r SLNO.~ SUI' ui\UGE SIZC MJCROMETER READING Penoa1c E"Tor (In mm) TR(in mm)

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r .... - ~

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Ill EOR\': 11.-d l'rt•lr:•~'''' 1 1:~J h>r lll<'.I'U""l: ;m,J l'CIImg "u: ,q 1r.1 'cs il"" 1 d~ ' I 1 ~ ffilllUh!S(ll~.:t..'-- .. r.l\.\ fht:prntr~~~dJ1'"i 1r11 I\.\)Ct-h••hl~bb.Jc\\l -.h l.f"'Jhc.•r'1 f r 1

.h.lll•' th~ r<"1Ulrc11 """'" .ul1l I "' m<l":'ttllkulh ld '":~.1 '" .In> lbmc'l.! length. I II·· hi. I< II' he 1 .. ":-. .. -J 10 ill1\ 4 •:1'11 fT

fh~ He'\ d f>rt>tr ·'""' ,. • I 2 ,,~,­! :\tcch.uuc• • Ll<'h II t• '' ,,. t I 2. Opti\...<,; tk.c •, ••r h. I• r

Bod}: It IS ..1~512Sl~'J <UC • •il; lhll I' b~cl; ,, llat and thtTC: arc: nn rroJCCilons 1-cvunJ b.1ck so that wh.:n ihc btv ·1 Protral'IM 1s pla•·eu on tts back on the surtnc.: plrue there shall be no percq-11blc roxk Th< : ttl' eo<< r ~ w • ~trg <."<111<: >I the stod and •he ~ 1 i; to: .t I I ~·t.•,g I he squarme,.• <>I hl.s.Jc wnn n:::.,.,c~ to the • hiCk "hen blade 1> sa hl W

';t•x:K: th~ ''"t\.1 ~!: cJg: o:'thc Mod. rs obout '10 rnm tn k'11glh o.nd 7mm <hick. It h '"r~ , .. "'''""' Iilli• lh.: wnrk1 ~g c:dg<' ol tho: 'it:x:lc b pcrk-.;tly s•rd>gill a...d tl ru a.'l dq.,nu•.: is th<.-r:: 11 'ihouhl b.: in 'he fonn ot ~·lm.:;n ny ond ::>I the onlcr ofiJ ()(I 1 mm rnau'Ttun . .,ft!1C \\hnlc• ;pan.

r.r ~-t·· !• .-•- h.: :-:o' ! nlnr.g •he lllrro:l 'hrough<>UI tis l~;;~h I1ZIIl .:an .Jso be r,.., r:.o:-J. l: :. 111 .. ~

I ~0 or 3\/00 mm long. 13 mm 1nde o~~.d ! mm tht~k J.nd cncJs bevel<..! at illl:;lco. ul 45" nnd c.o• wuhan the ·.-o:uraC) ••I 5 min. Its wurktn'l Cd!;!c 'hnuld he stmtght up to 1/.!P mm .tn<l p.tr.lltd urI<> II_(J_\ mm m."unum ,,f I he 11 ho>lc >pan.

PROCEOllRE: The Sl<•.k and blad<: arc...:: to n::t<llcm. n,c blllde IS JlljUStt;U M• "-' t.> hring th.: blade. tlnd 'wd, itorn I h.: ar.gular pontl'n on the 'JlCCtmen surlu~. The rcailing.o; an: taken Jnd the .:alculaltnn.~ :uc Jor..: h) obiJ.in the final rc.ultnt- Th<: :mgk"S ui \ilrt'U.' ....-.:.:imcn• If<' "''<';lS<lf<'d tr .1 s1m11ar '' ~y

1\11.. 1'•1 •1'\ll?.l'\<o l !IIJfOt 11\'\G\tC>RI

. . .

WI)IIXI/IIG l06l

Be,-el Protrac tor Observation and Tabular column 1MSD=l 0

No. ofV~D • 12 Lt'llst C'ounr u·- I :-.1SD,No. ofVSD 5'

Sl.No. M.S.R rn V.S.Rln dC!;,'I'\.'e.' mrnutl:!> -- I I -- I -

-1- ' I i ---=-I -

t I --l I

\\W t. Mo l"'l l ~ I 'Idol <>ltl(it · 11 ·\ "ri\l llllt

f R=MSR+tVSR)Lr Extcnor ruog:e

-

-

--------

' ~ •

ln•crior angle: 180 l:.~tcrior angle

--I - ·- I I

I --

----t 1

\ 1.1.\1 LAIIIIR ·\II >llY M ... Nfl \I

1'\I'I"IU'll 'I 'O. S( \ 1

\lt;\SlJREMENT UFT;\I'ER l))\JN(; ~IN~. ll \R

·\ l ;\1: Mca.-atrcment ul" angle nltapcl'\.'ll 'J"..:tDll!n tl~tng -slnc llnr"

,\1'1' \Rr\ rt "= :O.wc l>:~r.Dialtnd t catur. Sli(l gauge. !'>r<·cJmcn

1 111-.0it\ : '"-;....: ~1ar-;. . tn! Ut;t.:IJ lO m~~.-a..~ur.: ~gl..: \~r. 'tcc.ur:ud~ •'r l~.~:ttmg ..tn' \\orl 11• .:,J\«."Tl ~n~k \\tlh ''-"! ch•<~ lunit~. II II!><"' >Ill<' rnll<:tf'k' \\her..: II~<: rlln> t>llhe lcnglh ul l\\01 siJ,_,, I Ill\' Tl!.!~l .m~·h: a • .:a1g!..: i" lak\."n iu d~n' iu~ :& =.!n .. :n ..utgl~ 1 h~ .,, ... ·-uuc~ "ith \\hkh '"'"'-' Jll lll'- q I \.:.HI t ~ put tc ~ ll~ ~ U.:pcn~k·nt Ill rr~u·l ic~ nn ~ me lnnn \II Itt ll .... .Jf ni\."O.L'\Ur~.:r. • .:nL I h~.: '\II1C' r r IH II I l .. 01 ~ I 0 t lt'1'1 •: rr.-.:·• '" !1·: ;'l'-ll"''!'t''" '""tho•• Itt I!' •• •' :,.j,,,,1 1!, ol t'' .,,f,, ''"I,Jfo1 \\llfl ftp

