Mitre, Bartolome. The Emancipation of South America. 1893

8/2/2019 Mitre, Bartolome. The Emancipation of South America. 1893

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H~hm`}àlYb`c`lj ae }oh H~hm`}àlM`yhfdbtkb}àl b} ^`yiaAiix~b}àl ae ^`yia dp Cby Ohtby^taicbfb}àl dp YblFbt}`l^hwxhcb ~ta~ayhy ^hbih]oh Iaff`yyàlhty fhh} b}F`tbecathyBttbljh bl Btf`y}ìh]oh ]htfy ~ta~ayhmLhja}`b}àly dtakhl aeeH~hm`}àl ae Bthlbchy }a }oh O`jo&cblmy Th& hfdbtkb}àl ae }oh Btfp 49>

IOB^]HT __U@@,]OH A^HL@LJ AE ]OH IBF^B@JL,

2?4>2?42,]oh Iaf`lj Ibf~b`jly]oh ^bjhbl} b} IbccbaH~hm`}àl etafBlialJxbpbrx`cThuacx}àl ae Jxbpbrx`c]oh Hyfhtbcmb


21/535

IAL]HL]Y, u``^BIK

Et`j&b}h ix} ax} dp Iaiotblh]oh H~hm`}àl cblmy b} Oxbioa Oxbtb Ibubctp Yk`tf`yo b} Ioblibp ]oh Lxfbli`bDb}}bcàl ga`ly }oh ^b}tà}yM`yial}hl} `l ^htx]oh @lmh&~hlmhlih ae ]txg`cca]atth&]bjchGxli}àl z`}o Bthlbchy]oh Jxht`ccby]oh ^tau`yàlbc Thjxcb}àl , , , &498

IOB^]HT __U@@@,]OH E@TY] IBF^B@JL @L ]OH O@JOCBLMY,

2?4> 2?42,]oh Lb}xtbc Mù`yàl ae ^htx]oh O`jocblmy ae ^htx]oh Ecp`ljIacxfl xlmht BthlbchyMhehb} ae Ax`f~ht]oh @lubyàl ae}oh O`jocblmy]oh Db}}ch ae ^byiaTh}thb} ae Bcmba etafchbFbyybithy ae @lm`bly dp Tìbeat}]oh Ybik ae Ibljbccablm OxblibpaBcmba hy}bdc`yohy o`fyhce b} OxblibpaBth&lbchy thga`ly Ybl Fbt}`l 4=8

IOB^]HT __@_,]OH BTF@Y]@IH AE ^XLIOBXIB,

c?4@,^tay~hi}y ae }oh Tapbc`y}yY~bl`yo Iaxli`cy ae ZbtMh~ay`}àl ae

^hwxhcb^ta~aybcy ae ^hbih]oh Ialehthlih b} Th}hyY}b}hae }oh ]za Btf`hy]oh Tapbc Iaff`yyàlht]oh ^b}tà}Btfp fauhy }a Blial^taicbfb}àl etaf K`lj Ehtm`lblmHeehi} `l Iacxfd`bHeehi} `l FhìaIaxtyh ae }oh Thuacx}àl`l Fhìa@}xtd`mh]oh $ ^cbl mh @jxbcb $Yxiihyy ae }oh^cblEb}h ae @}xtd`mh]oh Ialehthlih ae ^xliobxibBtf`y&}ìh ae^xliobxib@l}htu`hz dh}zhhl Ybl Fbt}`l blm CbYhtlbF`y}bkhl âcìp ae Ybl Fbt}`l]oh Ialehthlih thlhzhm b}F`tbecathy^tacaljb}àl ae }oh Btf`y}ìhIb~}b`l Dby`c ObccIbl}htbi fauhy }a }oh O`jocblmyTh}xtl ae }oh ^b}tà}Btfp }a OxbioaCb Yhtlb hubixb}hy C`fbAiix~b}àl aeC`fb dp }oh ^b}tà}y^taicbfb}àl blm @lbi}ù`}p ae YblFbt}`l , U$$'$$$ 4=0

IOB^]HT ___,]OH YHIALM IBF^B@JL @L ]OH O@JOCBLMY,

2?42,Bcmba blm o`y @lm`bl Chu`hyJbfbttb }bkhy Iaffblm @y mtùhl

ax} dp Tìbeat}Tìbeat} th}xtly }a C`fbBthlbchy fbtiohyetaf Oxbtb]oh Yxiihyyhy ae Bthlbchy ix} yoat} dp }oh


22/535

_U222 IAL]HL]Y,^BJHBtf`y}ìh Iobtbi}ht ae BthlbchyO`y H~ay}xcb}àly bjb`ly}

}oh F`y}bkhl âcìp ae Ybl Fbt}`l dh`lj xlohhmhm oh thga`lyo`f b} C`fbTh~xcyh ae Cb Yhtlb dp }oh Faxl}b`lhhty aeGbxgb 452

IOB^]HT ___@,]OH H_^HM@]@AL ]A ]OH YAX]O,

@ ? 4 @Ialy~`tbip }a ib~}xth IbccbaF`ccht yhl} Yax}o z`}o b yfbcc EatihCblmy b} ^`yia@lyxtthi}àl b} IxwiaIaiotblh b~~c`hy }a

Io`ch eat B`mTbubjhy ae Ehuht b} Io`liobIaiotblh yb`cy eatBtìbIb~}xth ae BtìbHubixb}àl ae ]bilbF`ccht fbtiohy@lcblmIb~}xth ae F`tbuhAiix~b}àl ae FarxhjxbF`cchtth}thb}y }a ]bilb blm }a BtìbF`ccht hy}bdc`yohy o`fyhce b}chbCayy ae }oh Ybl Fbt}`l ,,,,,,, 458

IOB^]HT ___@@,^HTX @LMH^HLMHL],

2?42,]oh Ial}`lhl}bc Ibf~b`jlCbik ae Lb}àlbc Y~`t`} `l ^htxIal&

uhl}àl ae La}bdchy b} C`fbMhicbtb}àl ae @lmh~hlmhlihIb~}xth ae Yo`~y dp Iaiotblh b} IbccbaB}}hf~}hm Yxt~t`yh dp&Cby OhtbyAuht}xthy ae Iaiotblh }a Cb FbtYbl Fbt}`lb~~a`l}y o`fyhce $ ^ta}hi}at ae ^htx $Mhithh bjb`ly} }ohY~bl`btmyDbl`yofhl} ae }oh Btiod`yoa~]tbjì Eb}h ae GayhF`jxhc Ibtthtb 4:>

IOB^]HT ___@@@,]OH ^TA]HI]ATB]H AE ^HTX,

2?4 @ 2?44,]oh Ib~}b`l ae }oh B}fp ae }oh BlmhyTapbc`y} H~hm`}àl eat }oh

Thc`he ae Ibccba]oh Mhe`ch ae Hy~`t`}x Ybl}aAx}dxty} ae Hl&}oxy`byf `l C`fbFblahxuthy `l Etal} ae C`fbTh}thb} aeIbl}htbiEhhdch ^xtyx`} ae }oh Tapbc`y}yIb~`}xcb}àl aeIbccbaTheatfy ae Ybl Fbt}`l]oh Atmht ae }oh YxlMh}h&tàtb}àl `l }oh Y~`t`} ae }oh BtfpYxdy`mp etaf }oh I`}p aeC`fbIaly~`tbip `l }oh BtfpFalbtioìbc @mhby ae YblFbt}`lFal}hbjxma blm }oh $^b}tà}ì Yai`h}p ae C`fb$F`yyàl ae Jbti`b mhc Tà }a Hxta~h ,,,,,,, 4::


23/535

IAL]HL]Y, ÌOB^]HT ___@U,

YBL FBT]@L BLM IAIOTBLH,2?42 2?44,

^BJHFx}xbc @luhi}ùhy ae ]za OhtahyYbl Fbt}`l eb`cy }a exce`c o`y^taf`yhy }a }oh Echh}B Y}atfp @l}htu`hzIaiotblh yh`why]thbyxthIaiotblh ~bpy o`y Fhl z`}o Jauhtlfhl} ExlmyBlm yb`cy eat Jxbpbrx`cYxtthlmht ae ]za Y~bl`yo Et`jb}hy }a^htxu`bl Bjhl}yIaiotblh b}}hf~}y }a yh`wh }oh UhljblwbTh}xtly }a Ibccba blm Ib~}xthy }oh Fal}hwxfbTh}xtly }aIo`ch blm bdblmaly }oh ^bièì]oh Lhz ^htxu`bl Lbup , 4?:

IOB^]HT ___U,]OH M@YBY]HT B] @IB,

c?4@c?44,Tapbc`y} Ohbmrxbt}hty hy}bdc`yohm b} IxwiaH~hm`}àl xlmht

Cat`jb bjb`ly} ^byiaMhehb} ae A}htaDxtl`lj ae IbljbccaYbl Fbt}`l yhlmy b Ial}`ljhl} }a }oh Byy`y}blih ae DacùbtBlm Yxffaly }oh E`ty} ^htxu`bl Ialjthyy]atth&]bjchMh~x}p& ^ta}hi}atH~hm`}àl }a chbTax} ae }oh ^b}tà}y dpIbl}htbiDbtdbtaxy ]thb}fhl} ae Y~bl`btmy dp Fal}hbjxma , 404

IOB^]HT ___U@,]OH THUACX]@ALY @L RX@]A BLM UHLHWXHCB,

2?>0 c?c4,]oh Lat}ohtl Walh ae Yax}o Bfhtìb]oh E`ty} Ax}dthbk b} Rx`}a]oh Thuacx}àl b} IbtbibyIaffhlihfhl} ae }oh Thbi}àlY`fal DacùbtO`y B~~hbtblih blm Iobtbi}htO`y Hmx&

ib}àlO`y E`ty} U`y`} }a Hxta~hO`y Yhialm U`y`} }a Hxta~hO`y Cèh b} IbtbibyThih~}àl ae }oh Hluapy dp }oh Dt`}`yoJauhtlfhl}Dacùbt fhh}y F`tblmb `l CalmalDt`ljy o`fdbik z`}o o`f }a UhlhwxhcbBi}àl ae }oh Thjhlip ae Ibm`w]oh ^b}tà} Gxl}b yhlmy bl Btfp bjb`ly} IataThih~}àl aeF`tblmb O`y ^cbl eat b Ialy}`}x}àl E`ty} Ialjthyy aeUhlhwxhcb Mhicbtb}àl ae @lmh~hlmhlih Thuac} ae }ohIblbt`blyThuac} b} Ubchli`bIb~}xth aeUbchli`b dp F`tblmbBma~}àl ae b Ehmhtbc Ialy}`}x}àlJhlhtbc M`yial}hl}Ibtatb ybikhm dp Fal}huhtmh]oh Tapbc`y}y ae JxbpblbMhy}txi}àl ae }oh ^b}tà} Eca}`ccb]oh Jthb} Hbt}orxbkh&Ybl Ibtcay dxtlhm dp Fal}huhtmhF`tblmb `y b~~a`l}hmMì}b}atYxiihyyhy ae }oh Tapbc`y}yFal}huhtmh `y th~xcyhm`l bl B}}bik al }oh Hl}thliohm Ibf~ b} Uì}at`b@lyxtthi}àlae }oh YcbuhyCayy ae ^xht}a&IbdhccaF`tblmb }thb}y eat ^hbih]oh Ib~`}xcb}àlF`tblmb `y `f~t`yalhm dp o`y AeeìhtyItxhc}`hy ae Fal}huhtmhMhb}o ae F`tblmb ,,,, 405


24/535

__ IAL]HL]Y,

IOB^]HT ___U@@,]OH THUACX]@ALY @L LHZ JTBLBMB BLM RX@]A,2?>0 2?29,

^BIHHi`}hfhl} `l Lhz JtblbmbH~hm`}àl bjb`ly} Rx`}aTh`ly}bc&cb}àl ae }oh cb}h Ib~}b`l&Jhlhtbc ae Rx`}aFbyybithy dp }ohTapbc`y} Yacm`htpThuacx}àl b} Ibt}bjhlbAx}dthbk al }oh^cb`ly ae IbyblbthB Gxl}b hy}bdc`yohm b} ^bf~calbBlm b}Yaiatta ^bièì Thuacx}àl b} Daja}bHy}bdc`yofhl} ae bGxl}bYai`bc Blbtiop^ta~aybcy }a yxffal b Ialjthyy]ohY}b}h ae Ixlm`lbfbtibLbt`la b~~a`l}hm Mì}b}atIaljthyybma~}y }oh Ehmhtbc Ypy}hf ae Jauhtlfhl} blm th}`thy }a @dbjxh]oh ^tau`lih ae Ibt}bjhlb mhicbthy `}yhce bl @lmh~hlmhl}Y}b}h^th~btb}àly ae }oh Tapbc`y}y]atìhy lbfhm Mì}b}atae Ibt}bjhlbA~htb}àly bjb`ly} Ybl}b Fbt}bBttùbc ae bLhz Uìhtap]oh E`ty} Uì}atp ae }oh ^b}tà}yBla}oht @l&yxtthi}àl `l Rx`}a Yxiihyyhy ae Fal}xebt blm Fbibxcbp]thbiohtp ae }oh ^by}xyayCb Uhlmhh ae }oh Thuacx}àl@ly}bccb}àl ae b Gxl}b b} Rx`}aA~htb}àly `l }oh Yax}oRx`}amhicbthy `}yhce bl @lmh~hlmhl} Y}b}hFxtmht ae Tx`w mh Iby&}`ccaUì}atp ae }oh Tapbc`y}y b} FaiobIb~}xth ae Rx`}aFbyybithy b} â~bpml]oh âcìp ae Lbt`la]oh Ialjthyy b}ChùbMt, Ibf`ca ]atthy lbfhm ^thy`mhl}Iù`c ZbtBt&tùbc ae bla}oht UìhtapIxlm`lbfbtib blm Bl}àrx`b mhicbth}ohfyhcuhy @lmh~hlmhl} Y}b}hy Ialjthyy ~cbihy Lbt`la `lIaffblm ae }oh BtfpYxiihyyhy ae Lbt`laO`y ^byybjh ae}oh Tùht GxblbfdxM`y~htyàl ae o`y BtfpOh `y yhl} `l@taly }a Y~b`lA~htb}àly ae Dacùbt bjb`ly} Ybl}b Fbt}bMhehb} ae bl H~hm`}àl etaf Ibt}bjhlbDacùbt ialihùhy }oh@mhb ae Thialrxht`lj UhlhwxhcbOh itayyhy }oh Iatm`cchtbO`y Fhfat`bc }a }oh ^ha~ch ae Lhz Jtblbmb^thy`mhl} ]atthybma~}y o`y @mhb 924

IOB^]HT ___U@@@,]OH THIALRXHY] AE UHLHWXHCB,

2?29,^bièìb}àl $ dp Fal}huhtmh]oh Y`jlbc eat Thuac}]t`y}h]oh H~hm`}àl }a }oh Fb`lcblmItxhc}`hy ae WxbwacbMhehb}ae }oh Tapbc`y}y b} Fb}xt`l]oh @ycblm ae Fbtjbt`}bBt`y&fhlm`Y`hjh ae IxfblbIbg`jbc th}thb}y }a JxbpblbFbt`lalbfhm Mì}b}at ae }oh Hby}htl ^tau`lihy]oh H~hm`}àl ae

DtìhlaMhehb} ae Iatthb dp Iby}`ccaDacùbt*y Iaff`yyàletaf }oh Ialjthyy ae JtblbmbIb~}xth ae Fht`mb blm ]txg`cca Dacùbt excf`lb}hy b Mhithh ae H}htf`lb}àl bjb`ly} bccTapbc`y}yFbt}` Mhehb}hm dp TùbyTax} ae @wrx`htmaUbchl&i`b blm Ibtbiby hubixb}hm dp Tapbc`y}y]oh Jhl`xy ae DacùbtO`y ]t`xf~obl} Hl}tp `l}a IbtbibyOh ~taicb`fy O`fyhce


