MM Lab Record bookjshankar.weebly.com/uploads/1/3/9/2/13925139/mm_lab...MEASUREMENT OF GEAR...

M & M LAB MANUAL

Prepared by

Er.J.Sankar

Assistant Professor,

Dept of Mechanical Engineering,

A.R. Engineering College, Villupuram

A.R. ENGINEERING COLLEGE Department Of Mechanical Engineering

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Prepared by,

Er.J.Sankar

INDEX

Ex.

No NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT

Page

No.

1

CALIBRATION OF PRECISION MEASURING

INSTRUMENTS LIKE VERNIER CALIPER, MICRO

METER AND DIAL GAUGE

2

2 MEASUREMENT OF DIMENSIONS OF A GIVEN

SPECIMEN USING SLIP GAUGE 4

3 MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE USING VERNIER BEVEL

PROTRACTOR 5

4 MEASUREMENT OF TAPER ANGLE USING SINE BAR

AND SLIP GAUGE 6

5 MEASUREMENT OF TAPER ANGLE USING SINE BAR

AND VERNIER HEIGHT GAUGE 7

6 MEASUREMENT OF GEAR PARAMETERS USING GEAR

TOOTH VERNIER 8

7 MEASUREMENT OF PITCH OF THE THREAD USING

PROFILE PROJECTOR 9

8 MEASUREMENT OF THE MAJOR DIAMETER OF THE

THREAD USING FLOATING CARRIAGE MICRO METER 10

9

MEASUREMENT OF THE EFFECTIVE DIAMETER OF THE

THREAD BY 2-WIRE METHOD USING FLOATING

CARRIAGE MICRO METER

11

10

MEASUREMENT OF THE EFFECTIVE DIAMETER OF THE

THREAD BY 3-WIRE METHOD USING FLOATING

CARRIAGE MICRO METER

12

11 MEASUREMENT OF ROUNDNESS OF THE CYLINDRICAL

SPECIMEN USING ELECTRICAL COMPARATOR 13

12 MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE USING THERMO

COUPLE 14

13 MEASUREMENT OF TORQUE USING TORQUE MEASURING

APPARATUS 15

14 MEASUREMENT OF FORCE USING STRAIN GAUGE

ASSISTED FORCE MEASUREMENT SETUP 16


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Prepared by,

Er.J.Sankar

CALIBRATION OF PRECISION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Aim:

To study and calibrate the precision measuring instruments like Vernier caliper, Micrometer, and Dial gauge.

Apparatus Required:

Surface plate, Vernier caliper, Micrometer, Dial gauge, and Slip gauges.

Specification:

Vernier caliper Range: L. C: Micrometer Range: L. C:

Dial gauge Range: L. C:

Study:

1.) Vernier caliper The Vernier caliper has one ‘L’ shaped frame with a fixed jaw

on which Vernier scale is attached. The principle of Vernier is

that when two scale divisions slightly different in sizes can be

used to measure the length very accurately.

Least Count is the smallest length that can be measured

accurately and is equal to the difference between a main scale

division and a Vernier scale division.

LEAST COUNT = 1 Main scale division – 1 Vernier scale division

Uses:

It is used to measure the external diameter, the internal diameter and the length of the given specimen.

2.) Micrometer: The micrometer has an accurate screw having about 10 to 20

threads/cm and revolves in a fixed nut. The end of the screw is one

tip and the other is constructed by a stationary anvil.

LEAST COUNT = Pitch scale division / Number of threads

Pitch scale division = Distance moved / number of rotation

Uses:

Outside micrometer is used to measure the diameter of solid

cylinder.

Inside micrometer is used to measure the internal diameters of

hollow cylinders and spheres.

3.) Dial gauge: The dial gauge has got 2 hands. The short hand reads in mm.

One complete revolution of long hand reads one mm. The plunger of

the dial gauge has to be placed on the surface whose dimension has

to be read.

Least Count = One division of the circular scale with long

hand.


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Er.J.Sankar

Uses:

It is used as a mechanical comparator.

4.) Slip gauges:

They are rectangular blocks hardened and carefully stabilized.