.... r.. o .. r "·" t>ar.; ..:r mad" trlln ht~h L.l'bon. htt:hchJ"omium. 3nd c·nrn•sion resistruu <tccb "Inch .:0111 h: hunlcncJ. ~round auJ ,tat>ilt/cJ. T"o .:~ lin·'~r~ uf C'!li•Ll Jiamcltr ..u:c nllatho:J atth~ ~nJs. n1c a;>;es ul these IWP C)lioders arc mutuall~ parallel til c:ach other nnd also parallel to anJ at .:qual .l.stnn.·c from th.: upp•r SLrfa.:..: uf Ute ~ine bar. TI1.: dislllnc..: bt:IW~n the U.\CS of tho! two c' ltnJ~ wilt te 100 "'lC .;nd 300 mr.1 in metric sysreTII. O.:pending on the accuracy oft.ll.: centre distano:o!. >ine ba-s arc gnded .·~ ,, grudr ('lccurnte up to 0.01 mm!'TI nrJenr;th) and B grade fnccuratc upto O.u2 m.n/ml

End l.cc

00

Simplt form of ~ine bar Principle of "iDe bar The sine tw i, d<"iign.:d b<~\kally fur the pr.-.:isc selling <lUlllf ungks u,n! ;, g.ncrilll> us"J in '<IOjun.:tinn "ith <lip gauges :mel ~urfoc.: pl~te. The principl~ of ,,p.:r;•tion of the sino: t>ar rcli<!' ~•P•ln 1he appfi..:11ion ol trigonom<'try. In the: right anyled triangle ABC as shown in the t'tgure. th~ mtio of the length Bt Ill thnt e>f h~ potenuse AR tSleferreJ to a the sine-of;uc ;,ngle 9.

Bt.. -IU3

\.:cnra(~ n.·ctnil ~o:nu.•nts u! a Sine 8 .11

I TI1c J<cs nlthc rulkrs must he pnrollcl ,,/ ~11~n utlu:r and !he centre tli,tnncc L musf he pr.:<. ~Sci\ ~Ill"'"

:!. rn.: top surl~~c nl 11\c ~me bu mu~l be llal antl pamllcl tu a plnnc connc~ll'l~ the .t~cs of 1hc rullcn.~

' Tho: a~~ nlthc ""' rolleTS m~t hc parnllcl 10 e~ch other 4. The rollers mu~l be of identical diwnch.:rs and round fo wuhm a ciose tolerance Mensurin ~t !.nO\\ II angles or locadng :my nor k too f!iven angle.

ror 1h1s purrx>sc 1h: s~rfncc olntc 1s a.~<umed t" be hd~ir.g a pcrli,..tly llu1 >UI fncc, so that 11" 'urt:1cc could he treated as horizon1al One roller of the sme bnr 1s placed on the ~rfncc pl:lte und the o1her roller " pl,1ccd on the sl1p gauges of nc1ght tl Let !he sine bar be set nt an oogk B "llh the help of ,Jtp gauge and clwnped to an angle plate a:. 'hu" n m the figure. A thai mdi.:ntor 1s ~ct :11 one end of the work and mo\ed to the Of her end and the de\·1a1ton IS noted. •

A gum lip gaug·~~ arc so adjusted (nccord,ng to this dCVlnf•On) such that dial mdicntor reads uro ns 11 11Wvcs from unc ~nd to the other end ufthe W<lrk piece. II dcviafi<•n nnt .. '<.l do"n by the dial whcator 1~ ~h O\e< a leng-h L of work. thco he1ght llf shr !faugcs b:. wh1~h 11 'hould be adjusted is .:qualt<' ..\H '(UL')

Slip -

U~r or sin bar to Measure unknown Angles Limitation or sin~ bars I The accur. :y Clf ~inc bars i:- limited by the measuranent of cenrre diStance of two prtt1s• n ll u ..

' tl c ge.•tn< nea l cr.ndltion mvnhcd 111 mQsunng tile (U~,. cff.xtt<c " '"lr" Jist:mu: bL"I\\c<-n

"I •:-e ba; Ill • ti"u<hun ut ~)UTI IS .m tnf1~1tdy ..... nplc~ pr .. hh:t.l \ I illllflltlon Jilt he usc of smc '>ar as a pnma')' smnclnrd ot an&lc

•. 'cas•Jrcrn~.nts t.•tng >me ;11 Ul<.ofl<: •• n: '.udy reliable at ;mgle> less II. an : j~. out b.:corr .• 1mpr.ll.t11:al an.J m~ccur.Jt~ as the angle lnc~c3't." ~ The .. me har< mht:n:ntly become •rnprnciJ<."UI ond mact:ur.ue lL\ tho: angle exu'als 4:!0 oa:au>c <•I lulll'wing rea.<Ons: • The ' inc h.tt 1< phy,ll:alty clumsy to huM 111 f"•~itu'ln

• The h<'d) 111 till 'me harohstruch the gmgc block $lack, even 11 rel1cved . • Sllj,lll t:rwrs nl the smc bar eau;c large ungulur error.; . • L1>ng. gauge st<~<ks are 1\01 nearly as a~.:urat~ a.s sOOr1"'r gause bla<:ks.

'1"-cM I "HOKA lORY \I,O.NI JAI

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I'WlC I Ill IU I Th.: thet•rcllc.ll angle ol the we'd);<: shaped w11rk jllc.:c 1~ mc-.Ntn.:tl u'ltl!! the he< .:1

prutr..lctur. The""" har •• placo.:d on th~ surf:u:.: plate ~n,l wst.m.:c hd\\c··r, the'""'" center. (l) '' ml"nS\ItL'tf

1 he '"''~ pt<-u: "hll'<: 1.1pcr L' tu 1..: m..-.hurc~l j, ..t.r llj\cd ·~• the l'PI'<'l' ~urli~<: u f tl" 'II"' bar su~h that the cnlm! length o1 th.: tnpcr ts liC<XSSihl.: 111 th.: tl•al $-lUge

file '''f' gau~cs ar., ..mtnJ!CO bdNv llnc ,,j the t••ll cr ,ucJtlll.tttlw l.Jik:ro:d 'ur1.1cc" p.intllcl h• oh.: surtac.: pl.ttc. l11c j':lr.tlldL;m h cbt'\:kcd bv 111111 'ng the 1h.tl "JU!-,t: "' <r tho.: 1 •pt'l'c'l Mtfl "c .hc~.:natnll ·~

th.tl II 'h"''· • t ... ll ~:ktlc'\:lton I he h<·t~!u '"Ill.: sl tp g;tuges IS .tJJU!>l.:<l toll tht.c , null•k:k~n.,n mlhc dt.ll c tugc· .u11l

.IClll.iJ tln!:: ._. 1.; 1. IUII.lh' u~..:m~ Ill&.: UU 1'\U' 1 It .. h \ •• :

I '' <lt$t.mcc 1-.:twe:n thc co!ltlcn; nf rollt'l'

Ob~crvat i.1n and T .thulnr C .•lumn L Otstanct! bet..,ecn :he two rollers of the Sine bn. h Height or tae slip gauge

r' ;-f'' •:~':: ~~~'-g-~--1-T 0==-~~-"'s~::.:n-'· ~=~"-k-- -_l-;--Th~co~-re_11_· ca_l_u~'-'_e_l .. _· -'li-•:, Errll_' ~