25/535

IAL]HL]Y, __@OBAK

Mì}b}atCbpy Y`hjh }a ^xht}a Ibdhcca]oh Thbi}àlYhialmMhithh ae DacùbtBttùbc ae Th`leatihfhl}y b} ^xht}a IbdhccaMhb}o ae J`tbtma}Uì}atp ae Cby ]t`liohtbyOalaxty }aDacùbt b} Ibtbiby]oh Atmht ae }oh $C`dhtb}aty$Dauhy#Fatbchy# blm Pb``hw]ohp taxyh }oh CcblhtayIbf~a&Hc`byMhehb} ae Dauhy b} Fayrx`}htaFbyybith ae Tapbc`y}y b} Ibcb&dawaTh~xcyh ae ^b}tà}y b} Dbtrx`y`fh}aDb}}ch ae BtbxthHeehi}y ae }oh Mxbc Mì}b}atyo`~ Thb~~hbtblih ae Dauhy al }ohYihlh]oh ^b}tà}y bth mtùhl etaf }oh ^cb`lyJhlhtbc Thuxc&yàl ae Ehhc`lj 94=

IOB^]HT ___@_,]OH YHIALM EBCC AE UHLHWXHCB,

c? 2 =,Dacùbt m`yicayhy b Lhz ôbyh ae o`y Iobtbi}ht]oh Byyhfdcp ae

IbtbibyO`y ]thb}p z`}o Fbt`laMhehb} blm Mhb}o ae PblhwBi}àl b} Cb ^xht}bTh~xcyh ae Fatbchy b} Uì}at`bYxi&ihyyhy ae Tùby]oh Fbyybithy ae Ibtbiby blm Cb Jxbptb^th~btb}àly ae Dacùbt&O`y Mhehlih ae }oh Hl}thliofhl}y aeYbl Fb}haOhta`yf ae Thibxt}h&Mhehlih ae Ibtbiby dp TùbyAe Ubchli`b dp Xtmblh}bBi}àl b} Daib IoìbFbt`lamhehb}hm b} Ybl Ibtcay E`ty} Db}}ch b} IbtbdadaTax} ae }oh^b}tà}y b} Cb ^xht}b Ib~`}xcb}àl ae Ubchli`b M*Hcxpbttb`yhy }oh Y`hjh ae ^xht}a&IbdhccaDacùbt hubixb}hy IbtbibyHl}thliohy O`fyhce b} Btbjxb&Th}thb}y }a DbtihcalbIb~&}xth ae Btbjxb dp FatbchyDacùbt `y biixyhm ae ]thbiohtpTh}`thy }a IxtbiabTh~xcyh ae Fatbchy b} Fb}xt`lFbyybithb} IxtlblbTax} ae }oh ^b}tà}y b} XtìbMhb}o ae DauhyIb~}xth ae Fb}xt`l dp FatbchyMhb}o ae Tùby]oh Cby}^b}tà} Btfp xlmht Xtmblh}b yhhky Thexjh `l Lhz Jtblbmb , 9=9

IOB^]HT _C,]OH M@YYACX]@AL AE LHZ JTBLBMB,

2?282?7:,]oh Ebcc ae Ialy}`}x}àlbc Jauhtlfhl} `l Y~b`lGhbcaxyp ae Lb}ùh]taa~yDacùbt }bkhy Iaffblm ae }oh Btfp ae Lhz Jtblbmb

Ib~}xth ae Daja}bEthyo Oalaxty }a DacùbtDacùbt fbkhyZbt al Ibt}bjhlbBlm th}`thy }a GbfbìbO`y Fhfat`bcyFat`cca bttùhy etaf Y~b`l z`}o b âzhtexc Yrxbmtal# blm }bkhyIaffblm ae }oh Tapbc`y}yF`pbthy yhixthy }oh @y}ofxy ae^blbfbFat`cca*y @ly}txi}àlyThmxi}àl ae }oh @ycblm ae Fbt&

[ jbt`}bCayy ae }oh Ybl ^hmtaFat`cca aiix~`hy IbtbibyBlm yb`cy }ohlih eat Ibt}bjhlbIbt}bjhlb]oh Y`hjh aeIbt}bjhlb]oh Eat}thyy blm I`}p bth hubixb}hm dp }oh ^b}tà}y

d


26/535

__22 IAL]HL]Y,| ^BJHTh~xcyh ae Ibcwbmb etaf }oh ^cb`ly ae IbyblbthMhehb} ae

}oh ^b}tà}y b} DbcbjbExt}oht Yxiihyyhy ae IbcwbmbFbmt`m`y mhehb}hm dp Ybfbla `l }oh Yax}oEthyo M`y}xtdblihy `lUhlhwxhcbAeehty ae Bflhy}pHy}bdc`yofhl} ae F`c`}btp Txchb} Daja}bHhix}àlyFat`cca th}xtly }a UhlhwxhcbItxhc}`hyae YbfblaMhb}o ae Cb âcbYbfbla `y b~~a`l}hm Uìhtapdp Fat`cca 989

IOB^]HT _C@,]OH ]O@TM ZBT @L UHLHWXHCB,

2?282?2:,ây`}àl ae Beeb`ty `l Uhlhwxhcb]oh Ethyo Ax}dthbk al }oh @ycblm

ae Fbtjbt`}b ^bhwO`y E`ty} Bi}àlThuxcyàl ae A~`làlbfalj }oh Ccblhtay]oh Btfp ae }oh B~xthYxiihyyhy aeIhmheàB}}hf~} }a byybyy`lb}h DacùbtDacùbt jahy }a Ob`}`]oh H~hm`}àl etaf Ibpay]oh Cblm`lj b} Fbtjbt`}bDacùbt `y lbfhm Yx~thfh Io`he]oh H~hm`}àl ~taihhmy }aIbtx~blaDacùbt ~taihhmy }a AixfbthMhehb} ae Dacùbt dpFatbchyDacùbt*y Ec`jo} etaf AixfbthYxiihyyhy ae Fbi&Jthjat]oh Btfp ae }oh Ihl}thDacùbt th}xtly }a Ob`}`Mhehb} ae Ca~hw dp FbiJthjat^`bt mhehb}y Fatbchy b} Gxl&ibc^bhw cbpy Y`hjh }a Ybl Ehtlblma]oh Y~bl`btmy hub&ixb}h }oh @ycblm ae Fbtjbt`}bDacùbt chbuhy Ob`}` z`}o bYhialm H~hm`}àl^`bt fbtiohy al JxbpblbEatihy }oh ^by&ybjh ae }oh IbxibAiix~`hy }oh F`yyàly ae Iatal`Daceubtbjb`l mhehb}hmBlm chbuhy eat JxbpblbIb~}xth ae Dbtih&calb dp }oh Tapbc`y}y]oh ]txh Dbyh ae A~htb}àlyBmublihae Cb ]atth etaf Lhz Jtblbmb@y }a}bccp mhehb}hm dp ^bhwBlm mhyihlmy }oh Tùht }a Bljay}xtb @y bjb`l mhehb}hm dp^`bt b} Ybl Ehc`Fbt`la yxffaly b IaljthyyFat`cca ~x}ybl Hlm }a }oh EbtihDtàl eatihy o`y Zbp x~ }oh At`laiaEc`jo} ae Cb ]atthIaly~`tbip ae ^`bt blm Fbt`laHhix}àlae ^`btDbl`yofhl} ae Fbt`la 9\8

IOB^]HT _C@@,]OH THATJBL@WB]@AL AE UHLHWXHCB,

2?2: 2?20,]oh H~hm`}àl ae Fat`cca blm Ibl}htbi bjb`ly} }oh @ycblm ae Fbt&

jbt`}b]oh Bi}àl b} Fb}by`h}h]oh Fbyybith b} Gxbl Jt`hjaFat`cca th}xtly }a Ibtbiby ây`}àl ae ^b}tà}y blm aeTapbc`y}y]oh Iù`c Bmf`l`y}tb}àl ae DacùbtTax} ae Ybtbwbb} Oajbwb]oh Katyh Fbt`lhy Daceubt yxt~t`yhy Fat`cca b}Ibcbdawa Th}thb} ae }oh Tapbc`y}y }a YafdthtaMhehb} aeTao*ubt b} Cb ^xht}b Ib~}xth ae Ybl Ehtlblma dp ^bhw


27/535

IAL]HL]Y, ```^BJDMhehb} ae ^bhw b} Iaghmhy Mhehb} ae Ihmhla dp FatbchyBlm

ae Fatbchy dp ^bhwFbt`la }bkhy Ixfblm# blm thexyhy Bcch&j`blih }a }oh C`dhtb}atDaceubt tb`yhy b Lhz Btfp# blm `ythiali`chm }a Fbt`laYbl}blmht yhl} }a Ibyblbth Dacùbt*y@mhb ae b Ialy}`}x}àl]oh Ialjthyy ae Bljay}xtbDacùbt `ylbfhm ^thy`mhl} ae Uhlhwxhcb]oh Eath`jl Bx`c`bt`hyCx`yFhlmhwIacalhc O`~~`ychpIacalhc Z`cyal&Ibf~dhcc J`c&faxtJhlhtbc Hljc`yoIacalhc HcyafJhlhtbc FbiJthjatJhlhtbc Mhuhthx Iacalhc Fal}`ccbFat`cca a~hly }oh Ibf&~b`jl]bi}ìy ae ^bhw&Fat`cca thaiix~`hy Ybl Ehtlblma&]ohBeeb`t ae $ Cby Rxhyhtby mhc Fhmà $Dacùbt*y Lhz @mhb , 9?>

IOB^]HT _C@@@,DAPBIBIACXFD@BIBTBDADA,

2?20 2?44,Dacùbt ga`ly Ybl}blmht]oh ^byybjh ae }oh Iatm`cchtb]oh H~h&

m`}àl obc}y `l }oh Ubcchp ae YbjbfayaYk`cexc Fblahxuthy aeDacùbtOh ib~}xthy }oh I`}p ae ]xlgbdb}}ch ae DapbimDacùbt aiix~`hy Daja}bO`y Bi}ù`}p blm }oh Oalaxty ~b`mO`fEaxlmy }oh Th~xdcì ae Iacxfd`bItxhc}p ae Ybl}blmhtDacùbt th}xtly }a Bljay}xtbIobljhy mxt`lj o`y BdyhlihMhithhy ae IaljthyyDacùbt lbfhm ^tau`yàlbc ^thy`mhl} aeIacxfd`bF`c`}btp A~htb}àly al }oh Lat}o Iaby}Bttùbc ae}oh @t`yo Chjàl b} Fbtjbt`}b^bhw th}bkhy Ybl Ehtlblma]oh Btf`y}ìh ae ]txg`ccaFat`cca th}xtly }a Y~b`lThuacx&}àl `l Fbtbib`daA~htb}àly ae Fal}`ccbDacùbt bjb`l }bkhy}oh E`hcmDb}}ch ae IbtbdadaDacùbt eat }oh Yhialm ]`fhhl}hty Ibtbiby `l ]t`xf~o]oh Ialy}`}xhl} IaljthyyDacùbt`y lbfhm ^thy`mhl}Ib~`}xcb}àl ae Ibt}bjhlb]oh ^tau`lihyae }oh @y}ofxy mhicbth }oh`t @lmh~hlmhlihEbcc ae Iobjthy blmât}adhccaDacùbt chbuhy eat }oh Yax}oBi}ù`}p ae FatbchyOh ib~`}xcb}hy^xht}a Ibdhcca `y }bkhl dp ^bhw , , , 90=

IOB^]HT _C@U,]OH ZBT @L RX@]A,

2?42 2?44,A~htb}àly `l }oh Yax}o ae Iacxfd`bYxithOh chbmy bl H~hm`&

}àl }a Jxbpbrx`cO`y Uì}atp b} Pboxbio`&O`y Mhehb} b}Bfdb}aBttùbc ae Fxtjhml etaf Y~b`lDacùbt fbtiohy alRx`}a z`}o b Ethyo BtfpDb}}ch ae DafdalbOh th}thb}y }a^b}`bYbl Fbt}`l yhlmy b Ial}`ljhl} }a b`m YxithFblahxuthyae }oh A~~ay`lj Btf`hy]oh Ibubctp Beeb`t b} Tà DbfdbDb}}ch ae ^ìo`liobYxtthlmht ae Rx`}aIb~`}xcb}àl ae Jbti`bblm ae }oh ^by}xyay^tbh}at`bl`yfDacùbt hl}hty Rx`}a `l]t`xf~o =>5


28/535

__@U IAL]H_]Y,

IOB^]HT _CU,JXBPBRX@C,

c?44,^BJ @]oh Fhh}`lj& blm Fhtj`lj ae ]za Thuacx}àly]oh ^ta}hi}atb}h aeJxbpbrx`cMhehb} ae }oh ^tau`li`bc Btfp b} Bfdb}aBttùbc

ae Yxith]oh Thuac} ae ^xht}a&U`hga&Bttùbc ae YbcbwbtCbFbt }bkhy Iaffblm ae }oh ^tau`li`bc Eatihy]oh Rxhy}àl aeJxbpbrx`c : , , =`37IOB^]HT _CU@,

]OH @L]HTU@HZ B] JXBPBRX@C,c?44,

]oh @lecxhlih ae @lmù`mxbcy]oh @ccxyàly ae Ybl Fbt}`lDacùbtdhiafhy ghbcaxy ae Btjhl}`lh @lecxhlih]oh Hl}tp ae Dacùbt`l}a Jxbpbrx`cOh bllhhy }oh ^tau`lih }a Iacxfd`b]ohBttùbc ae Ybl Fbt}`l]oh Ialehthlih]oh Dblrxh}]ohDbccMh~bt}xth ae Ybl Fbt}`lThyxc} ae }oh IalehthlihThfbtkbdch Ch}}ht etaf Ybl Fbt}`l }a Dacùbt , , , , =2%

IOB^]HT _CU@@,]OH BDM@IB]@AL AE YBL FBT]@L,

2?44,M`y}xtdblihy `l C`fbDbl`yofhl} ae Fal}hbjxmaTh}xtl ae Ybl

Fbt}`l]oh E`ty} Ialjthyy ae ^htx]oh Thy`jlb}àl ae YblFbt}`lOalaxty mhithhm }a o`f dp IaljthyyOh chbuhy^htxO`y @cclhyy `l Io`chOh th}`thy }a Fhlmawb , , , =45

IOB^]HT _CU@@@,]OH E@TY] LB]@ALBC JAUHTLFHL] AE ^HTX,

2?44 2?4&9,]oh Y}b}h ae ^htxB~~a`l}fhl} ae b Gxl}bDacùbt aeehty Byy`y}&

blih# zoìo `y mhic`lhm]oh ^cbl ae Ibf~b`jl]oh Btfp ae}oh Yax}oM`cb}atp Fauhfhl}y ae Bcubtbma]oh Bmublih ae}oh Tapbc`y}yDb}}ch ae ]atb}b]oh Tax} ae FarxhjxbBi}ù`}p ae F`cchtZ`}omtbzbc ae }oh Iacxfd`bl Ial}`ljhl}Bthlbchy chbuhy ^htxTùb&Bj``hta lbfhm ^thy`mhl}^th~b&tb}àly eat b Ethyo Ibf~b`jlHljc`yo CablMhy~b}io ae b


29/535

IAL]HL]Y, __U~bid^htxu`bl Btfp }a }oh Yax}o xlmht Ybl}b ItxwIb~}xth ae C`fb

dp Ibl}htbiYxith dt`ljy bla}oht Iacxfd`bl Ial}`ljhl} }a^htxDacùbt `y lbfhm Jhlhtbc`yy`fa Ibl}htbi th}xtly }a}oh O`jocblmy^cbly ae YxithFblahxuthy ae Ybl}b ItxwOhib~}xthy Cb ^bwJbfbttb aiix~`hy Atxta&Th}thb} ae Ybl}bItxw@lmhi`yùh Bi}àl b} Wh~`}bM`y~htyàl ae }oh ^b}tà}BtfpAtmhtcp Th}thb} ae YxithB~~hbcy }a Ybl Fbt}`l eatOhc~Thialy}txi}àl ae IaljthyyBttùbc ae DacùbtO`y *Thih~}àlO`y B~~hbtblihOh `y Fby}ht ae ^htx , , , =92

IOB^]HT _C@_,GXL@LBPBIXIOA,

2?492?4=,]oh Mbp& Mthbfy ae Dacùbt&Tùbmbu`b]thb}p dh}zhhl Iacxfd`bblm Dxhlay BpthyAuht}xthy etaf Y~b`l }a Dxhlay Bpthy]oh