The surfaces are highly polished to enhance wringing. It is used as

a reference standard for transferring the dimensions of unit of

length from primary standard. It is generally made up of high

carbon, high chromium hardened steel.

Uses:

These are accurate and used as comparator.

5.) Surface plate:

The foundation of all geometric accuracy and indeed of all

dimensional measurement in workshop is surface plate. It is a flat

smooth surface sometimes with leveling screws at the bottom.

Uses:

It is used as a base in all measurements.

Procedure for Calibration:

1.) The range of the instruments is noted down.

2.) Within that range, slip gauges are selected.

3.) The measuring instrument is placed on the surface plate and

set for zero and the slip gauges are placed one by one between the

measuring points (jaws of the instruments.)

4.) The slip gauge (actual) readings and the corresponding

(observed) readings in the measuring instruments are noted down and

tabulated.

S.No

Slip

Gauge

Reading

(Actual)

In mm

Precision Measuring Instruments Reading (Observedl) in mm

Vernier Caliper Micro Meter Dial Gauge

MSR

(mm)

VSR

(div)

TR

(mm)

Error

(mm)

PSR

(mm)

HSR

(div)

TR

(mm)

Error

(mm)

SHR

(mm)

LHR

(div)

TR

(mm)

Error

(mm)

1

2

3

Result:

The precision measuring instruments are studied and

calibrated.Calibration graphs are then drawn for all measuring

instruments between

1.) Actual value and Observed value.

2.) Actual value and Absolute error.


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Prepared by,

Er.J.Sankar

MEASUREMENT OF DIMENSIONS OF A GIVEN SPECIMEN USING SLIP

GAUGE

Aim:

To Check the Various Dimensions of a Part Using Slip Gauge

Apparatus Required:

Surface Plate, Dial Gauge with Stand, Slip Gauge, Part or Specimen

Specification:

Dial Gauge : Range: _______ L.C.: ________mm

Procedure:

1. The part whose dimensions are to be measured is placed on the surface

plate.

2. The spindle of the dial gauge is placed over the part and dial gauge

is fixed on the stand such that the short and long handoff the dial

gauge sows zero readings.

3.Then the part is removed and the slip gauges are placed one over

another on the surface plate below the spindle of the dial gauge until

the hands of the dial gauge deflect from zero reading.

4.This ensures that the dimensions achieved by slip gauges and the part

is same.

5.The required dimensions of the part is measured by finding out the

total Height (Thickness) of the slip gauges.

6.Trial readings are noted down for various initial setup levels of the

dial gaugeon the stand.

Result:

The various dimensions of the given Part measured are:

A : __________mm

B : __________mm

C : __________mm


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Prepared by,

Er.J.Sankar

MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE USING VERNIER BEVEL PROTRACTOR

Aim:

To measure the angles of given specimen using bevel protractor.

Apparatus Required:

Surface Plate, Dial Gauge, Slip Gauge, Bevel protractor, specimen

Specification:

Dial Gauge : Range: _______ L.C.: ________mm

Procedure:

1. Initially bevel protractor is adjusted as per requirements.

2. Specimen is placed between the blades.

3. Reading noted directly from main scale and Vernier scale noted and

tabulated.

Trail MSR

(mm)

VSR

(div)

TR

(mm)

1

2

3

Result:

Thus angle of given specimens was determined.


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Prepared by,

Er.J.Sankar

TAPER ANGLE MEASUREMENT USING SINE BAR AND SLIP GAUGE

Aim:

To measure the taper angle of the given specimen using sine bar

Apparatus Required:

Surface plate, Dial gauge with stand, Sine bar, Slip gauge, Bevel

protractor & specimen.

Specification:

Sine bar : Range:

Formula:

Taper angle ‘θ’ = sin in degrees Where, h = the total height (thickness) of the slip gauges in mm

l = the standard length of the sine bar in mm = 200mm

Tabulation:

Trial

h

(mm)

1

2

3

Procedure:

1. The taper angle of the specimen is first found out approximately with the help of a bevel protractor.

2. The sine bar is set at this angle on the surface plate with the help of the slip gauges as shown in the figure.

3. The specimen is placed on the sine bar so that its top taper surface is parallel to the surface plate.

4. The parallelism is checked and adjusted by increasing or decreasing the height level of the slip gauges, so that there should be no

deflection in the long hand of the digital gauge when the spindle

of the dial gauge is moved over the specimen surface.