\~ll 1 '<lol '-T CRI'-\1 l Oil CuE R.\M,,\1 ORf

EXPEIUi\1 £1\ I '\0. H(U)

'

\im· 't, tlrl"''"! ·nt nt 1nvlc u•.mp -<;ine rl."111rl···

. \Pr A R.\ TlJS: Sm.: Ccmrc. Oial lmhcat,lr. Shp gauge.:, Sfl'.ocHncn

I ll EO In': Sme cem"r' are used for mounung conical work pi~'OCS. wh1ch cnnnm b.: held on a conventional

-me h3r Smc.: centre: coru.1sts uf a s~lf conuun~..t sme bar. hlll!!<.-d J: one mlk-r and mounted on ns

'"'" dJtum 5urlacc_ The top surfa.;c of the b;u ts pru,Hk-d \\llh a pan ol clamr, and centre' lor

hnldmg the \Wrk Tn measure wnu cone angle (cl) mtllull) the 'nlall .'11<.1 dt3mclcr (II). lurgc em!

deameter (()) and the axial kngth (I) of the comcnl work p•ccc urc mc;tsurl!lt useng \Cmrc cul t per~.

P1c11 1h~ '"I"' •:nn•: .mglo· .,.. "··•lrulau~llw usinc the fonnula

,fn-d] u=tan - -L 21

Th..: C<'lnical w urkpicce is mounted between the centers of the smc cenrrc. Then to make the top

.:vl'l~~.; sut ~ .. .;c O...n;:ont,l, the sme centre~ to be titled through an angle ·o• by building the ~lip

gauge st~ck of hclgl.t '11'. nu~ ~hp ga<~gc hctght 'H' can be found by the followmg Slr.e fonn<~ia .

\Vi1~e. L 1' the destance between the sine centre rollers I' -1 ,an fl

Fiuatly, the plunger of the dial gauge es movl.'d along the top c1mical surface. If any Jeviation is

md1cztcd b~ the dial gauge. then ~lip gauge hc1ght can be ~IIJbl" 3dJUSi"'i 111 get ~ero dev1aunn.

Then the a~cUI"dlc sem1 cone angk of thc won. p1ece can be tound by using the lot nula

I -·[ /1] ,, I MD T

I' itO<.~ IH tRt. The. thtc 11 c.:lic..! ""ul: -t .:r -·~.. r

h•nnul~

[D-dl 0 - u=tan ' 2f

, I he '"'f" r•~= I> ~d.J Ill ~:-ct .. ~-en lhcstnc o:ent~'l'S. 3. l he ,me centre •• placc:ll un the: <urf.~c.: plah: and the Ul\l.UICe between the rullcr ccnlr.'S II I

I> IH~J~ur•'<l . .t 1 he '"P gauges are .srr.ng~'ll bellow um: of the rune~ ~tK:h that the: tapm'd surl: ,~c 1s

parallel t•• the surface plate.

\\I< I ,,,,.,f I Rl"fi CCilt Hoi II'''' \I OKI

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< I h< 1 tlklt• h 1..~1 h, ", , lhdl II •h•l\\ > llUiltl<il<'\..£11111

0 \Ill Ill Ll

Ohtrn:auon :md C:alculatiun<:

I ,.,, ~·urt'' llhc .Ji>l !:Jill"'<

ll 'I W'o- ~~ tfh of~r I llu• r • l l'"

u - \Jmor <ll~l'l ctrr ••I o;pccnn ·n I - cngth •lth ·!'<'-' 111cn H u~.~~ u• p g.. ~:cs I. - l jl1h ' me h.lr 2«JO mm

(C"crucr lh::·.,·c~n 1h~ roller• l

1 1.: ·' l

1 h<"'tcllcal semi tapo"ed angle= 0 • a = un 1 [ D f] '"'

\\ l1crc tl ="-'lilt UpeT an~•Jc In uegrc"-' ~ ll Ut~er ar.glt• 111 lh<- spccur.zn

~inr <;rntrr

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• ._, ' 'I I "rl h;t. 1

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Slip gu.age stack

\IE \Sll RF\IF.~T m· GtJ\R TOOT II TIIICKNF-<;S US INC VENI RF C:\LI PER

\ im: \.k;~.,ur,,n,"llt ut Gear tt~•tn th1dne..• usmg •c:ntrt cahpcT r\ I'PA~\ t l :S: Gear Tooth venin: cahpcr and specimen 111•n gears cut. T HEORY: The IOilth thick nt-..~ is genc.1111ly ntcnsuro!d nt pilch ··irdc nml '~ thcre!orc the pnch I me thick 'less of ,.,,,th. It ma> be mcnuonL'd us the thickness of tooth. ~n01h th1ckness IS defined os 1be length of ar~. \\h~en "thtlicult to me:c-.ure thr:-.'11)' m most .1f the cases. It is ~ullicicnt to measure the .:h••nLI th1d.nc,.-; 1.c. the chord JOIOIRg the mtme..:uon of the tooth profile "ith the pitch circle. \l,n ll..~ ,i,!t·-n .... h •. ," .......... .-h ... -• .. , ..... ·I~~,. .............. ···' -· ... . wl· oLtc1 ·~:-r -' .• r)~ H ~ ul 11 , . .,. .\.-.. • . :_·_~; :u ... ••••• ._,, __ w..,,.,.. -. •• ~ ....... , oVvO.oo u\ ~-:) ~~ :"'U.d.. •. "Vt QC..II •

,m1!1 pll<.:h The t .dmess mca.urcment is the most 1mpo11nm tTtc:a:;urcment because most of the gears mauufacturcd may not undergo checkmg ot al l other pal'lll'lleter;, but the thick.lless mca~urcmclll IS must tor nil geur.~. The tooth th1ckness can he very convcrucntly measurPd by c~'llr tooth \entre cahper. It is used to m.:a.sun.• th< th.d.n<:~ ol gt.lf tooth o:t th~ pitch Ltne or 1.hurJalthi.:.kn~ of tc.:th anti tho: dtstanec: from the top of toot!lto the chord. The to.llh thicknes.< caliper consiru ot two gutde rails provtded .-ith scnlc: dl\15ions Each of the gu1de r.siis .v:.ic!l .u .. arr..n::eo d< tight a'lgic tu ea<.:h ot.itcr .:ames a hdc. 1 h.: ven1cal slide is sd by line dnve tc ll:c addendum which equals the module (m) for flonnnl teeth. The honzomal ~hde ~~ used for mea~uring the chordal th1ck.ness caliper. The mf'asnn-d value is read frllm & scnlc and a l/50 J!lJ1'I vtnire. The effect 7.ero error ~hnu!d be taicen into cnnsid1.111L;on

h: fi:.,ure 11 rna)' n<>tC\1 thtJ W 1s chord AD9. troll> th.ckness is 5pCCtlil'd 'IS an an. di~tlln..:e \EB. nls•> th~ d"tance d alljust<.'\1 on tllSIJ'Wnent is slightly .r-;.tc:r than the addendwn CE.