F`yyàl aeBcwbjb}a }ohZhy} blm Lat}o]thb}fhl}ae }oh Btjhl&}`lh Ial}`ljhl}dp ^htx Fx}`lpae }ohJbtt`yalae IbccbaOa`y}&`lj }oh Ecbj ae Y~b`lEbcxioaM`yyacx}àl ae }oh Btfp ae }ohBlmhyFalh} aiix~`hy C`fb blm Ibccba]thbiohtp ae ]atth&]bjchYo`~y dxtlhm dp Jx`yh `l ObtdaxtDacùbt lbfhmMì}b}atHhix}àl ae Btjhl}`lh Aeeìhty dp Falh}@cclhyy aeDacùbtO`y ^th~btb}àlyAcboh}b thdhcy bjb`ly} }oh UìhtapDacùbt fbtiohy al Gbxgb&Bmublih ae Ibl}htbiIbubctpBi}àl b} Gxl`lTb~`m Th}thb} ae Ibl}htbiDacùbt th}xtly}a C`fbFauhfhl} bjb`ly} o`f `l }oh Ialjthyy ae Iacxfd`b]oh Y~bl`yo Lbubc YrxbmtalFblahxuthy ae YxithBmublihae Tapbc`y}y etaf IxwiaYxith ialihl}tb}hy o`y Eatihy]ohTapbc`y}y jb`l o`y ThbtUì}atp at Mhb}oUì}atp ae Bpb&ixioa ==9

IOB^]HT C,BÂJHH# MHIC@LH# BLM EBCC AE DAC@UBT,

2?4=2?9>,Thyxc}y ae }oh Uì}atp ae Bpbixioa]oh ]zaeacm Lb}xth ae }oh

Thuacx}àlByybyy`lb}àl ae Fal}hbjxmaDacùbt yxffaly bIaljthyy b} ^blbfbO`y ]ohb}tìbc ^taihhm`ljyX~~ht ^htxdhiafhy bl @lmh~hlmhl} Y}b}h&]hlmhlip ae }oh âcìp aeDacùbtOh chbuhy C`fb eat â}ay`]oh Dblrxh} b} Bthrx`~bDacùbt fhh}y Btjhl}`lh Hluapy b} â}ayÒ`y ^ta~aybcy }a}ohfA~`làly ae }oh ^thyy ae Dxhlay BpthyOh mtbzy x~ bIaly}`}x}àl eat Dacù`bB}}hf~} }a byybyy`lb}h Dacùbt b}C`fbBma~}àl ae b Lhz Ialy}`}x}àl dp ^htx]oh JtblmIalehmhtb}àl ae }oh Blmhy]oh Lb}xth ae }oh ^ta~ayhm Fala&itbipThuacx}àl `l UhlhwxhcbDacùbt Th}xtly }a Iacxfd`b


30/535

__U@ IAL]HL]Y,^BJH

Thuacx}àly `l ^htx blm Dacù`b]oh Ialuhl}àl ae Aib``bDacùbt `y bjb`l lbfhm Mì}b}at ae Lhz JtblbmbIaly~`tbipbjb`ly} o`f b} Daja}bOh mhicbthy Zbt bjb`ly} ^htx^c`yFalbtioìbc ^ta~aybcyThdhccàl b} Bl}àrx`bUhlhwxhcb dh&iafhy bl @lmh~hlmhl} Y}b}h]oh Ialy}`}xhl} Ialjthyy b}Daja}bDacùbt thy`jlyFayrxhtb `y hchi}hm ^thy`mhl} aeLhz Jtblbmb^hlyàl byy`jlhm }a Dacùbt , , , =8?

H^@CAJXH,]oh Uhtmì} ae ây}ht`}p]oh ]tbjhmp ae Hfbli`~b}àlYblFbt}`l jahy }a Hxta~hO`y Th}xtl }a Dxhlay BpthyDacùbt

`l Th}`thfhl}Blbtiop `l Lhz JtblbmbHy}bdc`yofhl} ae }ohTh~xdcì ae HixbmatMhb}o ae DacùbtO`y Cby} ZatmyCèhae Ybl Fbt}`l `l H`chO`y Mhb}oO`y Thfb`ly bth dtaxjo}dbik }a Dxhlay Bpthy]oh Zatk ae }oh ]za C`dhtb}atyiaf~bthm]oh Lb}xth ae ]txh Jthb}lhyy ,,,, =:>

]TBLYCB]AT*Y B^^HLM@_,@,]oh Y~bl`yo Iacal`bc Ypy}hf ,

@@,^htyalbc B~~hbtblih ae Ybl Fbt}`l@@@,]oh Taikh}&]xdhy b} Ibccba ,@U,Mhyit`~}àl ae b Yxy~hlyàl Dt`mjhU,]oh @mhby ae Ybl Fbt}`lU@,B Uhlhwxhcbl ^ì}xth ~thyhl}hm }a }oh I`}p ae Lhz PatkU@@,]oh Db}}ch ae Ibtbdada

=::=:?=:?=:?=:0=?>=?2

D@AJTBÔ@IBC LA]HY,BcubtbmaBthlbchyDtazlIaiotblhJ``hfhy Cby OhtbyCbubcchF`cchtLhiaiohbA*O`jj`ly^bhw,,,, =?=


31/535

^TACAJXH,]oh adghi} ae }o`y daak `y }a jùh b dàjtb~op ae JhlhtbcGAYH mh Ybl Fbt}`l# iafd`l`lj }ohthz`}o }oh o`y}atp ae}oh hfbli`~b}àl ae Yax}o Bfhtìb, @} `y b lhihyybtpiaf~chfhl} }a }oh O`y}atp ae Dhcjtbla# zt`}}hl }o`t}pphbty bja, ]ohyh }za o`y}at`hy m`y~cbp }oh Btjhl}`lhThuacx}àl `l `}y }za ~t`li`~bc by~hi}y ; alh thcb}hy }ohmhuhca~fhl} ae b lb}àl# }oh a}oht }oh heehi} ae }o`ymhuhca~fhl} x~al }oh hfbli`~b}àl ae b ial}`lhl},

]o`y o`y}atp `y dbyhm# eat }oh fay} ~bt}# x~al maixfhl}yo`}oht}a xl~xdc`yohm# yafh ae zoìo bth }txcp ~ay}oxfaxythuhcb}àly zoìo }otaz lhz c`jo} x~al fpy}htàxy atc`}}ch klazl huhl}y# at iatthi} httaty thyxc}`lj etafmhehi}ùh `leatfb}àl,

@ dhc`huh @ obuh ialyxc}hm bcc }oh daaky# ~bf~och}y#lhzy~b~hty blm ecp&yohh}y zoìo obuh huht dhhl ~t`l}hmialihtl`lj Ybl Fbt}`l# blm ae fblxyit`~}y @ obuh b iac&chi}àl ae b} chby} 2>#>>> maixfhl}y# daxlm `l :9 }oìkuacxfhy# zoìo `} `y fp ~xt~ayh }a mh~ay`} `l }oh Lb}àlbcC`dtbtp,]oh fay} `f~at}bl} ae }ohyh yaxtihy ae `leatfb}àl oby

dhhl }oh btioùh ae Jhlhtbc Ybl Fbt}`l o`fyhce# zoìozby ~cbihm b} fp m`y~aybc dp o`y yal&`l&cbz# }oh cb}h MalFbt`bla Dbcibtih, @ obuh bcya ialyxc}hm }oh btioùhy ae


32/535

__Uc`` ^TACAJXH,}o`y i`}p etaf }oh phbt 2?24 }a }oh phbt 2?4=# z`}oax}zoìo `} zaxcm obuh dhhl `f~ayy`dch }a iaf~`ch b iaf&~ch}h o`y}atp, ]oh btioùhy ae }oh M`thi}at ^xhptthmal#zoìo zhth jùhl }a fh dp o`y yal# obuh bcya dhhl ae jthb}yhtuìh }a fh# by bcya }oayh ae Jhlhtbc A*O`jj`ly# Mal]afby Jamap Itxw# Jhlhtbc Cby Ohtby# blm a}ohty, @obuh bcya birx`thm fxio uhtdbc `leatfb}àl etaf ial&uhtyb}àly ohcm z`}o fblp ae }oh ial}hf~atbt`hy ae YblFbt}`l# blm z`}o yafh ae o`y iaf~blàly `l btfy,

@l bmm`}àl }a ialyxc}`lj bcc bub`cbdch fb~y blm ~cblythcb}`lj }a }oh ibf~b`jly ae Ybl Fbt}`l# @ obuh `ly~hi}hm`l ~htyal }oh tax}hy eaccazhm dp }oh btfp ae }oh Blmhy blmobuh fbmh ykh}iohy fpyhce ae }oh yihlh ae fhfatbdchhuhl}y zohl ~cbly zhth la} eat}oiaf`lj,

]o`y daak z`cc la} dh }oh o`y}atìbc falxfhl} zoìo~ay}ht`}p z`cc yafh mbp ialyhitb}h }a }oh `ffat}bc fhfatpae Ybl Fbt}`l# dx} }oayh zoa ma b} yafh ex}xth mb}h hthi}`}# z`cc ohth`l e`lm bdxlmbl} fb}ht`bcy# y}alhy e`l`yohm atdx} taxjocp ix}# z`}o zoìo yac`mcp }a cbp ax} }oheaxlmb}àly,

Dbt}acafh F`}th,Dxhlay Bpthy# 2??:,

Ohth eaccazy# al 48 ~bjhy# b c`y} ae xl~xdc`yohm fblx&yit`~}y ialyxc}hm `l }oh iaf~`cb}àl ae }o`y zatk# zoìofblxyit`~}y z`cc dh mh~ay`}hm `l }oh Lb}àlbc C`dtbtp aeDxhlay Bpthy,

Z`cc`bf ^`cc`lj,


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]OH HFBLI@^B]@AL AE YAX]O BFHT@IB,

IOB^]HT @,O@Y]AT@IBC @L]TAMXI]@AL,

]oh Btjxfhl} ae }oh Daak,]OTHH jthb} lbfhy y}blm eat}o ialy~ìxaxy `l }oh bllbcyae Bfhtìb# }oayh ae Zbyo`lj}al# Dacùbt# Yb Fbt&}`l, Ae Zbyo`lj}al# }oh jthb} chbmht ae }oh Mhfaitbipae }oh Lat}o ; ae Dacùbt blm ae Ybl Fbt}`l# zoa zhth }ohhfbli`~b}aty ae }oh yax}ohtl obce ae }oh ial}`lhl}, ]ohy}atp ae }oh cèh&zatk ae }oh cb}}ht ae }ohyh }za `y }ohBtjxfhl} ae }o`y daak,]oh yihlh ae bi}àl ~byyhy al b uby} }ohb}th# b }htt`}atph}hlm`lj eat fath }obl eè}p mhjthhy ae cb}`}xmh# etafIb~h Oatl }a }oh ]ta~ì ae Ibliht# blm aiix~`hy }zhl}pphbty ae y}tèh, ]oh y}bt}`lj&~a`l} ae }o`y o`y}atp `y }ohBtjhl}`lh thuacx}àl ; `} eaccazy }oh iaxtyh ae }o`y thuacx&}àl by `} y~thbmy auht }oh ial}`lhl}# blm `}y adghi} `y }ah~cb`l }oh cbzy zoìo jauhtlhm }oh hy}bdc`yofhl} ae bebf`cp ae lhz Th~xdcìy# blm }oh exlmbfhl}bc ~t`li`~chyetaf zoìo }ohp y~tblj,

]o`y btjxfhl} `y mxbc blm iaf~ch# eat `} }thb}y da}o ae~ac`}ìbc thuacx}àl blm ae yai`bc huacx}àl, @} yoazyoaz }oh Btjhl}`lh thuacx}àl dhibfh b ~ta~bjblmb }a }ohzatcm ax}y`mh# ae }oh ~t`li`~chy x~al zoìo `} zby dbyhm#blm oaz xlmht }ohyh bxy~ìhy `lmh~hlmhl} blm yauhth`jl

D


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b ]OH HFBLI@^B]@AL AE YAX]O BFHT@IB,lb}àly y~tblj `l}a h`y}hlih# z`}o eatfy blm }hlmhli`hy`l }oh ybfh c`khlhyy blm y`f`c`}xmh, @} yoazy }oh ~taicb&fb}àl ae b lhz `l}htlb}àlbc cbz# zoìo alcp ~htf`}y aebcc`blih bjb`ly} bl hlhfp `l }oh lbfh ae b iaffal mhy&}`lp# blm eatd`my ialrxhy}y blm bllhb}àly, @} yoazybcya }oh eb`cxth ae }oh b}}hf~} `l Iacxfd`b }a xl`}h }ohhfbli`~b}hm iacal`hy bt}èì`bccp `l}a b falaitbip `l a~~a&y`}àl }a lb}xtbc cbz blm }a }oh lhz `mhb ae }oh t`jo}y aefbl `lbxjxtb}hm dp }oh Btjhl}`lh thuacx}àl,]oh }za ohjhfal`hy# }oh Btjhl}`lh blm }oh Iacxfd`bl#

xl`}h }a yh} }oh yhbc x~al }oh hfbli`~b}àl ae Yax}oBfhtìb, Ybl Fbt}`l blm Dacùbt itayy }oh ial}`lhl}etaf }oh B}cbl}ì }a }oh ^bièì dp mèehthl} tax}hy# jù`ljc`dht}p }a hlycbuhm ~ha~chy# eaxlm`lj lhz lb}àly# blmfhh}`lj by }ajh}oht }ohp hlicayh }oh iacal`bc ypy}hf `l `}ycby} hl}thliofhl}y# }ohp dt`lj }oh }za a~~ay`lj ypy}hfyebih }a ebih# }oh yoaik thyxc}`lj `l }oh }t`xf~o ae }ohyx~htàt ~t`li`~ch,]oxy ialy`mhthm# }oh o`y}atp ae }oh hfbli`~b}àl ae

Yax}o Bfhtìb ~thyhl}y b oafajhlhaxy iobtbi}ht# z`}oxl`}p ae bi}àl blm z`}o alh maf`lbl} `mhb# zoìo `l }ohf`my} ae bii`mhl}bc mhu`b}àly thuhbcy }oh h`y}hlih ae bcbz jù`lj alh biiatmbl} y`jlèìblih }a ebi}y biiaf&~c`yohm,]oh y}xmp ae }oh }ohb}th ae }oh zbt ae `lmh~hlmhlih

yoazy }ob} }oh yihlh ~byyhy `l }za m`y}`li} thuacx}àlbtpbthbyalh b} }oh yax}o# iaf~thohlm`lj }oh Xl`}hm ^ta&

_t u`lihy&&`c`QT`pht ^cb}h# Io`ch# blm X~~ht ^htx ; }oha}oht# b} }oh lat}o# iaf~thohlm`lj Uhlhwxhcb# Lhz Jtb&lbmb:|blm Rx`}a, ]oh y}tèh blm }oh }t`xf~o ~taihhmy`fxc}blhaxycp `l hbio bthb xl}`c }oh }za thuacx}àly# c`kh}a }za fbyyhy adhp`lj b thi`~taibc b}}tbi}àl# ialuhtjh}azbtmy }oh ihl}th, ]o`y ~cbl# mtbzl x~ blm ibtt`hm ax}dp }oh }za jthb} C`dhtb}aty# hfbli`~b}hy Yax}o Bfhtìbdp }oh iafd`lhm f`c`}btp bi}àl ae }oh thuac}hm iacal`hy#zoìo bi}àl oby b} alih }oh `mhbc xl`}p ae b ~ahf blm }oh~thi`yàl ae b fbio`lh, K