5. The total height (thickness) of the slip gauges is noted down. 6. Trial readings are taken by placing the specimen at different

points of the sine bar surface.

Result:

The taper angle of the given specimen is

a. Using bevel protractor =____________________degrees

b. Using sine bar =____________________degrees


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Prepared by,

Er.J.Sankar

TAPER ANGLE MEASUREMENT USING SINE BAR AND Vernier Height

Gauge

Aim:

To measure the taper angle of the given specimen using sine bar and

vernier height gauge.

Apparatus Required:

Surface plate, Dial gauge with stand, Sine bar, Vernier Height

gauge& specimen.

Specification:

Sine bar Range:

Vernier Height Gauge Range: L.C.:

Formula:

Taper angle ‘θ’ = sin in degrees h = h2 – h1

h1 = Vernier Height gauge readings on sin bar lower side in mm

h2 = Vernier Height gauge readings on sin bar upper side in mm

l = the standard length of the sine bar in mm = 200mm

Tabulation:

Trial

h1

(mm)

h2

(mm)

h = h2 – h1

(mm)

1

2

3

Procedure:

1. Place the component on surface plate. 2. Locate the sine bar over the component tapered surface. 3. Measure the height from the surface to the sine bar rollers

andtabulated as h1 and h2.

4. Calculate the difference in the heights and tabulate as h. 5. Using the above formula find out the tapper angle of the

givenspecimen.

Result:

The taper angle of the given specimen Using sine is = _____O


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Prepared by,

Er.J.Sankar

MEASUREMENT OF GEAR PARAMETERS USING GEAR TOOTH VERNIER

Aim:

To measure gear parameter by gear tooth Vernier.

Apparatus required:

Gear tooth Vernier, Gear specimen.

Specification:

Gear tooth Vernier

Range: Horizontal =0-40 mm

Vertical = 0-20 mm L.C = 0.02 mm

Formula:

1. W = sin 2. d = 1 cos 3. m=

Where, W = Chordal width of tooth in mm

D = Chordal addendum of gear in mm

M = Module of gear in mm

N = NO. Of teeth

D = outside Diameter in gear in mm

Tabulation: 1. Outside Diameter of Gear

Trial

Out Side Diameter ‘D’

(Mm)

1

2

3

2. Measurement of Addendum and Chordal Width

Trial

Chordal addendum ’d’

(mm)

Chordal width ‘w’

(mm)

Actual Theoretical Actual Theoretical

1

2

3


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Prepared by,

Er.J.Sankar

Procedure:

1. The N, D of the given gear block are measured. 2. The module m’ it then calculated. 3. Theoretical values of ‘W’ and’d’ are computed. 4. Theoretical values of ‘W’ is set in horizontal Vernier scale of

gear tooth Vernier and corresponding actual ‘d’ value scale.

5. Theoretical values of ‘c’ is set and ‘W’ is measured along Horizontal scale.

6. This procedure is repeated for 5 teeth and value tabulated.

Result:

Thus the chordal thickness and addendum of gear are measured using gear

tooth Vernier.

The actual values are,

Chordal width of tooth W =____mm

Chordal addendum of gearD =____mm


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Prepared by,

Er.J.Sankar

MEASURMENT OF PITCH OF THE SCREW USING PROFILE PROJECTOR

Aim:

To measure the pitch of the given screw by profile projector.

Apparatus Required:

Profile Projector and Thread Specimen

Specification

Micrometer Head Range = 0-25 mm L.C. = 0.01 mm

Colour illuminator = 150/250W Halogen Lamp

Magnification = 10X, 20X, 50X Lenses.

Procedure

1. Place the thread specimen over the glass plate and adjust the magnification lenses to get the clear projection of the profile.

2. By moving the vertical and horizontal micrometer head locate the crest of the thread and tabulate the horizontal micrometer

readings.