W = chord lhtck.ness d chorJoltht<.kness

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\U.\tl ·\IIOR·\ Tf>RY \I \Nll \I

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(a) (b)

:-JE.\R TOOTII VF,RNIER '::.-\LUPER

~ PkOCEDl. PF.: I Ck.:n th<.:.p<.-.:tm•·n and G~ar :!Y\tn \Ciltrr C1hoer

('ned: tile '<Tl> l'rrOT uf the in>lnlll'~l ;;lid huiC 1;11: ~~~~~ rounl nf \ c:min 3. II <!the gear m one hand,lh.:n adjust the he•t.:nt otthc \cntcal vemu:n,, ~«!Utrv-d dept

( I heor~ncal cakulatc:d ch1•rdal uepth) -1. Mo~c the horimntal \enttcr su.:h thattt bun~ at.:amstl<lolh ar.d nutc the rcadmg It giVL>s

dtrcu:;. the ch<•rdaltl.:~k.rws~ !>. ( "mpnrc \\lth the thc,trcu~al -:tluc: uf ebord.tl depth 111d .:hurJalt!n,knc:..,. b. Strnila.rly adjust honzontal HTiltcr 10 theorcu.;.tl ch,•rdalthicknes' uml h<>ld the ~car ttl tinJ •he

.:ht•rdal d<-pth tn•m the: \ertt<al \ernter.

R.-<uh : I.Tikor~ttl~tl ~;tw chmallt'Oth thicknc s i~ cornparv'd '' llh the e'p..-ntncntal g.:-ur tooth tht~~ncss

2 Thew.:ti.:al ;lC•tr cht>r~l deptl; is oornparc,l .. , tth tl • .: .:xp~'lirncntal gc.H chM:ll depth

.\t,\.~11 \ll!IR.\IOR\ M \' \I

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OhwP •lions .I. calcul.uoun,;

l.cast ~n,ont nl gc:or tn1•th \' •·mil:r C'alip;:r ~ 0.02 mm

f'..<• nl teeth lor;-.;

Out ~ode din of spur gear 0.0- D .. ;---

1 h~·wccocal chordJI ~lcpch D •l\m'2 [ I~ 2/N- cos (90 :-.:1 I

rh~'Circti.:al Chordalchic~ncs~ ·w· Nm sin(901N)

' <;! No -- TEXPERIMENTAI-TiiEORETICAL I EXPERIME1,1TAL THEORETIC' AI.

DE.'>'fH (in mm) DEI'm (in mm) WIDTH (in nun) WIDTH jin mm·, _

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\\h 1 ~~ ,(,[ IIU'I.C Cll! II ol II \NGAL<lRf

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LA IH~. 1 001 U\'H\101\IF:' H R

\I \1 : I " mc:t·.uro; I he lUI !In::; IMCC< tlunng IU1'1Hng P""''"~ hy us: ng Lllhc I nul •lynanH>mckr

Ill!> OR\ : 1 .-I he tut~l J, uar~m · -' tl l DJ ts 1hc ,h.'"\ KC u.'"'·d In u~ea.sun: th\." t..UUI111! tt ··~"" tlUI n~ 1 l\. x 1

I \l.&dl!ntO!!f H\ the luthc In a(\\,) tlu , .. ,l~H'Il.ll ,lrthugooal -~tlU13 rrn~ ... ~s \\C h.a\4... 1\\tl \.Uti 11~

u, I ill&gCilliill ,,, \,; IIOilg 1\f.ILC t II

}l) \ .,;l•t••;•ll•l lL't..:d lllf..,;l.! f In llthn:c u.mc•tbh'l ;~I IUMtns pn•''-"'' \\\!' ••m.: l.fll,;::l •hu:.: .nmp .. ncnts uf cutlr'IJ; It ......... ol) 1.Ul£<'fll .>1 f II\"'' mall tuttrng lon:cs .... b) \cructlur la-d terce f, .;) RaJtal for<-.: Fa f:lcctrc-mo;,; thgtt.~l d;"WI!"l1'<t<T 11\Ql!'p<>rJICS the facilit) tu m.:a:.un: SJmulwte.lu>l> tht~-.: tbt ... .., I he strnm g~ug~ arc cmployc-d m such a \\a) thai the tndependent bridge sen. <"S eadt !vr.:e 't:parately '"thoul any mtt:Ji&.;c by any mcmb•:r ol the Structure or by otho.T bridgQi rnn dynamom~t•·r h:" hea~ c;~.~ignetl so :hut 11 c:Ho 0.· don.'Ciiy fixed on to thr: I<!(• I p;~>t oo' .J.ll" !:.the: tnuch:n.: usm~ tile J.ule pro\l<lecl on cynan·.onwtcr. Tht~ hi~!> been pro\ idcJ wnh out 1:ut so.:l:ct> h·r ea~h olthe 3 Ioree 10 II•Utulllll! pt!rpcndtnlm J•u:cw•n,, c. hor.zontal/vcrttUII th ust

PRuCEDURE: liD '" ti:~.cd on the bthc bed such that the h'Olllp ctti.:ddc:s ""'' tnc hn~ ol c:ntT<' ••I th~ wor:. piC ,;e

2. lnsen the pu~>er cab!.: I<• the 230\' ,5(1}1z.AC~ mam suooly. 3. Connl ·1 on\! t"ld ,u l.,e m\.!1' :o ...• -:<..,jug .:"t~l.,; :.l., .~. "'·, ... sOt..k"'t:) v: l,l· '"~trumcnt on uac

hack panel and the otht'l' 1·nd to ~cn.,.,r ~o;kct (tool dynamometer) 4. Switch ON the tnstrutnc:m by pla .. mg power -ON~'' oi.:1t ~~ 01\ ~"'""""i 5. So:tthe IU:AD C •\L ~wnch nt RC·\0 P<htllun. f•. AJ)ll.51thc /fRO pOientiometcr su~h that the <hS1)l3y read.~ ZERO in .tllthc Jispl.1: 7. Tum the RES \0 CAl swllcb I<> CAL p<"~>lllon. S. Adj~t :he C \L potentiometer unlll the dl'play reads the range of li,rcc (5001 Th:'

t•pet~ll()O ·"" 10 be .;on.; .. e~,-d ror all .i.;.-llciltt 1<-n:es. <l. Tur bad. the READ CAL S\\ll•n to RE.\0 po!\ttion XYZ ,1\1,, :-l<•w the m'trum.:t:t ''

cahbmtcd to read Ioree valut.'S upt<> cahhmted capac·ty or the O! namomctc'T m rc,pc<:IIVc a.u;