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O@Y]AT@IBC @L]TAMXI]@AL, 9]oh xl`}p ae }o`y bi}àl `y ichbtcp m`y~cbphm `l }oh

jhlhtbc c`lhy ae }oh cèh ae Ybl Fbt}`l# blm jùhy }a o`yo`y}atì e`jxth bl `f~at}blih ebt }tblyihlm`lj da}o o`ymhhmy blm o`y mhy`jly, Oh zby datl `l bl adyixthBfhtìbl }azl# zoìo m`yb~~hbthm by oh iaffhlihm }ae`jxth x~al }oh yihlh ; }oxy Bfhtìb `l `}y hl}`th}p dh&ibfh o`y iaxl}tp, Oh jthz x~ by b yacm`ht `l }oh AcmZatcm# e`jo}`lj dp yhb blm al cblm `l iaf~blp z`}o }ohe`ty} yacm`hty ae }oh bjh# blm ya ~th~bthm o`fyhce eat o`yzbtc`kh f`yyàl# xlz`}}`lj ae o`y mhy}`lp, @l }oh LhzZatcm oh iaffhlihm o`y ibthht dp hy}bdc`yo`lj }bi}ìyblm m`yi`~c`lh by o`y dbyh ae a~htb}àly# blm etaf }oh`tiafd`lb}àl ~tamxihm o`y fbio`lh ae zbt, Oh ialyac`&mb}hm }oh `lmh~hlmhlih ae }oh Xl`}hm ^tau`lihy ae }ohTùht ^cb}h by }oh ~a`l} etaf zoìo oh f`jo} y}bt} eat }ohialrxhy} ae Yax}o Bfhtìb, @l iaffblm ae }oh btfp ae}oh Lat}o# o`y lbfh `y byyai`b}hm z`}o }oh thuacx}àl aeX~~ht ^htx ; by oh ~byyhm }oh Blmhy `l ~tayhix}àlae o`y azl ~cbl# oh dhibfh `mhl}è`hm z`}o }oh thuacx}àlae Io`ch# blm be}ht ialyac`mb}`lj }oh `lmh~hlmhlih ae }o`yiaxl}tp oh `l`}`b}hm }oh e`ty} `l}htlb}àlbc bcc`blih `lBfhtìb, Oh yhixthm }oh iaffblm ae }oh ^bièì# z`}o&ax} zoìo }oh `lmh~hlmhlih ae Bfhtìb zby b} }ob} }`fh`f~ayy`dch# blm jbuh c`dht}p }a Cazht ^htx, ^`h }ohlibtt`hm }oh thuacx}àlbtp y}blmbtm ae }oh bcc`hy }a }oh eaa}ae ^ìo`liob# zohthR`h fh} }oh c`dhtb}at ae Iacxfd`b,Xlmht }oh hrxb}at# zoìo mù`mhy }oh }za }ohb}thy ae }ohzbt# oh icbygMhm oblmy z`}o Dacùbt, ]oxy hlmhm o`yjtblm ibf~b`jl ; b} }oh b~ajhh ae o`y ~azht oh m`yb~&~hbthm etaf }oh yihlh# klaz`lj }ob} o`y f`yyàl zby exc&e`cchm# }ob} o`y y}thlj}o zby hobxy}hm# blm ialmhflhmo`fyhce }a h`ch# eb`}oexc }a }oh txc`lj fb`f ae o`y cèh#Yhtmy ca rxh mhdhy yit ; p y`!à# la yhtb*y lbmb,'Etaf h`ch oh caakhm x~al }oh thyxc}y ae o`y cèh&zatk}oh mhe`l`}ùh ~ac`}ìbc atjbl`wb}àl ae Yax}o Bfhtìb `l

' $ ]oax yobc} dh }ob} zoìo }oax axjo}hy} }a dh ; è la}# }oax yobc} dhla}o`lj,$ D 4


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t

= ]OH HFBLI@^B]@AL AE YAX]O BFHT@IB,biiatmblih z`}o jhajtb~oìbc mù`yàly# }oh eaxlmb}àl aeb lhz ialy}hccb}àl ae `lmh~hlmhl} Y}b}hy `l adhm`hlih }alb}xtbc cbzy by dp o`f `ly}`li}ùhcp eathyhhl, Oh ybzz`}oax} hlup }ob} Dacùbt# z`}o zoaf oh yobthm }oh jcatpae }oh thmhf~}àl ae b lhz zatcm# zath }oh itazl ae }ohe`lbc }t`xf~o# }oaxjo oh klhz }ob} da}o by b ~ac`}ì`blblm by b yacm`ht oh zby o`y yx~htàt, ]ohl }oh z`cm mthbfae Dacùbt }ob} oh iaxcm eaxlm bl hf~`th ae mh~hlmhl}th~xdcìy xlmht }oh bxy~ìhy ae Iacxfd`b ebmhm bzbp# blmjbuh ~cbih }a }oh Btjhl}`lh ~cbl ae `lmh~hlmhl} th~xdcìy

/ ohtbcmhm dp Ybl Fbt}`l,

Ypla~y`y ae }oh Yax}o Bfhtìbl Thuacx}àl,@} oby dhhl yb`m }ob} ~ay}ht`}p z`cc caak x~al }oh hfbl&

i`~b}àl ae Yax}o Bfhtìb by }oh fay} `f~at}bl} ~ac`}ìbc~ohlafhlal ae }oh l`lh}hhl}o ihl}xtp# da}o `l `}yhceblm etaf }oh ~tadbdch h}hl} ae `}y ex}xth ialyhrxhlihy,]oh `ffhm`b}h thyxc} zby }a dt`lj `l}a h`y}hlih b lhzjtax~ ae `lmh~hlmhl} lb}àly# eaxlmhm al mhfaitb}ì~t`li`~chy# `l a~hl a~~ay`}àl }a }oh t`jo} ae ialrxhy} blm}a }oh majfby ae falbtiop blm bdyacx}`yf zoìo ph}~thub`chm `l }oh Acm Zatcm, ]ohyh lhz lb}àly zhthatjbl`whm al }oh ~t`li`~ch ae hrxbc`}p# blm zhth hfbli`&~b}hm etaf ~tù`chjh# blm }oxy aeehthm bl hl}`thcp ethyoe`hcm eat h~ht`fhl} `l }oh mhuhca~fhl} ae }oh ~opyìbcblm fatbc ebixc}`hy ae fbl, ]o`y fauhfhl} }oxy ialy}`&}x}hy alh ae }oh fay} mtby}ì iobljhy huht heehi}hm `l }ohialm`}àl ae }oh oxfbl tbih, ,]oh e`ty} }otahy ae }o`y thuacx}àl zhth ehc} b} }oh }za

h}thf`}`hy blm `l }oh ihl}th ae Yax}o Bfhtìb `l }ohphbt 2Y>0, @l 2? 2> bcc }oh Y~bl`yo Bfhtìbl iacal`hytayh x~ `l thdhccàl by dp alh `llb}h ,`f~xcyh# blm ~ta&icb`fhm }oh ~t`li`~ch ae yhce&jauhtlfhl}g Y` phbty cb}htbcc# ybuh alh# ae }ohyh `lyxtthi}àly zhth rxhcchm,]oh Xl`}hm ^tau`lihy ae }oh Tùht ^cb}h bcalh fb`l&

}b`lhm }oh`t ~ay`}àl# blm be}ht mhicbt`lj }oh`t azl `lmh&


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O@Y]AT@IBC @L]TAMXI]@AL, 8~hlmhlii }ohp jbuh }a }oh ialrxhthm iacal`hy }oh y`jlbceat }oh jthb} blm e`lbc y}txjjch dp fbk`lj iaffal ibxyhz`}o }ohf,

@l 2?2 : }oh Btjhl}`lh thuacx}àl mthz x~ b ~cbl eat }ohhfbli`~b}àl ae }oh ial}`lhl}# }aak }oh aeehlyùh# itayyhm}oh Blmhy# blm c`dhtb}hm Io`ch ; `l xlàl z`}o Io`chad}b`lhm iaffblm ae }oh ^bièì# c`dhtb}hm ^htx blmibtt`hm oht btfy }a }oh hrxb}at `l b`m ae }oh thuacx}àlae Iacxfd`b, ]o`y u`jataxy `f~xcyh zby ehc} `l }ohh}thfh lat}o ae }o`y yax}ohtl ial}`lhl}# zoìo `l `}y }xtlmhehb}hm blm h~hcchm }oh iobf~àly ae }oh acm ypy}hf#zhl} }otaxjo b y`f`cbt huacx}àl# blm itayyhm }oh Blmhy}a }oh ~a`l} zohth }oh }za eatihy xl`}hm, ]oh O`jocblmyae ^htx dhibfh }oh yihlh ae }oh e`lbc y}txjjch, ]ohl }ohY~bl`yo Bfhtìbl iacal`hy zhth ethh dp }oh`t azly}thlj}o# blm etaf }oh iobay y~tblj x~ b lhz zatcm,Mxt`lj }oh ~tajthyy ae }ohyh huhl}y# }oh Xl`}hm Y}b}hyae }oh Lat}o# }oh ~àlhhty ae }oh Th~xdcìbl htb# thiaj&l`yhm }oh `lmh~hlmhlih ae }oh lhz th~xdcìy /2?44# by$ bl h~thyyàl ae }oh y`f~ch }tx}o#$ blm mhicbthm

$ ]oh ~ha~chy ae Yax}o Bfhtìb obuh b t`jo} }a dthbk}oh iob`ly zoìo d`lm }ohf }a }oh`t fa}oht iaxl}tp# }abyyxfh }oh tblk ae lb}àly bfalj }oh yauhth`jl lb}àlyae }oh zatcm# blm }a hy}bdc`yo `ly}`}x}àly `l biiatmblihz`}o lb}xtbc cbzy mì}b}hm dp Jam o`fyhce,$By b ialyhrxhlih ae }o`y thiajl`}àl }oh Xl`}hm Y}b}hy#`l }oh phbt 2?49# ~tafxcjb}hm }oh ebfaxy Faltah Mai}t`lhzoìo# `l a~~ay`}àl }a }oh Dxcc ae Bchblmht U@,# hy}b&dc`yohm b lhz ~t`li`~ch ae `l}htlb}àlbc cbz xlmht }oheatfxcb

$ Bfhtìb eat }oh Bfhtìbly,$Ethh Hljcblm# zoa b} e`ty} caakhm ebuaxtbdcp x~al }oh

thuacx}àl# dhjbl# `l 2?2 ?# }a chbl }azbtmy Y~b`l blm }ohOacp Bcc`blih# bmuaib}`lj bl bttbljhfhl} al }oh dby`yae }oh $iaffhti`bc ethhmaf$ ae }oh iacal`hy, ]oh m`~ca&fb}`y}y ae Zbyo`lj}al `l}htehthm `l ebuaxt ae }oh`t iaf&~ch}h hfbli`~b}àl# blm Cbebph}}h# `l yx~~at} ae }o`y `mhb#mhicbthm }a }oh Jauhtlfhl} ae ]tblih 7


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5 ]OH HFBLI@^B]@AL AE YAX]O BFHT@IB,$ Blp a~~ay`}àl zoìo fbp dh fbmh }a }oh `lmh~hl&mhlih ae }oh Lhz Zatcm fbp ibxyh yxeeht`lj dx} z`cc

la} `f~ht`c }oh `mhb,$]oxy# fxio dheath }oh e`lbc }t`xf~o# }oh hfbli`~b}àl

ae }oh lhz ial}`lhl} zby biih~}hm by bl biiaf~c`yohmebi}# blm }oh b}}`}xmh ae }oh Xl`}hm Y}b}hy yx~~at}hm dpHljcblm }xtlhm }oh yibchy ae m`~cafbip `l `}y ebuaxt `l2?49, Zohl b} }oh Ialjthyy ae Uhtalb }oh ~bt}p aethbi}àl ~ta~ayhm b ial}tbtp ~acìp# Ibll`lj# ^t`fhF`l`y}ht ae Jthb} Dt`}b`l# zta}h }a Jthlu`cch }oayhfhfatbdch zatmy zoìo th&hioahm }otaxjo }za ohf`&y~ohthy 7$]oh db}}ch oby dhhl e`htih# dx} `} `y zal, ]oh lb`c `y

ichliohm ; Y~bl`yo Bfhtìb `y ethh, Lauxy ybicatzllbyi`}xt atma "

$]oh db}}ch ae Bpbixioa zby }oh thy~alyh }a }ohyh

zatmy# blm Ibll`lj iaxcm }ohl hicb`f 7$ @ obuh ibcchm b lhz zatcm `l}a h`y}hlih }a thmthyy

}oh dbcblih ae }oh acm,$

]oh Bi}àl ae Bfhtìb x~al Hxta~h,]oh cblm m`yiauhthm dp Iot`y}a~oht Iacxfdxy# zoìo

iaf~ch}hm }oh ~opyìbc zatcm# zby mhy}`lhm }a th&hy}bdc`yo`}y jhlhtbc hrx`c`dt`xf b} }oh fafhl} }oh dbyh }ohthaezby yobkhl,

Dheath }oh hlm ae }oh eè}hhl}o ihl}xtp Hxta~h obm cay}`}y fatbc blm ~ac`}ìbc hrx`c`dt`xf, Be}ht }oh `lubyàl ae}oh dbtdbt`bly# zoìo `fdxhm `} z`}o b lhz ~t`li`~ch aecèh z`}oax} mhy}tap`lj }oh jhtf ae mhibp che} dp }oh ebccae }oh Tafbl Hf~`th# `}y iù`c`wb}àl zby bjb`l al }oh&\\~a`l} ae iaccb~yh, La} alh oafajhlhaxy lb}àl }ohthh`y}hm# oht ~tamxi}ùh hlhtjp zby hobxy}hm# c`dht}pzby dx} b cb}hl} oa~h# ~tù`chjh zby }oh maf`lbl} cbz#~ac`}ìy zhth eaxlmhm al }oh ~t`li`~chy ae Fbiio`buhcc`# bccohbc}op huacx}àl `l }oh ~b}o ae ~tajthyy zby `f~ayy`dch,


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O@Y]AT@IBC @L]TAMXI]@AL, ;B ethyo `lubyàl etaf }oh Hby} bmublihm xlmht }ohy}blmbtm ae }oh Ithyihl}# blm }oh mhy~a}`yf ae Fxyyxcfbleblb}ì`yf zby }oh cby} oa~h ie }oh ~ha~ch, Hxta~h# yox}`l dh}zhhl }oh Mblxdh blm }oh ^`ccbty ae Ohtixchy#yhhfhm cay} ; }oh m`yiauhtp ae b lhz zatcm bcalh iaxcmybuh oht,

]o`y m`yiauhtp thy}athm obtfalp }a }oh m`yiatmbl}hchfhl}y# jbuh lhz cèh }a Iot`y}`bl`}p# blm ybuhm }ohc`dht}`hy ae fblk`lm, ]oh Theatfb}àl# zoìo ibfh`ffhm`b}hcp be}htzbtmy# hljtbe}hm x~al }oh ialyi`hlihyae fhl }oh jhtf ae }oh mhfaitb}ì ~t`li`~chy ae }oh D`dch#zoìo# }tbly~cbl}hm }a b lhz zatcm# cb}ht al thjhlhtb}hm}oh heeh}h iù`c`wb}àl dtaxjo} etaf Hxta~h# blm y~thbm `}by b u`}bc ~t`li`~ch ae ~ac`}ìy bcc }oh zatcm auht,]oh ~a~xcbt dhc`he }ob} }oh eaxl}b`l ae h}htlbc pax}o

zby }a dh eaxlm al }oh lhz ial}`lhl} m`yiauhthm dpIacxfdxy# zby la ub`l `fbj`lb}àl, ]oh mhith~`} iù`c`&wb}àl ae }oh Acm Zatcm mthz ethyo pax}o blm y}thlj}oetaf }oh u`tj`l ya`c ae Bfhtìb# }oh jhl`xy ae ~tajthyy}ohth`l cb}hl} mhuhca~hm tb~`mcp `l }oh jhl`bc b`t, ]oha~hl`lj ae }o`y lhz blm uby} e`hcm }a oxfbl bi}ù`}p# zby}txcp b thlaub}àl ae yai`bc atmht `l biiatmblih z`}olb}xtbc cbz# blm thyxc}hm `l }oh atjbl`wb}àl ae b mhfa&itbip dbyhm x~al cbdaxt, ]a }o`y hlm `} zby alcp lhihy&ybtp }ob} }oh Hxta~hbl# chbu`lj o`y acm }tbm`}àly dho`lmo`f# yoaxcm# al b ubibl} ial}`lhl}# zatk ax} o`y azlmhy}`lp xlmht }oh jx`mblih ae ohbc}op `ly}`li},