3. By moving left or right side locate the next adjacent crest of the thread and tabulate the horizontal micrometer readings.

4. The difference in the both initial and final reading in horizontal micrometer results the pitch of the screw.

5. Repeat the measurement two times as following step two to four and measure the pitch and tabulate the obtained value.

6. The average will be the pitch of the thread.

Trail

Micro Meter Readings

Initial Final

PSR

(mm)

HSR

(div)

TR

(mm)

PSR

(mm)

HSR

(div)

TR

(mm)

1

2

3

Result

Thus the Pitch of the given thread specimen is = _____mm.


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Prepared by,

Er.J.Sankar

MEASUREMENT OF THE MAJOR DIAMETER OF THE THREAD USING

FLOATING CARRIAGE MICRO METER

Aim:

To measure the major diameter of the given thread specimen using

floating carriage micro meter.

Apparatus required:

Thread specimen, Setting cylinder, Floating Carriage Micrometer.

Specification:

Micrometer head Range: 0-25mm L.C. = 0.01mm

Formula:

Major diameter (M)

M = S±(R2-R1)

Where, S = Setting Cylinder diameter in mm.

R1 & R2 = Micrometer readings in mm.

Procedure:

1. Place the setting cylinder in the vise of the floating carriage and measure the micrometer readings while just touch the cylinder

surface, which is found by the deflection, obtained in the

comparator which is placed in the other side of the micrometer.

2. Replace the cylinder by the thread specimen and do measure the micrometer readings like as above mentioned.

3. Repeat the same procedure for three times to obtained the normalized values and tabulate the all readings.

4. By using above formula calculate the major diameter of the given thread specimen.

Trail


Initial Final

PSR

(mm)

HSR

(div)

TR

(mm)

PSR

(mm)

HSR

(div)

TR

(mm)

1

2

3

Result:

Thus the major diameter of the given thread specimen is obtained by

using the floating carriage micrometer


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Prepared by,

Er.J.Sankar

MEASUREMENT OF THE EFFECTIVE DIAMETER OF THE THREAD BY 2-WIRE

METHOD USING FLOATING CARRIAGE MICRO METER

Aim:

To measure the Effective diameter of the thread specimen by 2-wire

method use floating carriage micro meter.

Apparatus required:

Thread specimen, Setting cylinder, wire, Floating Carriage

Micrometer.

Specification:


Wire Diameter 1.35mm

Formula:

Effective Diameter (E) = T + P

T = M -2d

P = 0.866 X Pitch of the thread.

Where, T = Diameter under the wire

M = Diameter over the wire

d = diameter of the wire

Procedure:




2. Replace the cylinder by the thread specimen along with the two wires placed one opposite another over the same thread and do

measure the micrometer readings like as above mentioned.



Trail


Initial Final

PSR

(mm)

HSR

(div)

TR

(mm)

PSR

(mm)

HSR

(div)

TR

(mm)

1

2

3

Result:

Thus the Effective diameter of the threaded specimen by two wire

method is = _______mm.


13 | P a g e

Prepared by,

Er.J.Sankar

MEASUREMENT OF THE EFFECTIVE DIAMETER OF THE THREAD BY 3-WIRE

METHOD USING FLOATING CARRIAGE MICRO METER

Aim:

To measure the Effective diameter of the thread specimen by 3-wire

method use floating carriage micro meter.

Apparatus required:

Thread specimen, Setting cylinder, wire, Floating Carriage

Micrometer.

Specification:


Wire Diameter 1.35mm

Formula:

Effective diameter (E) = M – 3d + 1.5155 X Pitch

Where, M = Diameter over the Wire

d = Diameter of the wire

Procedure:




2. Replace the cylinder by the thread specimen along with the three wires which are placed one opposite another by one side two wire

and another side with one wire then carry out the measurement of

micrometer readings like as above mentioned.



Trail


Initial Final

PSR

(mm)

HSR

(div)

TR

(mm)

PSR

(mm)

HSR

(div)

TR

(mm)

1

2

3

Result:

Thus the Effective diameter of the threaded specimen by two wire

method is = _______mm.