10. The,, .,, ].. pi"c tsmachmed Gt dtllcr.nt sp.:i!ds k;:;.:·pmg feed nml depth <lfcut con·t~nt II. The values \If FH.F,.FR arc noted tlmvn. 12. Th.:s.: re.odtn!'' 31'.: noted do"n lor dotl'<-r•-nt ,pee~b atl'<lru.tant r.,.,J rut~., :mtl constant

depth CUL

The cr~rh< are plont!d ti-r '

••

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.11 Culltllg >111.'1.'11 \, Cuttm~: t~u.:c T'll b) Cuu .ng speed Vs Iced fore!: FV c) Cuum~ sp..'Cd \'s Rathal iiJrcc T'R

Result: ~.mph lnlCflJf\.'l.alh1n ul L"UlliOg lor~c V:, tore.: sp (<d

Observation and Tabular :

Cutting Spc~-d- Y~ n D N /(1000 x 60) in m/s

Where D= Diameter of work piece in mm N= Spl-.:c.l in !1Jtn.

reed and Depth constant

Sl NO Spe.:d N Cutting

- __ l_nl!n~ s~._-t~IV mls]

\\tl I '1111N t· t KIN!, l 01 11 (if li ... N(jA1 IIKf

f-lJJ)

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I

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::JjJ••·t' ,,,,,, '• r o

Fou t ThY(.,( s l- ontl I o-,1 u tt

~O.n:Je 06 /C' f( tt 2oo ks /f,., •• s/ lok1m

r; ,, '''J ~ t<. < 5 •.S (·t(l1(. 3c"o ..It-

l!md9•' Vc;/ (,<~ t I 7 " h"PO-\ ~

EXI'FRI~IL '\T '\0.11

DRILL TOOL IH '\ \!\10'\IETER

A IJ\1 Tn mc;huJc the 'lurqu~ and vcml·althru't uunngthc unlhng pro.:c".

APPARAT US: Dri ll Tool Dynamometer setup m the Radinl Drillmg mnchme.

rlt £(1RY:

Drll 1 "'' Dynamometer (DTO) i\ the Uo:nce u-~ tn mea,ure the Tor<jUO: and \COicill thm't

dunng the dolling jlrocess m a dnlhng mnchmc. The torque and the vcruc:althrust are mcasur<"tl usmg

a I) II) where m ~trnm gauges are fhcd and uJ>ing .1 wheal stone bridge the 'analllln in re<i~tancc

''hid, " c;~ubrdt~'d mtetons ot torqu,; Jnd tiuu~t .uc mco~>u,.J.

PROCEDURE: I. DTD ~~ fixed on the r.ldtnl-<lnlling machine.

~ The worl. pi.xe 1S dnlled attbfferenl speeds keeping the feed nn<l ctiamcter of drill constllnt

J. The values of Fv and Tan: noted down.

4. The holes of different diameters are dnlled with oon.~tmt feed at difTc:rent s~s and the

values of Fv nnd T bre noted.

5 The gt!lrh3 ~re plonect far a) Sp-.:ed Vs n~-. Furu: F\

t>} Speed\': Torque T

Pesult :Graph mterpretation spt:cd Vs Force & speed v~ ~1.

r ~hular column and Obsu-vution

.,

"' >\(l Speed( N in rpm! Thru.,, ti•rcc rv ( '" N) TNquc T ~-'•• ( ... "''"j , ____ -- -j I

f- -r--l--- - ---- ~-l l

I -- -- -- --

t -1 -- - --I

L _!--~-_L_ _ '

'------

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1.'\P~ Kl\1~ :\I '•U. 12

\IF \SUR~.\U ;\I 0~ ~:1-n;n IVt: 01 \\IH ~I{ l SIM; I \H)\\ IRE/ Ill REt \\ IIH:

\IE fiiOI>

\ irn: \It asw-c,ncnl ul o:l k-.;lt w tlo.tmclt'f of'' ftW tlu ~ad u"ng:! ur ~ \\If<' •n.:lhntl

\ I' P \R \ Tl S: \I :rumd~r, !-.IJo:.br.l "in.' ~pa:lffi<'ll md thrt':Jof

III EOR\ : \h·.hur.:mN•I"f .rrnriH· UiJIIU'Icr

1 •. <" .:Ito:.: II .: J:am<h" ~.u:11''' be rc.l.:i!lr .. l J1n:dl l,ut c. n he: <;.>!cru:s.:<f tn11·t rl .: .,, " r lll.l''tll.uh: i\.:•,.u\,.uitttt..: l••l .u\...t .• l.o11n,!"'fr ...... l .... ,;_.: ,...,.,,, ;:at'..:!i •l..t ''' 1 '' rtl11•n \I tll"lt:l\.!1 hut, 10! 1• .at Ill ll~lllg \'-:..:-•Jtl 1 !~.Ill~ tWO 111·111 ._ tilll• 1.:1),, "'It :-.-... •• • •• ~ ul tlw tltrc;.ut 'llH." Jt:J&n ... h.·r 111\"l h~ '-<.llnl.. t••r l--11111 \\lh.: hnJ fl'U~ 1 ..... 1-:nu\\tl "cr "'1,;\..lhtt ·'• 1• m.t\ 1- \H'Vc:r., ha\~ any \lllue \•tlhm •he rJ '' h l"'rr l •hc '' cs Ill .: .. n· •~1 : I llt:unc:tc:r "t!l be: ohLun.:-1 only tf lho: \OJ:"~:'> ,,,:!}(.: con!lct • the pitch lr.c \\If,., "f • < ,~.1llet1 a. "best sue:" Wlr<."S. fhc Jli1J11<.1cr of t"c wuc u ... :d sht.)uiJ he g:b that lhC) • •nr•~· llmk, "' a d.>l.OIIh:c from lit.: pncb lino: not c::..c .. >eJm~: c.nc·tucr ttth of the len~o,'th ot the r>t tl.tnk. The eolCctive d1amet<.'f cun be mca'llfCd hy two" on: l'lr thm: wrre n.cthoJ

Tno "ire metllod A r.:.1dm., JS first ta;..cn o c:r .i stand.trd cvlon1kr with the \O.irl."' i'l pos'"ion bc:IW<"<'n the: cvlintkr

JO<l the mia~meh:r anvils I h~ standard c~ lin.kr is th~n rc:n'l\ ;d and the 'I.TCW thrc;hl '" rn•1unr~.'1.1 '><•lw~cn tlte crmn.::. and " '•'C<>ntl I' .. ,Jmg ts 1.1\:cn ~' 'hm\n lll the Ft~.l.-\). From the,.: '"'' rcat11rg. :he d:am.:t~f ·'T• unJcr ,;, ... \\1ft.:$ j, ol'llaincJ ·''~hewn in the tiguro:.{h ) Then the: .:tf ... -cm.: J1:1tn<.'11.T is &f' en hy E. • ( t C.

f1g A

\l.l.\11 \lllllt.\luln ~~ ,·.t \1

•

•

..