]oh Iacal`wb}àl ae Y~bl`yo Bfhtìb,@l }oh th~bt}`}àl ae }oh lhz ial}`lhl} }oh zaty} ca} ehcc}a }oh yax}ohtl obce, Y~b`l blm ât}xjbc ibtt`hm }oh`tehxmbc bdyacx}`yf }a }oh`t iacal`hy# dx} }ohp iaxcm la}~cbl} }ohth }oh`t ypy}hfy ae ~tù`chjh# ae bt`y}aitbip# at aeyai`bc `lhrxbc`}p, ]oh jaam blm }oh dbm yhhm bc`kh zhthfamè`hm dp ixc}ùb}àl `l b lhz ya`c# }oh lb}xtbc ~tamxi}


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? ]OH HFBLI@^B]@AL AE YAX]O BFHT@IB,dh`lj mhfaitbip, ]oh famh ae iacal`wb}àl ial}t`dx}hm}a }o`y thyxc}, ]oh fay} }txy}zat}op bllbcy ae }oh @lm`hythiajl`yh }oh ebi} }ob} }oh ialrxhy} zby bio`huhm b} }ohh~hlyh ae }oh ialrxhtaty# z`}oax} blp mtbe}y al }oh tapbc}thbyxtp, Ohlih btayh }ob} y~`t`} ae yhce&thc`blih zoìo}ohp dhrxhb}ohm }a }oh`t mhyihlmbl}y, B thdhc zatcmjthz x~ xlmht }oh bxy~ìhy ae bdyacx}`yf, ]oh iacal`bcialy}`}x}àl# zoìo `lixcib}hm b ~htyalbc mhy~a}`yf blmhicxmhm }oh `mhb ae b iaffal iaxl}tp# ial}t`dx}hm eb}bccp}a }o`y thyxc}, Y~bl`yo Bfhtìb zby caakhm x~al by }oh~htyalbc ~ta~ht}p ae }oh Y~bl`yo falbtio# `l u`t}xh ae }ohDxcc ae Bchblmht U@, ]oxy }oh iacalp m`m la} eatf b ~bt}ae }oh lb}àl# blm zby xl`}hm }a oht alcp dp bcchj`blih }ab iaffal yauhth`jl, Zohl }oh falbtio m`yb~~hbthm#o`y ~azht cb~yhm }a o`y ubyybcy ; }oh cajìbc blm chjbcthyxc} dh`lj }oh yh~btb}àl ae }oh iacal`hy etaf }oh fa}ohtiaxl}tp,]oh jauhtlfhl} ae }oh iacal`hy zby hl}txy}hm }a }oh

Iaxli`c ae }oh @lm`hy# th~thyhl}hm ~ac`}ìbccp dp b Uìh&tap# blm `l cbz dp }oh Bxm`hli`b# }oh daxlmy ae zoayhbx}oat`}p zhth `cc&mhe`lhm, @l fxlì`~bc beeb`ty# }ohIbd`cmay# mhtùhm etaf }oh ethh iaffxl`}`hy ae }oh fa}ohtiaxl}tp# zhth laf`lbccp }oh th~thyhl}b}ùhy ae }oh ~ha~ch,@l }ohf cbp }oh jhtfy ae mhfaitbip# by }ohp ~ayyhyyhm }oht`jo} }a ibcc ~xdcì fhh}`ljy eat }oh yh}}chfhl} ae }oh`tazl beeb`ty dp ua}h# zoìo t`jo}# eat calj `l bdhpblih#dhibfh bl bi}ùh ~azht zohl yx~~at}hm dp ~a~xcbteatih,]oh jthb} h}hl} ae }oh iaxl}tp# }oh zbl} ae fatbc

iaohyàl# }oh bmf`}xth ae tbihy# }oh jhlhtbc iattx~}àl aefbllhty# }oh bdyhlih ae bl `mhbc# }oh cbik ae ~ac`}ìbc blm`lmxy}t`bc bi}ù`}p# blm }oh ~taeaxlm `jlatblih ae }ohfbyyhy# bcc ial}t`dx}hm }a ~tamxih b y}b}h ae yhf`&dbt&dbt`yf dp }oh y`mh ae b zhbkcp iù`c`wb}àl# blm u`}`b}hm}oh hl}`th yai`bc atjbl`yf, Etaf }o`y hfdtpa zby }ay~t`lj b lhz th~xdcìbl zatcm# }oh ~tamxi} ae }oh jhtfycb}hl} z`}o`l `},


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O@Y]AT@IBC @L]TAMXI]@`


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à ]OH HFBLI@^B]@AL AE YAX]O BFHT@IB,hy}bdc`yohm }oh th~thyhl}b}ùh iacalp ae ^hllypcubl`b# }ohlxichxy blm }oh }p~h ae }oh jthb} th~xdcì ae }oh Xl`}hmY}b}hy,Yxio zby }oh jhlhy`y ae mhfaitb}ì c`dht}p# mhy}`lhm }a

dhiafh xlùhtybc,Iacal`bc âcìp `l da}o Bfhtìby,

]oh iaffhti`bc fala~acp zoìo Y~b`l bma~}hm by bypy}hf al }oh m`yiauhtp ae Bfhtìb# obm bl `lecxhlihrx`}h by hu`c x~al ohtyhce by x~al oht iacal`hy, ]oh`l}hl}àl zby }ob} Y~b`l yoaxcm mtbz }a ohtyhce }ohzhbc}o ae }oh Lhz Zatcm# dp khh~`lj `l oht azl oblmy}oh hiobljh ae Hxta~hbl fblxebi}xthy eat }oh ~ta&mxi}y ae Bfhtìb, Huhtp `lmxy}tp zoìo f`jo} iaf~h}hz`}o }oayh ae }oh ^hl`lyxcb zby ~tao`d`}hm `l Bfhtìb,B} e`ty} Yhu`cch# blm be}htzbtmy Ibm`w# zby mhicbthm }adh }oh alcp ~at} etaf zoìo yo`~y cbmhl z`}ofhtioblm`yh iaxcm yb`c# at b} zoìo }ohp iaxcm cblmibtjahy ae iacal`bc ~tamxih, Bcc m`thi} }tbmh dh}zhhl }ohiacal`hy }ohfyhcuhy zby eatd`mmhl, ]oh thy}tì}ùhypy}hf zby iaf~ch}hm dp iacchi}`lj bcc }oh fhtiobl}uhyyhcy `l}a bllxbc at d`hll`bc ialuapy yb`c`lj `l iobtjhae yo`~y ae zbt }a at etaf ât}adhcca blm ^blbfb, Fht&ioblm`yh ya `l}tamxihm# zby ibtt`hm bitayy }oh `y}ofxyblm m`y}t`dx}hm dp zbp ae }oh ^bièì blm dp cblm }aâ}ay`# zohth }oh Yax}ohtl blm B}cbl}ì ^tau`lihy iaxcmyx~~cp }ohfyhcuhy b} ~tìhy eùh at y` oxlmthm ~ht ihl}#auht }oh at`j`lbc iay}, Yxio b ypy}hf iaxcm alcp y~t`ljetaf b f`lm hlehhdchm dp }oh ~ayyhyyàl ae bdyacx}h~azht# blm iaxcm alcp dh }achtb}hm dp b tbih ae ycbuhy,Dheath alh ihl}xtp obm hcb~yhm# }oh ~a~xcb}àl ae Y~b`lzby thmxihm dp alh&obce# oht fblxebi}xt`lj `lmxy}t`hyzhth tx`lhm# oht fhtibl}`ch fbt`lh la caljht h`y}hm# oht}tbmh zby `l }oh oblmy ae eath`jl yfxjjchty# blm }oh jacmblm y`cuht ae }oh Lhz Zatcm zhl} huhtpzohth hih~} }aY~b`l,' Zohl Y~b`l# }bxjo} dp h~ht`hlih# yaxjo} }a

' Yhh B~~hlm` @,


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24 ]OH HFBLI@^B]@AL AE YAX]O BFHT@IB,Ixy}afy mx}`hy# zby }oh `ffhm`b}h ibxyh ae }oh thuacx&}àl `l Lat}o Bfhtìb, ]oh thuacx}àl ae Yax}o Bfhtìbbtayh etaf b rxhy}àl ae exlmbfhl}bc ~t`li`~chy,]oh Y}bf~ ]b `f~ayhm dp Hljcblm al oht iacal`hy zby

th~hbchm al }oh jtaxlm }ob} `} zby bl `l}htlbc }b# dx}^btc`bfhl} ybli}àlhm }oh `f~ay`}àl ae Ixy}afy mx}`hyal }oh jtaxlm }ob} }ohp zhth bl h}htlbc }b# }oh ~tamxihae }oh iacal`hy dh`lj yxdghi} }a }oh z`cc ae }oh k`lj, ]ohiacal`y}y ~ta}hy}hm blm }aak b ext}oht y}h~ dp mhicbt`lj}ob} }oh Fx}`lp Bi} obm la}o`lj }a ma z`}o }ohf# by `}zby ybli}àlhm dp b ^btc`bfhl} `l zoìo }ohp zhth la}th~thyhl}hm, ]ohp ibcchm ax} }oh`t fxlì`~bc f`c`}`b# blmya `l 2::= iaffhlihm }oh jthb} y}txjjch eat }oh hfbli`&~b}àl ae Bfhtìb, Mxt`lj }hl phbty }oh`t thy`y}blih obmdhhl kh~} z`}o`l }oh c`f`}y ae }oh cbzy# dx} etaf }o`yfafhl} }ohp }aak }oh`t y}blm al }oh z`mh dby`y ae lb}xtbcblm `mhbc t`jo}# `lmh~hlmhl} ae cbz blm ae }tbm`}àl,]oh Mhicbtb}àl ae @lmh~hlmhlih al }oh =}o Gxcp# 2::5#zby }oh ~taicbfb}àl ae bl `llb}h xlùhtybc oxfbl t`jo}#

ae b lhz }ohatp ae jauhtlfhl} `lmh~hlmhl} ae ~thihmhl}#`ly~`thm dp lb}xtbc cbz# dp ~o`caya~op# blm dp ~ac`}ìbcyi`hlih, ]o`y mhicbtb}àl dhibfh# by oby dhhl yb`m#

$ ]oh ~taehyyàl ae eb`}o ae bcc }oh c`dhtbcy ae }ohzatcm,$]oh hioa ae }ohyh }ohat`hy zby ohbtm `l Etblih# blm dp

oht zby }tblyf`}}hm }a }oh Cb}`l lb}àly ae da}o ohf`&y~ohthy, ]oh ~ha~ch hfdtbihm }ohf z`}o hl}oxy`byf,X~ }a }ob} }`fh }za yioaacy ae ~ac`}ìy obm mù`mhm}ohhf~`th ae ethh }oaxjo}, ]oh o`y}atìbc yioaac# chm dpFal}hyrx`hx# caakhm x~al }oh ialy}`}x}àl ae Hljcblm by}oh e`l`yohm zatk ae h~ht`hlih blm ae oxfbl cajì, ]oh~o`caya~oìbc yioaac# chm dp Taxyyhbx# mhl`hm }oh ubcxh aeh~ht`hlih blmg< }oaxjo} }a hy}bdc`yo c`dht}p blm }oh yauh&th`jl}p ae }oh ~ha~ch dp yhhk`lj $}oh dhy} eatf ae byya&i`b}àl eat }oh mhehlih blm ~ta}hi}àl ae hbio byyai`b}hbjb`ly} }oh eatih ae bcc# ya }ob} hbio alh yoaxcm adhp alcpo`fyhce blm thfb`l ethh by dheath,$ ]o`y yhialm mai}t`lh


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O@Y]AT@IBC @L]TAMXI]@AL 29eatfxcb}hm `l }oh ialy}`}x}àl ae }oh Xl`}hm Y}b}hy# dh&ibfh b lhz ~t`li`~ch `l ~ac`}ìbc yi`hlih# blm by yxio fh}z`}o jhlhtbc biih~}blih }otaxjoax} }oh iacal`hy ae Yax}oBfhtìb,]oh fay} `f~at}bl} ehb}xth ae }oh thuacx}àltae Lat}c`Bfhtìb `y la} }oh bio`huhfhl} ae oht lb}àlbc `lmh~hlm&

hlih# dx} oht hfbli`~b}àl# ~ac`}ìbc# `l}hcchi}xbc# blmfatbc# `l }oh lbfh ae oxfbl t`jo}y blm `l ialy}`}x}àlbceatf, Etaf }o`y fafhl}# Hljc`yo ialy}`}x}àlbc`yfihbyhm }a dh b famhc# blm }oh Hljc`yo ialy}`}x}àl }a dhbl `mhbc# huhl bfalj }oh Hljc`yo }ohfyhcuhy# zoa obuhobm }a thiajl`yh }oh`t mhyihlmbl}y blm ~ac`}ìbc ~x~`cy by}oh`t fby}hty,]oh y~`t`} ae ethh Hljcblm# bl}ì`~b}`lj }oh uhtmì} ae

~ay}ht`}p# gxy}è`hm `lyxtthi}àl `l Bfhtìb, Y}b}hyfhlblm }o`lkhty yxio by Iob}obf blm Dxtkh# ypf~b}o`yhm`l }oh fauhfhl}# mhicbt`lj# $ ]ohth `y la fala~acp ae~t`li`~ch#$ dx} `}y heehi} x~al Etblih zby y}`cc fathfbtkhm# dh`lj }oh ax}iafh ae }oh thbyal`ljy ae oht~o`caya~ohty,]oxy `} zby }ob} Bfhtìb thbi}hm eat }oh yhialm }`fh

x~al Hxta~h z`}o fay} dhlheì`bc heehi}, Al }oh }o`tmaiibyàl }oh ~bt} ae }hbioht `y ~cbphm dp Yax}o Bfhtìb,

]oh Bee`c`b}àl ae }oh Thuacx}àl ae Yax}oBfhtìb,

Obtmcp zby ^htx ialrxhthm dp }oh Y~bl`yo tbih# }obl`} dhibfh }oh }ohb}th ae iù`c zbt, ]oh ialrxhtaty#ohbmhm dp Jalwbca ^`wbtta# thdhcchm bjb`ly} }oh`t k`lj `l}oh lbfh ae }oh`t t`jo}y by ialrxhtaty# ix} aee }oh ohbm ae}oh k`lj*y th~thyhl}b}ùh blm dxtlhm }oh Tapbc Y}blmbtm,Obtmcp obm alh jhlhtb}àl }`fh }a jtaz x~ `l Bfhtìb#hth b yal ae Ohtlbl Iat}hw# `l zoayh uh`ly ecazhm }ohdcaam ae }oh ihchdtb}hm @lm`bl Malb Fbt`lb# ialy~`thm }ajùh `lmh~hlmhlih }a Fhìa `l }oh lbfh ae }oh ybfh}htt`}at`bc t`jo}y `luakhm dp ^`wbtta, ]oh ebt aee iacalp


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2= ]OH HFBLI@^B]@AL AE YAX]O BFHT@IB,ae ^btbjxbp zby etaf }oh e`ty} b }xtdxchl} fxlì`~bcth~xdcì, ]oh iacal`y}y mh~ayhm }oh`t tapbccp b~~a`l}hmjauhtlaty z`}o yoax}y ae $ Mhb}o }a ]ptbl}y#$ hchi}hmtxchty ae }oh`t azl# blm m`m by }ohp c`khm eat fath }obl}zhl}p&eùh phbty /2898&5>, ]ohyh blm fblp a}oht y`f`cbtebi}y# ~tauh }ob} }oh iacal`wb}àl ae Yax}o Bfhtìb zby`fdxhm etaf }oh iaffhlihfhl} z`}o }oh ~t`li`~ch ae`lmù`mxbc`}p blm z`}o }oh `ly}`li} ae `lmh~hlmhlih# zoìolb}xtbccp thyxc}hm `l hfbli`~b}àl blm mhfaitbip,]ohyh `lyxtthi}àly zhth ax}dxty}y ae Iby}`cc`bl y~`t`}#

dx} hbtcp `l }oh h`jo}hhl}o ihl}xtp# Ithachy dhj`l }a ibcc}ohfyhcuhy z`}o ~t`mh Bfhtìbly# blm eat }oh e`ty} }`fh`y ohbtm `l â}ay` }oh itp ae C`dht}p, @l 2:2 2 }oh obce&dthhmy ~taicb`fhm b fxcb}}a K`lj ae Uhlhwxhcb, @l 2:99}oh Ithachy tayh `l btfy blm iaf~hcchm }oh bdtajb}àl ae}oh iaffhti`bc fala~acp ae }oh $ Iaf~bl`b Jx`~xw&iablb mh Ibtbiby,$ @l 2:9> }za }oaxyblm obce&dthhmy b}Iaiobdbfdb /X~~ht ^htx# fbmh btfhm ~ta}hy} bjb`ly}}oh ~acc&}b# blm birx`thm }oh t`jo} }a hchi} Ithachy byaeeìhty ae gxy}ìh }a }oh hicxyàl ae Y~bl`btmy, @l 2:58}oh Ithachy ae Rx`}a tayh `l btfhm `lyxtthi}àl bjb`ly}}oh `f~ay`}àl ae m`thi} }bhy, Lalh ae }ohyh ax}dthbkyobm by ph} blp mhe`l`}h ~ac`}ìbc iobtbi}ht, ]oh hf&dtpalì th~xdcì ae ^btbjxbp jbuh }oh e`ty} hbf~ch aeb thuacx}àlbtp fauhfhl} dbyhm x~al }oh yauhth`jl}p ae}oh ~ha~ch,