14 | P a g e

Prepared by,

Er.J.Sankar

MEASUREMENT OF ROUNDNESS OF THE CYLINDRICAL SPECIMEN USING

ELECTRICAL COMPARATOR

Aim:

To measure the roundness of the given cylindrical specimen use

Electronic comparator.

Apparatus Required:

Sine center, Electrical Comparator, cylindrical specimen & surface

plate.

Specification:

Electrical Comparator Range:

Procedure:

1. Place the sine center over the surface plate, fix the cylindrical specimen on it.

2. Place the Electronic comparator over the surface plate and just touch the sensing stem or sensing element end over the surface of

the cylindrical specimen.

3. Reset the electrical comparator to initial readings as zero, and rotate the cylinder by periodically with an angle of 15O and

tabulate the comparator readings.

4. Plot the Angle Vs Variation Graph. Tabulation

Sl.No Cylinder Position

In Degrees

Variation

mm

1 0

2

3

Result:

Thus the roundness of the sample measured through the Electrical

Comparator, the plot between the angle Vs Variation also made.


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Prepared by,

Er.J.Sankar

MEASUREMENT OF TEMPERATURE USING THERMO COUPLE

Aim:

To measure the temperature by thermo couple.

Apparatus Required:

Thermo Couple

Thermo meter

Heating Unit

Specification:

Thermo couple Type: J & K type.

Thermo meter Range: 0-100OC

Heating Unit Power: 800W

Procedure:

1. First fill the bowl with the plain water and power on the heater. 2. Place the thermo meter and thermo couple after the boiling of the

water.

3. Measure the temperature on the thermo meter and thermo couple and tabulate the readings.

4. Switch the thermo couple J to K and repeat the same procedure. 5. Measure the error between the thermometer reading and the

thermocouple reading.

6. Tabulation:

Trail

Actual Temperature

(or)

Thermo meter Readings OC

Measured Temperature

(or)

Thermo couple

Readings OC

Error

%

1

2

3

Result:

Thus the measurement of the torque using torque measuring apparatus

measured and compared it with the theoretical values.


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Prepared by,

Er.J.Sankar

MEASUREMENT OF TORQUE USING TORQUE MEASURING APPARATUS

Aim:

To measure the torque using strain gauge torque measuring

apparatus.

Apparatus Required:

Fixed steel bar

Strain gauge torque measurement apparatus

Weight stand

Standard Weights for loading

Specification:

Steel bar Length 1meter

Standard weights from 100-400 grms

Formula:

Theoretical Torque value = W X L

Where, W = Load in Kg.

L = Length in meter.

Tabulation:

Length Loading Torque on

apparatus

Theoretical

Torque value

Error

%

250

10

20

30

40

500

10

20

30

40

Procedure:

1. Switch on the torque apparatus do calibration, and then set its initial value shown as zero.

2. Keep weight stand in the steel bar at some distance and load gradually.

3. Measure the actual torque shown in the apparatus and tabulate it. 4. By using the torque formula measure the theoretical torque value

and tabulate it.

5. Compare both the value and find out the error on measurement.

Result:

Thus the measurement of the temperature using thermocouple and

thermometer was measured.


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Prepared by,

Er.J.Sankar

MEASUREMENT OF FORCE USING STRAIN GAUGE ASSISTED FORCE

MEASUREMENT SETUP

Aim:

To measure the force using force measurement setup.

Apparatus:

Standard Weight, Force Measuring apparatus

Specification:

Standard Weight Range 50-500 grams

Tabulation:

Sl.No

Actual

Load

(N)

Indicated

Load

(N)

Error

%

1

2

3

4

5

Procedure:

1. Switch on the power supply of the force measuring setup with no load condition and calibrate it to zero initial readings.

2. Gradually add the loads from 100 grams to 5oo grams with 1oo grams incremental and tabulate the indicated force value in the table.

3. Compare the obtained value with actual value and compute the error value.

4. Draw the obtained value Vs Actual value plot.

Result:

Thus the force measurement by force measuring apparatus

successfully carried out and the plot between obtained value Vs actual

value also drawn.

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