1'

I"' the J~·ncn'''m '"er the \\Jto

·\ntl C '' o1 constant 'aluc, whtch d~' on t!>..: thamct•-r of the: wtro, the puch!Pl ond

.lllglc(21l) utI he screw thr.:<~<l. 1 hc Vil luc ofC can he: oblutnc<l by

(" f> .COl~ ·<flCIISt'<'(/ -I] 2 2 ~

IJ tS I he thamclcr oflhe w1re.

Three :Yire melhod II" nn ac.ur.ue me~huJ ot mea~unns the dkct.>·e UtJmetcr In lhts l wtres or nlll~ ofkmm n

thmnclcr urc used. one on on.: side und 1wo on the other suJe ns shown m Ftg (a) Mu (bl

Di• 4

D

Mo:asllrem~nl of effcccivt diamelcr (three wires)

\'v'h,.re M = Dm.neter ovu- the wire,;. c Eftective oi.unetcr. d Dia.'lleter .>flhe wires

h = heigh! of the cenlro.: ,,fth.: Wltc l'r rod !Tom the effectiVe diamc:l:r, 0 4 Angle ofchread

r radius of !he ..,,re, H- depth of the thread, D =maJOr Ut-unete<- or the tlm:ad.

1\-1= E+ d[I+C(,sec~] For whirwnnh thread

P e COT

2 2

·• ~~· <lcpth ••tlhre.l.J o.M r 0 '~

/) 0 '•·lp.L<•S•'(" & - I o5i ttlld cnt-= l.ll~ I ' . }

- -h1r me1nc thrends

Depth nf thread ~ ll.f,.IQ~p

F • D - O.b495p. t-1 t>O • I•) (-)

Cos•'C -- l.amlcllt I .U~ 2 ~

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F 'pre1,iun rur h: \1 SiJ.c wire I 'h.: h,-:.1 "''"ware as the nnt: wha~h nt:tko.-.,. o.nnt.a.t at llw plt~h lone"' dh: :Ill.: dmnw1c1 111

th..- '<:re\\ 1hrcnd. In oll>-'f words :os >huwn " ' tig. 01' as p.:rpcmh.:ular to11:a~ llnnl.. P""'""' ut 111~ lhre.td.

wrfe of radius r

a.,., \\ lr,· JJc•neter- u- ? 'Z sec(! ~I

P/4

I r-Prz ee.,l Size Wire

I '-ot~:· (I) \\lfCS r.omitul sizes 5.0) mm as u.-l!d lt'r9 8:. IU n>m tr.apezc11dal pitchc~ & n.1'\ mn, " u><:d li-r ! ~ mm trapeZOHlal pitch. (2) All P ·:alue In mm ·,vhen: P 8 the patch 0 1 the thaead

PROCF.DUR.E: I Ck-nn lhc micrometer and lhc sped,ncn ~ Check 1he zero crmr wllh ~tandard sli!' !Jnuge and r,cod 11-te er-0•. 3. Fix 1hc mac:rome1er in to I he stand. ~. Sclcu tho. .• ui1ab!c siu o!·1~c wire n:quirct! !tl ched 1he c!TL'Ctive diam..-tc:r of th<' "''''" 5. '\utc lhto thre:ld unglc ""d tht: pah:h ui the sere\\ b. Place the" an: benveen screw thread JnJ 1h~n hold the sp.:ctmcn bt:rwcen the an• als ot the

tmcwmcter a., >hown in 11gurc. 7. \.or~ th~ readmg of lhl! nw:rom~t~r by rotalmglhe thamble until1he Rntchet clacks. S. Calculat.: 1h.: ettec11ve cliam~.er usn:.; rh~ •ormulo <l In chec~ th.: tolinor uiruncto:r mc.lSur.: 1hc O.D ,,r the screw and :hen calculate the IT'inur

J1lll11<1~r u,mg the f<~rmula D !)I- Dl 2 d~p:h of thread.

1 '·' 1 '' , 'It Kl''' • uti F<;r h \!\•.• \1 '11<1

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Ubwr'u"on ;md I ubulur .:ulunur

I. eJst count t1fthcMocrvmctcr= :

n iumctcr or the wired =

Pitch of the thread = f>;

Thread .mgle = 29=

- -Effective d.~-Tnal No. Reading over EtTectLve Major Minor ~

1 wire( M) dtametct {E) diameter (0 lJ dian • ...rer (02} (Theoretical) I

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()P'ft< \L I'IW HI ~. I'IW.IHIClR \ 1M: Mcasur.:mc,u ot m.qo•r \lcnK1o:r, Mm••r th.unctl'f t•u .. IJ md thrrod angl,· ••I .1 "~""' •h.~a<l

'"mo: Pr .. nt,·l'rutc•h•r 1 1'1' \1{,\ l l '>: l'n til. l'n•J•'-'"T. <;~.-n:w thr'"'" '"'''""'"tcr,l'u,b gau~c .trc rc•t•urc.! 1 m:OR\. I' ilc r r- ''c \cr'<.Htlc ;amJfU~hly '<'J'Iht"t.:Jtru und IU'Cdc•m.:m:d n• J'l''r • •en• '' ·~ ~tan1.1.1UI l h,;, '''"'l'h::t" ·n~a\c r.an~'\:" \,;t.l\\.~ .111 '"_u.,ca\ .. lhh: appht..l.lhlfl.,.._ h h lL'\f..."lllur '' 1

lti'I'":'-11\'M .tlh.i m\,;.,,ut'-"ltlC'ntS (luk:.ar .tnd .\ngul.lf J ,,t ~~~om:tll h1&r...:d!um SJ/C Ct•fllJ"'' •n .. ·nt' .. h. ' "Jf~f p.tn .... •c ... " hltJI'l. .. uhl :...• un It ha.' lx~t ttt:.Jht\ hu;h rot•lutt•t.1 upth.::~ prt \uh.· •~"u1 h,H,hl • l~:ar .md ,h •rn m .. tt:~' lh~ .. rw.:l.\lllt•fll .tn,t h u.l\ '\;~~~~ '''·''-='1utnrnr ·ln •I• \ 1 • 1 ''"

If ,,... • I .,h.rh•il\ .,,., rqtf"'\fit•l • ,,n Thn•t• h·•llt'l)l ,.,,, t-~') lt.•.n ,ltlf l : .. •tt tl lll II