Gayh Bl}hrxhtb# dp d`t}o bl Bfhtìbl dx} hmxib}hm`l Y~b`l# b~~hbthm al }oh yihlh mxt`lj b m`y~x}h Dh}zhhl}oh jauhtlat ae ^btbjxbp blm }oh Ibd`cma ae Byxliàl,]oh ~ha~ch lbfhm o`f jauhtlat dp biicbfb}àl, Oh~cbihm o`fyhce b} }oh`t *ohbm# `l a~~ay`}àl }a }oh }oha&itb}ì txch ae }oh Ghyx`}y# zoa zhth tx`l`lj }oh iaxl}tp,Oh eaxjo} ~`}iohm db}}chy bjb`ly} }oh tapbc }taa~y blmzby dchyyhm by b ybuàxt# dx} m`hm al }oh yibeeacm by b}tb`}at }a o`y k`lj,

Be}ht o`y mhb}o# o`y ~x~`c Ehtlblma Faf~a atjbl`whm}oh ~a~xcbt ~bt}p xlmht }oh lbfh ae }oh Iaf}fhtay#


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O@Y]AT@IBC @L]TAMXI]@AL, 28mh~ayhm bla}oht jauhtlat blm hy}bdc`yohm b jauhtl`lj&Gxl}b# dx} zby bcya auhtiafh,@l 2 :?2 }oh Iafxlitay dtakh ax} `l `lyxtthi}àl `l LhzJtblbmb# dx} }oh fauhfhl} zby yx~~thyyhm,]ohyh zhth la} huhl}y ae jthb} o`y}atìbc `f~at}blih#

dx} }ohp yoaz }ob} }otaxjoax} }oh ~htàm ae Y~bl`yomaf`lb}àl# }oh txch ae }oh fa}oht iaxl}tp zby `tkyafh}a }oh Y~bl`btmy }ohfyhcuhy# blm zby ob}hexc }a bccBfhtìbly,

]oh Fatbc Thuacx}àl ae Yax}o Bfhtìb,]ohth ibl dh la thuacx}àl xl}`c }oh `mhby ae fhl

dhiafh }oh ialyi`hlih ae }oh fbyy# blm xl}`c }oh ~byyàlyae fhl dhiafh b ~xdcì eatih# dhibxyh $ `} `y fbl blm la}huhl}y zoìo ialy}`}x}h }oh zatcm,$ ]oh thuacx}àl zbybiiaf~c`yohm `l }oh fbl ae Yax}o Bfhtìb dheath }oh hlmae }oh h`jo}hhl}o ihl}xtp ; be}ht }ob} bcc o`y bi}àly obuhalh adghi} blm alh fhbl`lj, Hfbli`~b}àl zby$ lacaljht bl `ly}`li}# `} dhibfh bl bi}ùh ~byyàl,

Y~b`l }otaxjo ghbcaxyp ae Hljcblm ga`lhm Etblih `lb`m`lj }oh thdhcy ae }oh Lat}o# blm oht thiajl`}àl ae }oh`lmh~hlmhlih ae }oh lhz th~xdcì zby u`t}xbccp }oh bdm`&ib}àl ae oht azl bx}oat`}p auht }oh Yax}o, Btblmb# alhae }oh e`ty} y}b}hyfhl ae o`y }`fh# bmu`yhm o`y yauhth`jl`l 2:?9 }a eathy}bcc }oh `lhu`}bdch ex}xth dp fbk`lj alh`lebl}h K`lj ae Fhìa# alh K`lj ie ^htx# blm alh K`ljae }oh Fb`lcblm# }bk`lj }a o`fyhce }oh tblk ae Hf~htat,]oh K`lj ae Y~b`l yox} o`y hbty }a }ohyh iaxlyhcy,]oh thuacx}àl ae 2:?0 ~tauhm }ob} }oh `mhby hfdam`hm

`l }oh Mhicbtb}àl ae @lmh~hlmhlih zhth ae xlùhtybcb~~cìb}àl, ]oh falbtioy ae Hxta~h }aak }oh bcbtfblm eatfhm thbi}àlbtp chbjxhy, ]a Yax}o Bfhtìb}ohyh `mhby zhth ialuhphm dp hmxib}hm Ithachy# zoa}tbuhcc`lj `l Hxta~h chbtlhm }ohf etaf Ethlio zt`}hty,$ ]oh T`jo}y ae Fbl $ zby }tblycb}hm# ~t`l}hm `l yhith}#blm i`tixcb}hm }otaxjo Lhz Jtblbmb dp Bl}alà Lbt`la,


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25 ]OH HFBLI@^B]@AL AE YAX]O BFHT@IB,Iobtjhm z`}o }o`y by b it`fh# la ~taae iaxcm dh dtaxjo}bjb`ly} o`f by la ia~p ae }oh daak iaxcm dh eaxlm#}at}xthy eb`c`lj }a h}tbi} `leatfb}àl etaf yxy~hi}y, Ohzby dbl`yohm }a Betìb# o`y ~ta~ht}p iale`yib}hm# blm o`yat`j`lbc ia~p ae }oh zatk zby dxtl} dp }oh ~xdcì hhix&}àlht, Etaf }oh fhl ae ixc}xth }oh lhz `mhby e`c}hthm}a }oh fbyyhy# }tblyeatf`lj }oh`t f`lmy dp }oh ithb}àl aebl `mhbc# zoìo hbio alh `l}ht~th}hm `l biiatmblih z`}oo`y azl }bchl}y# `l}hthy}y# at ~thgxmìhy,

]oh ^thixtyat ae }oh Hfbli`~b}àl ae Yax}oBfhtìb,

Mxt`lj yafh phbty ~thuàxycp bl btmhl} b~ay}ch aeoxfbl c`dht}p obm zblmhthm bdax} }oh zatcm, Oh zby bmthbfht z`}o ialexyhm `mhby blm xlm`yi`~c`lhm b}}b`l&fhl}y# b jhlhtaxy f`lmhm zbttàt# bdauh bcc# b fbl, aey}talj z`cc, B yacm`ht ae Zbyo`lj}al# b iaftbmh aeCbebph}}h# b jhlhtbc xlmht Mxfaxt`hw#' b iaf~blàl aeFbmbfh Tacblm `l oht ~t`yal# b iale`mbl} ae ^`}} `lo`y yiohfhy ae `lyxtthi}àl `l }oh iacal`hy ae Y~bl`yoBfhtìb# m`y}`ljx`yohm dp Ib}obt`lh @@, ae Txyy`b#&zoayhebuaxty oh ~x} by`mh `l mhehthlih }a o`y bxy}hth f`yyàl#caakhm x~al dp Lb~achal by b cxlb}ì z`}o b y~btk ae }ohybithm e`th# Etbli`yia F`tblmb# b lb}ùh ae Ibtbiby#zby }oh e`ty} }a eathyhh }oh jthb} mhy}`l`hy ae th~xdcìblBfhtìb# blm }oh e`ty} }a tb`yh }oh dbllht ae ethhmaf al}oh yax}ohtl ial}`lhl},Oh `} zby zoa atjbl`yhm }oh thuacx}àlbtp heeat}y a`Yax}o Bfhtìbly `l Hxta~h ; hy}bdc`yo`lj bl xlmhty}blm&`lj z`}o }oh Ithachy ae }oh iacal`hy, @} zby oh zoa}azbtmy }oh icayh ae }oh h`jo}hhl}o ihl}xtp eaxlmhm `l

' F`tblmb yhtuhm z`}o jthb} m`y}`li}àl `l }oh ibf~b`jly ae UbClp blmGhfb~~hy# blm iaffblmhm }oh t`jo} z`lj ae }oh Th~xdcìbl btfp b} }oh m`yby&}taxy beeb`t ae Lhhtz`lmhl, Oh zby be}htzbtmy `f~t`yalhm dp }oh M`thi}atp at,yxy~ìàl ae dh`lj `f~cìb}hm `l }oh mhehi}àl ae Mxfaxt`hw# zoayh }thbiohtp ohobm mhlaxlihm# dx} hyib~hm blm echm }aQHljcblm, ]t,


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O@Y]AT@IBC @L]TAMXI]@AL, 2:Calmal }oh ~ac`}ìbc yai`h}p# }oh $ Jtbl Thxlàl Bfht`&iblb#$ }a zoìo }ohp zhth bcc bee`c`b}hm, @l }o`y yai`h}pzhth `l`}`b}hm `l }oh fpy}ht`hy ae ex}xth c`dht}p# A*O`jj`lyae Io`ch# Lbt`la ae Lhz Jtblbmb# Fal}xebt blm Taibexht}hae Rx`}a# Ibta ae Ixdb# zoa th~thyhl}hm }oh ~b}tà}y ae^htx# Bcuhbt# bl Btjhl}`lh# blm a}ohty zoa cb}ht aldhibfh `ccxy}tàxy, Ohth }oh }za jthb} c`dhtb}aty# Dac`&ubt blm Ybl FBT]@L# }aak bl ab}o }a zatk ax} }oh}t`xf~o ae }oh ibxyh ae }oh hfbli`~b}àl ae Yax}oBfhtìb,

]o`y yai`h}p zby }oh }p~h ae }oh yhith} yai`h}`hy zoìo#}tbly~cbl}hm }a }oh }ohb}th ae bi}àl# `f~thyyhm `}y yhbcx~al }oh iobtbi}hty ae }oayh zoa m`thi}hm }oh thuacx}àlae Yax}o Bfhtìb, ]ohp `laixcb}hm `} z`}o }oh }txhBfhtìbl `mhb# zoìo# ohhmchyy ae etal}`hty blm m`ythjbtm&`lj bcc ady}bichy# caakhm x~al }oh hlycbuhm iacal`hy byalh# z`}o alh by~`tb}àl# z`}o alh cauh# blm z`}o alhob}thm ae }oh`t iaffal fby}ht, ]o`y jbuh iaohyàl }a}oh thuacx}àl `l Sfhtìb# blm hlyxthm }t`xf~o dp }ohxlàl ae bcc eatihy }a alh iaffal hlm, Ohth zby }oh~a`l} ae ial}bi} ae bcc Ithachy# zohthuht }ohp f`jo} zatkeat `lmh~hlmhlih blm eat c`dht}p, Ohth `y }oh h~cblb}àlae }oh `mhl}`}p ae }oh at`j`lbc fauhfhl}y `l y~`}h ae }oh`yacb}àl ae hbio iacalp,F`tblmb yaxjo} }a `l}hthy} }oh zoach zatcm `l }oh ibxyh

ae `lmh~hlmhlih ; io`hecp oh yaxjo} }oh ohc~ ae Hljcblm,]othh }`fhy /2:0> 2?>2 oh ad}b`lhm b ~taf`yh ae fatbcblm fb}ht`bc yx~~at} etaf ^`}}# z`}o }oh ia&a~htb}àl ae}oh Xl`}hm Y}b}hy, Hxta~hbl iaf~cìb}àly blm }ohohy`}b}àl ae }oh ibd`lh} b} Zbyo`lj}al# ~thuhl}hm }ohexce`cfhl} ae }ohyh ~taf`yhy, @l 2:02 oh ~xdc`yohm b ch}}ht}a }oh Bfhtìbly# `l zoìo oh b}}bikhm }oh iacal`bc ypy}hfae Y~b`l# mhicbt`lj }ob} lb}xth obm yh~btb}hm Bfhtìbetaf Y~b`l dp }oh `l}ht~ay`}àl ae }oh aihbl# }oxy hfbli`&~b}`lj oht yaly etaf }oh fa}oht iaxl}tp# blm }ob} }ohp$Zhth ethh dp lb}xtbc t`jo} thihùhm etaf }oh Ithb}at;}ob} }oh fafhl} obm bttùhm eat a~hl`lj x~ b lhz htb a}

I


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`? ]OH HFBLI@^B]@AL AE YAX]O BFHT@IB,~tay~ht`}p ; blm z`}o }oh b`m ae ^tau`mhlih# }a tb`yh x~ `lBfhtìb b jtblm ebf`cp ae dta}ohty xl`}hm dp b iaffal`l}hthy},$Eb`c`lj `l o`y b}}hf~} }a yhixth }oh ohc~ ae Hljcblm blm

}oh Xl`}hm Y}b}hy# F`tblmb uhl}xthm x~al }oh hl}ht~t`yhdp o`fyhce, @l }oh phbt 2?>5 oh fbmh }za b}}hf~}y }ak`lmch }oh e`th ae thuacx}àl `l o`y lb}ùh iaxl}tp, Ohcblmhm al }oh fb`lcblm b} Aixfbth z`}o }za oxlmthmfhl# blm b} Uhcb mh Iata z`}o eùh oxlmthm, Lalhthy~almhm }a o`y ibcc# dx} }oh itp zby ohbtm# blm `}y hioathyaxlmhm }otaxjo }za zatcmy,Hljcblm# al }oh mhb}o ae ^`}}# bdblmal`lj o`y ~taghi}y

@ eat }oh hfbli`~b}àl ae }oh iacal`hy ae Y~bl`yo Bfhtìb#b}}hf~}hm }a ialrxht }ohf eat ohtyhce# blm zby }zìhmhehb}hm b} Dxhlay Bpthy `l 2?>5 blm 2?>:, F`tblmbzby ~chbyhm b} }o`y mhehb}# blm `l 2?>? zta}h }a ialjtb}x&cb}h }oh Ibd`cma ae Dxhlay Bpthy, B} }oh ybfh }`fh ohzta}h }a }oh Ibd`cma ae Ibtbiby# jù`lj la}ìh ae }oh`lubyàl ae Y~b`l dp Lb~achal# bmu`y`lj }ohf }a }bkhiobtjh ae }oh jauhtlfhl} blm }a yhlm mh~x}`hy }a Calmal}a bttbljh }oh ex}xth iaxtyh ae }oh Lhz Zatcm, B} }ohybfh }`fh oh ~xdc`yohm `l Calmal b ~bf~och} zt`}}hl `lHljc`yo dp bl Hljc`yofbl# `l zoìo etaf }oh mhehb} ae}oh Hljc`yo zby mtbzl b chyyal# dbyhm x~al }oh a~`làlae Jhlhtbc Bxiofx}p# }ob} }oh Ithachy zaxcm alcp fbkhbcc`blih z`}o Hljcblm al ialm`}àl ae }oh`t azl `lmh~hl&mhlih, F`tblmb }tblycb}hm }o`y ~bf~och} `l}a Y~bl`yo#blm bmmhm b ykh}io ae b ialy}`}x}àl eat }oh lhz Y}b}hy~ta~ayhm# }oh maf`lbl} `mhb ae zoìo zby b ehmhtbcth~xdcì al b dby`y ae `lmh~hlmhl} Ibd`cmay,By }oh uì}atp ae Dxhlay Bpthy fbmh b jthb} la`yh `l}oh zatcm# blm fath hy~hi`bccp `l }oh ohbt}y ae Bfhtìbly#}o`y ~ta~bjblmb ehcc `l z`}o }oh lhz yhl}`fhl} ae lb}àl&bc`}p# m`yicayhm `l }oh zatmy ae Mal Iatlhcà Ybbuhmtb `lo`y bmmthyy }a }oh ^b}tìày' ae Dxhlay Bpthy `l 2?>:7

' B lb}ùh thj`fhl} zoìo obm }bkhl b ~taf`lhl} ~bt} `l }oh th~xcyh ae }ohHljc`yo, *Gt,


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O@Y]AT@IBC @L]TAMXI]@AL, 20$]oayh datl `l }oh @lm`hy# zoayh y~`t`}y bth xlmbxl}hm#bth `l la zbp `lehtàt }a }oh Y~bl`btmy ae Hxta~h# blm `lubcaxt jùh ~cbih }a lalh,$

]oh Tbihy ae Yax}o Bfhtìb,]oh Ithach,Eùh tbihy# zoìo eat o`y}atì ~xt~ayhy fbp dh caakhm

x~al by }othh alcp# ~ha~chm }oh Yax}ohtl Ial}`lhl} b} }ohax}dthbk ae }oh Zbt ae @lmh~hlmhlih 7 }oh Hxta~hblzY~bl`btmy# }oh Y~bl`yo&Bfhtìbl Ithachy# blm }oh obce&dthhmy ; bcya }oh `lm`jhlaxy @lm`bly# blm }oh lhjtahy etafBetìb, ]oh Y~bl`btmy eatfhm b ~tù`chjhm icbyy# blm dpthbyal ae }oh`t at`j`l hlgaphm da}o ~ac`}ìbc blm yai`bc~th&hf`lhlih, ]oh @lm`bly blm }oh lhjtahy eatfhm }ohyhtu`ch icbyy, ]oh obce&dthhmy# mhtùhm etaf b f`}xth ae}othh tbihy# eatfhm bl `l}htfhm`b}h icbyy# blm `l yafh~cbihy zhth `l b cbtjh fbgat`}p, ]oh Ithachy# m`thi}mhyihlmbl}y ae Y~bl`btmy# ae ~xth dcaam# dx} famè`hm `liobtbi}ht dp ial}bi} z`}o }oh obce&dthhmy# zhth }oh }txh yalyae }oh ya`c# blm ialy}`}x}hm }oh dby`y ae yai`h}p, Jhlhtbccp}oh fay} lxfhtaxy# }ohp zhth bczbpy }oh iù`c`y`lj eatihae }oh iacalp, ]ohp zhth }oh fay} hlhtjh}ì# }oh fay}`l}hcc`jhl} blm `fbj`lb}ùh ; blm z`}o bcc }oh`t `loht`}hmuìhy blm }oh`t zbl} ae ~th~btb}àl eat ethhmaf# zhth }ohalcp alhy bl`fb}hm dp bl `llb}h yhl}`fhl} ae ~b}tà}`yf,]oayh datl `l Yax}o Bfhtìb }oxy eatfhm b tbih b~bt}#

bl a~~thyyhm tbih# zoa ybz `l }oh`t blihy}aty blm `l }oh`tial}hf~atbt`hy la} eb}ohty blm dta}ohty# dx} fby}hty, ]ohiacal`bc ypy}hf ~cbihm# }a b iht}b`l h}hl}# bcc lb}ùhy ae}oh ya`c x~al }oh ybfh chuhc# blm mthz b dtabm c`lh aem`y}`li}àl dh}zhhl }oh Y~bl`yo&Bfhtìbl iacal`y}y blm}oh`t fa}oht iaxl}tp, Y~b`l# dp thbyal ae m`y}blih#p`hcmhm }a oht iacal`y}y jthb}ht ethhmaf blm fath fxl`&i`~bc t`jo}y }obl yoh jbuh }a oht azl yaly `l }oh`t azlcblm# dx} oht bdyacx}h jauhtlfhl} iaxcm la} d`lm ohtiacal`hy }a oht dp }oh }`h ae lb}àlbc`}p, Fhl ae Y~bl`yo

I 4


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4> ]OH HFBLI@^B]@AL AE YAX]O BFHT@IB,d`t}o caakhm x~al }oh iacal`hy by ehxmbc }htt`}atp# auhtzoìo }ohp# by dh`ljy ae b yx~htàt tbih# zhth }oh lb}xtbccatmy# blm }oaxjo} }ob} è alcp b yoahfbkht thfb`lhm`l Iby}`ch# }o`y yoahfbkht obm }oh t`jo} }a jauhtl bccBfhtìb,]oh lb}xtbc by~`tb}àl ae ycbuhy `y eat ethhmaf# blm }ob}

ae a~~thyyhm tbihy zoa klaz }oh`t azl y}thlj}o `y }abyyxfh }oh`t ~cbih `l }oh oxfbl ebf`cp, @l }o`y maxdchby~`tb}àl cbp }oh jhtf ae thuacx}àl `l Bfhtìb, @l 2:?>}oh `lm`jhlaxy tbih xlmht ]x~bi&Bfbtx# b mhyihlmbl}ae }oh @liby# tayh hl fbyyh `l ^htx bjb`ly} }oh`t a~~thy&yaty# dx} zhth lb}xtbccp mhehb}hm, ]ohp ~ayyhyyhm lajthb} yai`bc eatih# blm m`m la} th~thyhl} }oh ibxyh aeiù`c`whm Bfhtìb, ]oh mbp ae }oh Ithachy obm la} ph}iafh# dx} }ohp ybz la}o`lj }a bmf`th# }a cauh# at }a thy~hi}`l Y~b`l, Bl bdyacx}h K`lj# jhlhtbccp bl `fdhi`ch# zby}oh yach ~a`l} ae ial}bi} dh}zhhl }ohf, ]oh`t fa}ohtiaxl}tp zby }a }ohf lh`}oht b iaxl}tp lat b fa}oht, ]oh`ly}`li} ae `lmh~hlmhlih dhibfh b ~byyàl# huhl fathuhohfhl} `l }oayh zoa thy`mhm `l Y~b`l }obl `l }oayh zoaobm lhuht che} }oh`t azl ohbt}oy, ]oxy `} zby }ob} }ohchbmhty zoa m`m fay} eat }oh thuacx}àl ibfh etaf Y~b`l,

@l }oh y}txjjch hbio tbih }aak `}y azl y~hi`bc ~bt},]oh Ithachy eatfhm }oh ubljxbtm blm m`thi}hm }oh fauh&fhl}y, ]oh `lm`jhlaxy tbihy eatfhm }oh e`ty} c`lh `lFhìa# dx} hcyhzohth }ohp zhth alcp xyhexc by bx`c`bt`hy,@l Yax}o Bfhtìb }oh obce&dthhmy eatfhm }oh tblk blme`ch ae }oh btf`hy ae }oh thuacx}àl, ]oh Btjhl}`lh jbxioa#z`}o }oh eb}bc`yf ae }oh Btbd blm }oh y}thlj}o ae }ohIayybik# jbuh }oh }p~h }a }oh ibubctp# thlazlhm eat }oh`f~h}xay`}p ae }oh`t iobtjh etaf Cb ^cb}b }a Io`fdatbwa,]oh c`blitay' ae Uhlhwxhcb# obce&dthhmy eat }oh fay} ~bt}#eatfhm }oh ebfaxy yrxbmtaly ae Iacxfd`b# zoayh ehb}yzhth ihchdtb}hm etaf }oh At`laia }a â}ay`, ]oh ta}ay\ aeIo`ch# fay}cp ae @lm`bl dcaam# eatfhm z`}o Btjhl}`lhy `lyac`m db}}bcàly# zoa fhbyxthm }oh`t y}thlj}o z`}o Y~bl`yo

' ,Fhl ae }oh ~cb`l1# etaf ccbla 6 b ~cb`l, } Iaxl}tpfhl,


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O@Y]AT@IBC @L]TAMXI]@AL, 42thj`fhl}y# uì}aty auht }oh yacm`hty ae Lb~achal `l }oh^hl`lyxcb, ]oh fblxf`}}hm lhjtahy jbuh }oh`t ial}`l&jhl} }a }oh Bfhtìbl `lebl}tp# yoaz`lj }oh zbtc`khrxbc`}`hy ae }oh`t tbih, @l X~~ht ^htx }oh `lm`jhlaxytbihy kh~} bcùh eat }hl phbty }oh ecbfhy ae `lyxtthi}àlzohl }oh ~b}tà} btf`hy zhth mhehb}hm, ]oh iGzcay ae }ohO`jocblmy ae ^htx hy~axyhm }oh ibxyh ae }oh k`lj# blmzhth o`jocp hy}hhfhm by `lebl}tp dp }oh Y~bl`yo jhlhtbcy#fath hy~hi`bccp al biiaxl} ae }oh h}tbatm`lbtp tb~`m`}pae }oh`t fbtiohy,]oh Ithach ae Yax}o Bfhtìb `y b y}xtmp aee&yoaa} ae

}ob} iù`c`w`lj @lma&Hxta~hbl tbih }a zoìo `y thyhtuhm}oh jauhtlfhl} ae }oh zatcm, @} `y o`y f`yyàl }a iaf&~ch}h }oh mhfaitb}`wb}àl ae }oh Bfhtìbl ial}`lhl} blm}a eaxlm b lhz atmht ae }o`ljy mhy}`lhm }a cùh blm ~ta&jthyy, Oh oby `f~thyyhm }oh ~hixc`bt`}`hy ae o`y iobtbi}htx~al }oh lhz lb}àlbc`}`hy,Zohl }oh thuacx}àl dtakh ax} `l 2? 2># `} zby yb`m }ob}Yax}o Bfhtìb zaxcm dhiafh Hljc`yo at Ethlio ; zohl`} }t`xf~ohm# }ob} }oh ial}`lhl} zaxcm y`lk dbik `l}adbtdbt`yf, Dp }oh z`cc blm }oh zatk ae }oh Ithach# `}dhibfh Bfhtìbl# th~xdcìbl# blm iù`c`whm,

]oh E`ty} ]otahy ae Thuacx}àl,]oh `l`}`bc ax}dthbky ae }oh phbt 2?>0# zhth `l yafh

~bt}y ae b fath tbmìbc iobtbi}ht }obl zhth }oayh ae }oheaccaz`lj phbt# zohl }oh e`ty} ~ac`}ìbc eatfxcb ae }ohthdhccàl zby fhthcp b mhfblm eat thcb}ùh blm ~tau`&yàlbc `lmh~hlmhlih# eat b iaf~taf`yh dh}zhhl mhfaitbipblm falbtiop x~al }oh dby`y ae bx}alafp,]oh mai}t`lh }ob} al }oh m`yb~~hbtblih ae }oh falbtioo`y yauhth`jl}p thuht}hm }a o`y ~ha~ch# zby eat }oh e`ty}}`fh dacmcp ~taicb`fhm `l Fhìa, Etaf }o`y `} zbymhmxihm }ob} }ohp obm }oh t`jo} }a b~~a`l} jauhtl`ljGxl}by eat }oh`t azl yhixt`}p# blm azhm la bcchj`blih }a}oayh hy}bdc`yohm `l Y~b`l b} }oh }`fh ae }oh Ethlio `l&


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44 ]OH HFBLI@^B]@AL AE YAX]O BFHT@IB,ubyàl, Ohlih btayh m`y~x}hy dh}zhhl }oh Ithachy blm}oh Y~bl`btmy# blm dh}zhhl }oh Bxm`hli`b blm }oh Uìh&tap# zoìo b} }oh hlm ae 2?>0 iobljhm }oh fauhfhl} `l}ab ialy~`tbip eat `lmh~hlmhlih,

@l Rx`}a }oh iaffa}àl byyxfhm fath mhe`l`}h eatfy,]oh iacal`bc bx}oat`}`hy zhth auht}xtlhm blm b jauhtl`ljGxl}b zby yh} x~# zoìo }aak }a `}yhce }oh b}}t`dx}hy aeyauhth`jl}p blm tb`yhm }taa~y eat `}y azl mhehlih, ]ohphoat}hm }oh ~ha~chy ae Bfhtìb dp b ~taicbfb}àl }aeaccaz }oh hbf~ch# bllaxli`lj }ob} $ cbz oby thyxfhm`}y bx}oat`}p xlmht }oh hrxb}at#$ blm }ob} $ }oh t`jo}y aefbl zhth# dp }oh m`yb~~hbtblih ae mhy~a}`yf# la caljhtb} }oh fhtip ae btd`}tbtp ~azht,$ ]oh bx}oaty ae }o`y~thfb}xth thuacx}àl zhth auhtiafh blm ~x} }a mhb}o `l~t`yal,

@l X~~ht ^htx# }oh i`}p ae Ioxrx`ybib zby }oh e`ty} }afauh, @l Fbp# 2?>0# }oh Ithachy# b} }oh `ly}`jb}àl ae }ohBxm`hli`b# }xfxc}xaxycp mh~ayhm }oh ialy}`}x}hm bx}oat`&}`hy# blm yh} x~ bl `lmh~hlmhl} jauhtlfhl}, @l Gxcp}oh i`}p ae Cb ^bw eaccazhm }oh hbf~ch, Xlmht }oh lbfhae }oh Gxl}b ]x`}ùb# bl `lmh~hlmhl} jauhtlfhl} iaf~ayhmhicxyùhcp ae Bfhtìbly zby hy}bdc`yohm# zoìo tb`yhmbl btfp# blm oxlj al b jbccazy }oayh zoa mhl`hm `}ybx}oat`}p, Da}o }ohyh thuac}y zhth yx~~thyyhm dp }ohiafd`lhm btfy ae }oh lh`jodaxt`lj Uìhtapbc}`hy ae ^htxblm Cb ^cb}b, ]oh chbmhty ae }oh `lyxtthi}àl ae Cb ^bwm`hm h`}oht al }oh e`hcm ae db}}ch at al }oh jbccazy, Alhae }oh cb}}ht dheath dh`lj }otazl aee it`hm ax} 7$ ]oh e`thzoìo @ obuh c`jo}hm yobcc lhuht dh rxhliohm,$ ]oh`tohbmy blm c`fdy zhth lb`chm }a }oh ~ay}y zoìo fbtk ax}}oh ~xdcì tabmy `l }ob} iaxl}tp# dx} dheath }ohp obmta}}hm bzbp }oh e`th zby bjb`l dxtl`lj `l X~~ht ^htx,Dp }oh rxhcc`lj ae }ohyh ialy~`tbi`hy `} zby }oaxjo} }ob}}oh mbljht zby buht}hm# dx} by zby yb`m dp }oh Uìhtap ae^htx eè}p phbty dheath# al }oh e`ty} thuac} ae }oh Iafxlhtayae ^btbjxbp# $ `} zby dx} b iauht`lj x~ ae }oh e`th z`}obyohy,$


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O@Y]AT@IBC @L]TAMXI]ca_,

]oh Jtaz}o ae }oh Thuacx}àl,@l }oh phbt 2?2> }oh mtbfb ae thuacx}àl xleacmhm `}yhce

x~al b uby} ial}`lhl}bc yihlh# z`}o b xl`}p ae bi}àl zoìoetaf }oh e`ty} b}}tbi}hm }oh b}}hl}àl ae }oh zatcm, Bcc }`l&Y~bl`yo Bfhtìbl iacal`hy z`}o }oh hih~}àl ae Cazht^htx# btayh `l thdhccàl y`fxc}blhaxycp# blm ~taicb`fhmalh ~ac`}ìbc mai}t`lh, Yafh o`y}at`bly obuh }oaxjo}}ob} }o`y fauhfhl} zby }oh thyxc} ae bl h}htlbc `f~xcyh#blm }ob} }oh yxdyhrxhl} yh~btb}àl zby by }oh ebcc`lj aexlt`~h etx`}, A}ohty# dh}}ht `leatfhm# caak x~al }o`yyh~btb}àl by b lhihyy`}p 7 $ ]oh xlàl ae Y~b`l z`}oBfhtìb# ~ayy`dch xlmht bl bdyacx}h thj`fh# zby `liaf&~b}`dch z`}o th~thyhl}b}ùh jauhtlfhl} blm z`}o }oh ~ac`}`&ibc hrxbc`}p ae }oh i`}`whly,$ ]oh }tx}o `y }ob} }oh Yax}oBfhtìbl thuacx}àl zby `ly~`thm dp bl `llb}h yhl}`fhl}ae ~b}tà}`yf# `l adhm`hlih }a ialyhtub}ùh `ly}`li}# blmdp `}y lb}xth }hlmhm }a `lmh~hlmhlih,]oh mùatih ae }oh iacal`hy etaf }oh fa}oht iaxl}tp