I 1·\LO{ iEN I \\II'S [lfi"'J<Ic hn'li~nt ,mag.:, \!\Cit til tl.l}'llg\lt, ndllt11n \urnmtllll ·• It•• •I' ., ~ •, •I hu!h... ''"'' rprcct<'"" ,,u..h~ rd:.Jh•ltt' andpcrt rm:mc.::

I L 11'\1( \1. '\l'H'I FI( o\ 110'\: I PROJECI OR SCIUJ•::\: Fully lbo'\ble tine gr~m !!Tl>Und s.:n:cn and rout.:shk -.r-=<:n I> '

crus.. h.ur hne ltnd dcta.·hablc cltps to hold compar-Jtc•r ch:lro_,

2. Magnific:uion lrns: • lOx lens for generol purpo~c. 20' lens fN cleaT ob~ervattn .. t\1r h.gh<·r iJreci.ston "or!.,. At~ 1lf,>i~oction tens screw mJJunt type 10 project tl11! work plc'Cc.: tma:;c <•n the scn'\:1\ at t!ill'l:t '"~~rulic.tl•O·l brightness tU'•ust .. blc tar c;ll'h ma!,!llitica:icm :,~ con.l··nscr ''' tUITl"'. \lag'• li~at•on '"· :u.acy: Counter :t 0.1 % s~d surf • .:c :t ll.IS' o .

. \. \\ ORK S r\(;f.: \11<-dn·m dul} 200 X 2110 rrm '"'1'. >Wnd.aru rrucrom.:•cr h,•"l, 0 ~5 ka-t ,·nunt /I I rnm hte hoy smooth movem.-r:: ~~s:.an..'\1 h) tiY t'I<Xli]'Q1111it>o ol harJ 't.:d • •lhng 'x>~h tn lon!,~tuthn.ll and mutsverse slide f<.r 3CC\lrJtC mc:;Nm:mer.ts.

-1. c~;-. TO~K tl i l, ' ' ' ''ATOK: Eqwppcd wnn nch•al t1pccond!!nser, hut It 10 ~<whn!' lo>r qutck ll) mnt,·h tho: rc,p .. -cnvc obje-ctive so as to cn<ure bn~.lu .tn.J slmrp tnt.t);l\! on the 'ern 1

rrn•ided '"'" ,.1\' 1501:!50 WW HALO{ El~ 1 A\ll' with ,oJiu stabe hght c .. ntr.,(lf;m,· rm:r

S. SL'RFA<-~ Ill l 1\11 '1 \ TOR: Specially dcstf:llll-d •urldl:e illuminaJion sy~to:m l• •r >h~,k'\' t..-.., ight <>n to.: orttc~l a.~ts for the insjX'\.,ion ol deep cn\lues Pro' 1\k-d "tth I::· I ()I)\\

_ llr\LOGE' Lo\\IP "uh "'-•liJ sute hght c:ontn•l tmn>IOmier.

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CHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PROFJLE PROJECTOR

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I'IUII ~Ill !U: I ~IUC th.! lc.L .... cuunt tlt tht: ffih.fHJllCh."f uo lot." pnJhlc (lH•J'-='~h·l ..

.:! Dnm:n~1on:s ol 1h.: ~~' thr'~"l "h•JS<: .:k~ncnt h:.'..: I•• b.: mc .• surcd an: n.)t<-.1 \, l'l~~c t>r li\ the :,u-t:\\ thn:a<l tn l>ct\\\':0 th<'l"" l~'' ~ un the pro>lilc I"''J'"h" ~ •' <ltu't tt., lll•nmnt.ll <:T•"'" 1rc ''" the q;f<'\"0 ,,._., thJt 1t wnh:i,les \\1lh <>Utcr •hie nl till' < tO:\\

1hrc.1J S ~<•le til< f<Wtn~ (<Ill •'I' If~< \o.:rt"·'' oQ:k 11\l~tomch:r ,, ,\t,wJng the '-Cf11caJ ... u.!c m•..:nmlctcr.llt\:t•tncr "••k ,,, the s..,;n:w thrc.~,l•~ rn.tt.lc h• "''''''"1dc \\tth

lh\:h••ll/\)fll.U)'-lt>~"'i\\Ul" fht.•rt.:uhngfd~Jii~Cfl•;ft:d (hJ'I"·"''Jh:L~ot't\hlh."-:ttltlt:.., 1\l I~ ! h,:r

,lo,unct<~ ,., the thrc.hl

I h ... ~ mn..:r ,h,lllh.:tcl I:>. 'ht~mu.~tl lh th..: sam.: an;.& n""r \ t.:nuh.u~nl~ the h 'riJ:t.•l ' Jll '' '"

\\lth ''"' tu" tr.n<r "J" nf the ,, , " •'vc "" .tnil IJl,l tl..: d tlll."t<'ll<"'C he• • ~• •It " !!u:\ ... 1'!: .. •~:-~> .... ,,.,! 1 ... , ~.,.,... •• ,,,."' ·flh••""t"'""'\'hr-..·•·' 1 " 1 '

r nHtt:t! duwn Hlhll Lfi•• hcl11/,~0t.JM u .. Toltlch;:r

'I The cr•·~""re 1< I"•> '"' !1• !lc n<'' 1 ll'.tn~.l oxl ~" r ,t

l1<lc mrcn>mtt< .. t~ r ted Ott t~C f., ' n•

I r The: <hBcrcn.:c of the-.:""' rcadm;;s BI'"C. the prtch ot the cr.:\. thn-.sd II. The hch~ angle or the ~TC\\ thrcaJ IS obtam<-d trum I h.: <l(~Ul.t: s..;)lc. I:!. lllc reaJing;. .m: tabulwio:..l m the t~blilar column 3> ,hown bcluw.

Obscrvouon md ·1 abul.ll" Column. Value o(NI<' MW

I. east count of mtcromcrer ,\o of di\'f.fWW tmtJ.rmbk 1" "> c o..t~

Lc~· t •·ount of the dr :u!J.f scale ''

f SINo

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2.

3

4. 1- -

5

Param.,.:..'f

I .b.ngle I I

Screw Thread P rameteJS ..

~·3jCf c-.arr.:e<

Mtnor Drameter

P•tch

Oeplh

E.'fecti•~ D:a

I lndlal---t- F111al

.

L..

Circular scale realmg degrees ·--

lni~al read•ng Fltlal readtng

1

Actual Angle (lruuaHIIlal)

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~t:l:.\1 t \1111 '''''n ~"" ''

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To mca~urr tht ~urface rouglutes• value or dlrrcrent •natrrials (machined surf :tees)

\I\ I: T "' '"'"' •h,. urf.tc<" ruut•hrtt·s v3luc ~>f dill ·r~ott mart:rinl~ !machtn{'(l <uriace")

A PI' ARA TIJS: Power dn"e· m1tuto)" make surf te:.t 211 model mdicator. ~tandard specuncn lor

caltbration, gtvcn ~amplcs etc.

T il EOR Y: Surface roughness of ony ~urfnce means trrc~;uluttuns of smnll wnvcleny:h causcJ by

the dtrcct uc11un ut the cuuing dement ur the surface t>r hy <llhl'l' dJ~turbanccs !ike fnction. wear or

corro~ion These: errors are chicny caused d~;c to tool • .:utters. Any lintshcd surfa~ ts

c!'nstderntion tn t>c: .:ombiruuion of two fOITil.i of ""'e leogth 1.e .• large wa,clcngth lOr wtwines'>

and smn.Jicr on fur roug)lness. hIS normally measured ot indtcatcd 10 Ra or R1. v'31ues.

Ra value• • > Anthmetic mean deviat:cn from the mean hne of profile. It is defined as the averngc

value of the ordtnnte~ ~(yl, y2. yJ.. ... yn) /n fro~ the mcm1 1;ne.Thtl ordinates are summed

up wit!:tout considering their algcbr:uc stgns. Where, n 0(1. nf d1vistons over the sampling length L. Rz value (Ten pomt height of the megulanties) hIS dcfi>~cd as the average d1fference betwCC'I

the fhe hi~hest peaks and lh<! deepest, valleys withm the sampling lt.ngth measured from :1 hne

parallel to rn~ hne nnd not crossmg the profile.

l\lelhods of l\lc>1lsnrin~ SurfGce Finish:

I Surface m'pe<;110n by comparison methods In this method the surfar.e t'!''<ll•re IS~ by observauon of surface. But lhese methods 3re

not rcltable ..s tl.cy c:nn be misl.:3dlng 1f c:ornparison •~ not mzde With surfaces prcxtuced i>y some

techmquzs Variou; inspecrion, scratch ;nspecUOTl category arc touch tnspecrion.. \. tsual

io~pe::tion, SC'1'11tch IOSjl<!C!icn. mic:rost..ope inspeetio'l, surface ;>botograr~>. micro inte.feromelers.

etc.

L D1rect ms1rumm1 measurements II' •~thod tnablcs to detl-mlmc a numencod value uf the l>Urf3t..'C lin1'h of My surfa'c The

•IH • ,,, t· rum.:nb vpc1.1te on c:,..:tn•1lll"nn,,plts In tht< the mohmt..'llt olthc <;tylus ts cau~

t" c..-ncr •• tc ' \11114g.: s•gnal. Th~ d•·\ 1cc~ "h·~" fall (•n:J,:. '"'' <'ltt.~MY i~ prot:f(lmc:cr. Tom•lwn

surfuc~ meter etc.

--, -Elements of S11rfue tnture

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S.:t tho: srro~c: tu ,tb<>ut 10 mm. ' Set the Jri, c >I~ to ahout h mm!s. _, Sc:t , .•• olh .rue: h> 2.5 mm

•I Set the r:lll~' a. J11 m or I !111 m. "- S1..1 R~ Rr ~\\Itch ll' R. to. Set Jampm~ •wucll <'n 7 Tum <'nth.: J:><l\H'T tln•c. S. Note dcmn R. \Jiuc 1n 11m.

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VTV A QUESTIONS

I. What is s::ience of metrology?

2. What is calibration of an instrument?

3. What are the qualities ~fthe instruments? 4. Define range, sensitivity, repeatability of an instrument 5. What is mag.iificc.t;on?

6. What is least count of an instrument?

7. Differentiate between comparator a11d instrument 8. Diff.:ret.Liate between line standards and end standards? 9. What are differe:1t erTCrs of measlll ing :nst"UincniS

I O.difterenriate between precision and accuracy

11 . What is a transducer'/

12. What a:-e dtfferent typ.:s oft:ransdu.;er?

13. Explain the principle ot L VDT?

14.Give the appliC3tion ofLVDT.

15.How the calibration ofL VDT is oom:. 16. What is Null balancing

17. E.'<plain the principle of pressure gauge

I8.G1ve the application oi pr<.:ssure gauge .

19.How rhe r'l lihnrticn of di:!it2! p~suN: gau::;c i!: dor.: . 20. Expl:tin the p:inciple of thc'lllocouple

21 . What is sea baclc effect?

22. What is different material used for thermocouJ>le? 21.Give the application of temperature sensor.

I 24.Explain the principle of Load ceLL

25.Givc the application of Load cell.

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26.hplainthc principle of strain gauge

27 What arc the m;uerials used for strain gauge.

28.Givc the appli..:atiun or strain gaug..:.

211 What i~ gau!,;C fa~;tor·~

10.1Jctinc lim1t, lit, tolerance and .. tlowance.

33. What nr~·the u:;c:. of si'1.! bar?

1-t.Ciassit). smc ''"• accon.IH' to ., ... ·all..:

1' \\'hat · the rn.tximum lin· t of angle that can be measured by ::.inc bar and why'?

36 What I"> a o;ioe centre? And how it is used

37. Wha, i!> n gaul?,e block?

1; Give the mat~rinl used [..,r the gaugr bltx:k.

39. What is wringiug of slip gauge'>

~O.Cb..~~tfy dle shp gauges .

41. Give th;: application of slip ga11gc. 42.Give the working princtple of n1icrometer

43. What arc the errors encountered tn micrometer.

4-I.How the calibra~ion of th.: microm.:ter is done.

45.Give the least count of bevel protractor.

46. Give the ap!Jlic:llion of bevel protraCtor

47.Explnin the principle of optical profile projector.

48.Givc the . .,,plication of profile projertQr.

49. What arc clifferent parameters of scrcw thread?

50. \\'hat arc different methods of measuring effective diameter of a

llll COlli.

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51. What is best wire size w.r.l. to screw thread measurement

52. What ar.: diffcr.:nt parameter:; of gear?

53. What are different methods used to measure gear tooth thickness?

54. What is the use of lathe tool dynamometer?

55. What is the usc of drill tool dynamom"er?

56. Explain the principle oftocl maker microS<.Opc.

57.Gh·c the &ppl:cation of:ool maker's mlcros.;ope.

S8.Explain the working principle of dial indicator.

59 How the magnification is obtained tn dial indicator.

60.Gi·;e the applicatio.o of dial indicator.

6l.Explain the principle of autocollimator.

62. Give the applicntion of nutocollimPtor.

63.Dit'ferenliat:: surface rougbness witt: surface waviness.

64.How the st:rfnce roughness is represent~

65. What are dittcren: WlrfS of expressin~ surfuce roughness?

66. What are ditTerent m.;thods of measuring surface roughness?