}aak ~cbih b} b it`}ìbc fafhl}# zohl }oh`t xlàl zbyoxt}exc }a }ohf da}o, @e Bfhtìb zby la} ~th~bthm eatyhce&jauhtlfhl}# blm è oht b}}hf~}y b} yhce&jauhtlfhl}bcfay} hobxy}hm }oh eatihy bcthbmp zhbkhlhm dp }ohy}txjjch# zob} zaxcm }ohl obuh dhhl oht ialm`}àl obmyoh thfb`lhm xlmht }oh txch ae xllb}xtbc cbzy zoìo ial&mhflhm oht }a b c`ljht`lj mhb}o# b ~thp }a uìhy `laixcb}hmdp bl hu`c ypy}hf t

@} iblla} dh mhl`hm }ob} z`}oax} }oh `lubyàl ae Y~b`ldp Lb~achal `l 2?>?# blm }oh ialyhrxhl} m`yb~~hbtblih ae}oh mplby}p ae Y~b`l# }oh thuacx}àl zaxcm obuh dhhl mh&cbphm ; dx} }o`y mahy la} `f~cp }ob} Bfhtìb zby la} t`~heat hfbli`~b}àl# }oh a~~at}xl`}p zby la}o`lj fath }obl}oh y~btk yh}}`lj e`th }a }oh iafdxy}`dchy bcthbmp ~th~bthmeat dxtl`lj,]oh ^tau`yàlbc Jauhtlfhl} hy}bdc`yohm `l Y~b`l bl}ì`&

~b}hm }oh iaf~cb`l}y ae }oh iacal`y}y# blm thiajl`yhm dp


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4= ]OH HFBLI@^B]@AL AE YAX]O BFHT@IB,`}y bi}y }oh gxy}ìh ae }oh`t ibxyh# eafhl}`lj }oh`t thy`y}blihby fxio dp `}y ialihyyàly by dp `}y thexybcy, ]ohThjhlip ae Ibm`w ibcchm x~al Bfhtìbly }a ga`l }ohlb}àlbc Iat}hy# }oxy tb`y`lj }ohf }a }oh tblk ae ethhfhl#dx} b} }oh ybfh }`fh jbuh }ohf alcp alh mh~x}p# ioayhldp `}yhce# eat hbio f`ccàl ae `lobd`}bl}y# zo`ch }a }ohlb}ùhy ae }oh ^hl`lyxcb# eat }oh fay} ~bt} xlmht }ohpakh ae }oh eath`jlht# `} jbuh alh mh~x}p eat hbio oxl&mthm }oaxyblm, ]oh hyyhl}`bc mèehthlih cbp `l }oh mùht&jhlih ae }oh`t ~ac`}ìbc a~`làly, ]oh Thjhlip fb`l}b`lhm$]oh Bfhtìbl maf`làly bth bl `l}hjtbc ~bt} ae Y~b`l#$etaf zoìo `} mhmxihm }oh t`jo} ae Y~b`l }a txch Bfhtìb`l }oh bdyhlih ae }oh yauhth`jl, Bfhtìbly# by zh obuhbcthbmp yhhl# fb`l}b`lhm }ob} }oh itazl zby }oh alcp c`lkdh}zhhl }ohf, ]bkh bzbp }o`y exlmbfhl}bc mùhtjhlihae a~`làl# blm }oh thbyal eat }oh thuacx}àl m`yb~~hbty#}oh `lyxtthi}àl cayhy `}y chjbc`}p# blm }oh rxhy}àldhiafhy alh ae lb}àlbc th~thyhl}b}àl# obu`lj la thcb}àlh`}oht }a `lmh~hlmhlih at }a bx}alafp,]oh iacal`bc bx}oat`}`hy zhth mh~ayhm z`}oax} thy`y}&

blih dp }oh eatih ae ~xdcì a~`làl# blm lhz alhy zhth`ly}`}x}hm z`}oax} blp tx~}xth ae thcb}àly z`}o }oh fa}ohtiaxl}tp# }oaxjo bcc eathybz }oh cajìbc hlm ae }oh ~taihyy,@l blyzht }a }o`y famhtb}h ~acìp# }oh Thjhlip thexyhm }a}oh iacal`hy }ob} ethhmaf ae }tbmh zoìo `} obm ~ta~ayhm}a jùh }ohf# bua`mhm }oh fhm`b}àl ae Hljcblm# blm# z`}o&ax} b}}hf~}`lj }a bttùh ~hbihexccp b} bl xlmhty}blm`lj#y}`jfb}`yhm }oh Bfhtìbly by thdhcy blm mhicbthm zbtbjb`ly} }ohf# ~xl`yo`lj by o`jo }thbyal `l }ohf }ob}zoìo }oh Y~bl`btmy }ohfyhcuhy obm malh `l Y~b`l, @}zby }ohl /` ? 2 2 }ob} Uhlhwxhcb mhicbthm ohtyhce `lmh~hl&mhl}# blm jbuh ohtyhce b th~xdcìbl ialy}`}x}àl,Yax}o Bfhtìb zby `cc&~th~bthm eat }oh y}txjjch; yoh

obm lh`}oht yacm`hty lat ~ac`}ì`bly# yoh obm }a `f~tau`yhbcc yoh lhhmhm, Y~b`l `l bcc`blih z`}o Hljcblm blm yx~&~at}hm dp }oh e`ty} lb}àly ae }oh zatcm# zby f`y}thyy ae}oh yhby# oht btf`hy }t`xf~obl} `l Hxta~h# zhth y}taljht


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O@Y]AT@IBC @L]TAMXI]@AL, 48}obl dheath }oh Ethlio `lubyàl# lhuht}ohchyy Yax}oBfhtìb xlb`mhm biih~}hm }oh iobcchljh# blm }t`xf~ohmbcc bcalh,]oh fhh}`lj ae }oh Iat}hy blm }oh ~tafxcjb}àl ae }oh

Ialy}`}x}àl ae 2?24# `ly}hbm ae thiali`c`lj }oh fa}ohtiaxl}tp z`}o oht iacal`hy# ebllhm }oh ecbfhy ae `lyxtthi&}àl# blm dp ialihyyàly hliaxtbjhm }oh y~`t`} ae `lmh&~hlmhlih, Zohl `l 2? 2= }oh K`lj zby thy}athm# Bfhtìbzby y}`cc jauhtlhm `l o`y lbfh# blm }oh fauhfhl} obu`ljdhhl itxyohm `l Uhlhwxhcb }oh thuacx}àl zby ~cbihm `l bebcyh ~ay`}àl, ]oh thexybc ae Bfhtìb }a yxtthlmht z`}o&ax} ialm`}àly }a bdyacx}h ~azht# zby th~c`hm }a dp }oh~taicbfb}àl ae b zbt ae thialrxhy}# blm bfìbdchbttbljhfhl} zby la caljht ~ayy`dch,

@l 2?4> mhy~a}`yf }t`xf~ohm `l Hxta~h xlmht }ohdbllhty ae bdyacx}h k`ljy bcc`hm bjb`ly} }oh c`dht}`hy ae}oh ~ha~ch# dx} `l Yax}o Bfhtìb }oh ibxyh ae `lmh~hl&mhlih# eay}hthm dp }oh hbf~ch ae }oh Xl`}hm Y}b}hy# zbyyxiihyyexc, Etaf }o`y h~aio }oh thbi}àl ae Bfhtìbl}oaxjo} `y ehc} `l }oh ^btc`bfhl} ae Hljcblm# blm `lecx&hlihy huhl Y~b`l ohtyhce# zohth }oh btf`hy iacchi}hm }ay}bf~ ax} thuacx}àl `l Bfhtìb# }xtl bjb`ly} }oh bdya&cx}h k`lj blm th&hy}bdc`yo b ialy}`}x}àlbc thj`fh, ]o`y`y b it`}ìbc fafhl} 7 x~al }oh }t`xf~o at }oh mhehb} aethuacx}àl `l Yax}o Bfhtìb mh~hlm }oh mhy}`l`hy ae }zazatcmy,

Eùh phbty cb}ht al# uì}atp itazlhm oht heeat}y# Bfhtìb`y th~xdcìbl# `lmh~hlmhl}# blm ethh, Etaf }o`y fafhl}}oh ixtthl} ae o`y}atp# zoìo oby eat }othh ihl}xt`hy ibtt`hmmhy~a}`yf etaf }oh Hby} }a }oh Zhy}# laz }xtly dbik ; }ohbi}àl ae }oh ~t`li`~chy ae Bfhtìbl thjhlhtb}àl ecazyetaf Zhy} }a Hby} blm y~thbmy auht Hxta~h xl}`c y}a~~hmdp }oh dbtt`ht ae @ycbf`yf, Jthhih it`hy ax} eat hfbli`&~b}àl# blm Hxta~h `ly}hbm ae ga`l`lj }a itxyo oht by~`tb&}àly# txly }a ohc~ oht, ât}xjbc dhiafhy ethh dp }ohhbf~ch blm `lecxhlih ae oht Bfhtìbl iacal`hy# zoa yhlmdbik }a oht oht bdyacx}h k`ljy# }tblyeatfhm `l}a ialy}`&


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45 ]OH HFBLI@^B]@AL AE YAX]O BFHT@IB,}x}àlbc txchty, @l Etblih }oh thuacx}àl ae 2:?0 thuùhy`l b iaf~taf`yh dh}zhhl falbtiop blm b th~xdcì# `}yiobf~àly dh`lj b iaftbmh ae Zbyo`lj}al blm bl hf`&jtbl} ~t`lih zoa obm y}xm`hm Bfhtìbl mhfaitbip b}icayh rxbt}hty, ]bkh bzbp }oh Yax}o Bfhtìbl thuacx&}àl ae }oh phbt *à# yx~~ayh `} }a dh yx~~thyyhm `l 2?4>#at hc`f`lb}h }oh e`lbc }t`xf~o ae 2?48# blm }oh th~xdcìae }oh Xl`}hm Y}b}hy thfb`ly }oh yach th~thyhl}b}ùh aec`dht}p ; blm }oh zatcm# huhl z`}o }oh ohc~ ae ethh Hlj&cblm# c`hy jtauhcc`lj xlmht }oh yzbp ae bdyacx}`yf,

B}}hf~}y b} Falbtiop `l Yax}o Bfhtìb,Obm }oh `mhb ae Btblmb dhhl bma~}hm `l 2:?9# `} `y

~tadbdch }ob} b dby}btm falbtiop zaxcm obuh dhhl hy}bd&c`yohm `l Bfhtìb# x~al zoìo }`fh zaxcm obuh `f~thyyhm}oh yhbc ae mhfaitbip, Obm }oh K`lj ae Y~b`l thfauhmo`y }otalh }a Bfhtìb `l 2?>?# by m`m oh ae ât}xjbc# `} `y~ayy`dch }ob} }oh iaxtyh ae }oh thuacx}àl f`jo} obuh dhhliobljhm xlmht mplby}ì bxy~ìhy# mhcbp`lj }oh bmuhl} ae}oh th~xdcì blm ~htioblih biihchtb}`lj ialy}`}x}àlbcy}bd`c`}p, ]ohyh }za a~~at}xl`}`hy dh`lj cay}# }oh thuacx&}àl iaxcm alcp mhuhca~ `l biiatmblih z`}o `}y azl lb}xthblm dhiafh hyyhl}`bccp b th~xdcìbl fauhfhl},]oh ^`cjt`f Eb}ohty ae Lhz Hljcblm blm }oh Rxbkhty ae

^hllypcubl`b ibtt`hm z`}o }ohf }oh yhhm ae th~xdcìbl`yf,]oh Ibubc`hty zoa iacal`whm U`tj`l`b dhibfh th~xdcìblydp eaxlm`lj b lhz iaxl}tp ae b m`y}`li} }p~h# zoìo ~ta&mxihm Zbyo`lj}al, ]oh Y~bl`yo iacal`y}y ae Yax}o Bfh&tìb dtaxjo} z`}o }ohf la yxio `mhby dx} alcp jhtfy ae`lmù`mxbc`yf# etaf zoìo }`fh mhuhca~hm mhy`thy eat `lmh&~hlmhlih blm eat hrxbc`}p, ]oh `lm`jhlaxy tbihy klhzla}o`lj ae blp eatf ae jauhtlfhl} hih~} falbtiop,]oh Ithachy zhth datl th~xdcìbly, ]oh `mhb ae hy}bdc`yo&`lj b falbtiop lhuht y~tblj etaf b Ithach dtb`l# blmzohl ~ta~ayhm zby caakhm x~al dp }ohf alcp by b iaf&


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O@Y]AT@IBC @L]TAMXI]@AL, 4:~taf`yh at by bl bt}èì`bc h~hm`hl} zohl `} zby la}eaccp, @l 2?>? }oh Hljc`yo ialy}`}x}àl zby }oh `mhbc ae}o`lkhty }tb`lhm `l }oh yioaac ae Fal}hyrx`hx, @l 2? 2>}oh yai`bc ial}tbi} ae Taxyyhbx zby }oh`t jay~hc# blm }ohthuacx}àl ae }ob} phbt byyxfhm y~al}blhaxycp b ~a~xcbteatf# ~tamxi`lj fxlì`~bc th~xdcìy# zohthdp }oh iaxtyhae a~`làl dhibfh hicxyùhcp mhfaitb}ì,Zohl hbtcp thuhtyhy mbf~hm }oh th~xdcìbl oa~hy aeBtjhl}`lh chbmhty# }ohp caakhm }a }oh hy}bdc`yofhl} ae bfalbtiop xlmht }oh ~ta}hi}àl ae }oh Jthb} âzhty by bfhbly ae yhixt`lj `lmh~hlmhlih blm ialy}`}x}àlbc ethh&maf, @l 2? 2= `} zby ~ta~ayhm }a itazl bl @lebl}h aeY~b`l K`lj ae Cb ^cb}b, @l 2? 25 }ob} ybfh Ialjthyyzoìo mhicbthm }oh `lmh~hlmhlih ae }oh Btjhl}`lh ^ta&u`lihy# hfdtbihm }oh `mhb ae itazl`lj b mhyihlmbl} ae }oh@liby b} Ixwia# blm xl`}`lj ^htx blm }oh Tùht ^cb}hxlmht o`y txch# b ~ta~ay`}àl rxhliohm `l t`mìxch, ]ohybfh Ialjthyy# `l 2? 20# be}ht yzhbt`lj }a blm ~tafxc&jb}`lj b th~xdcìbl ialy}`}x}àl# yaxjo} `l Hxta~h eat bk`lj# cazht`lj }oh`t iobtbi}ht `l }oh hphy ae }oh zatcm#blm dt`lj`lj biixyb}àly ae }thbiohtp x~al }ohfyhcuhyetaf }oh`t azl iaxl}tpfhl,

]o`y thbi}àl }aak ~cbih ~thi`yhcp b} }oh }`fh zohl }oh~htyhuhtblih ae }oh th~xdcìbly obm jb`lhm eat }ohf xl`&uhtybc ypf~b}op# zohl }oh Xl`}hm Y}b}hy }othz oht yo`hcmauht }oh `lebl} ~ha~chy }a ~ta}hi} }ohf etaf }oh b}}biky ae}oh Oacp Bcc`blih# blm zohl Hljcblm# be}ht mhicbt`lj }ob}yoh zaxcm la} thiajl`yh $ }oh thuacx}àlbtp jauhtlfhl}yae Bfhtìb#$ dhibfh ialu`lihm ae oht f`y}bkh, ]ohbjhl}y ae }o`y ~acìp zhth fhl yxio by Tùbmbu`b# zoay}blmy `l Bfhtìb yhialm bcalh }a Zbyo`lj}al by }ohth~thyhl}b}ùh y}b}hyfbl ae b ethh ~ha~ch ; yxio by Dhc&jtbla# }oh }p~h ae th~xdcìbl u`t}xh ; blm yxio by YblFbt}`l# zoa# b th~xdcìbl b} ohbt}# obm la eb`}o `l mhfa&itbip# ph} eaxlmhm th~xdcìy zoìo dp lb}xtbc cbz dhibfhmhfaitbi`hy, Zohl Ybl Fbt}`l `jlathm }o`y cbz# o`yibthht by b c`dhtb}at ibfh }a bl hlm, Ya bcya# cb}ht al#


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4? ]OH HFBLI@^B]@AL AE YAX]O BFHT@IB,ehcc Dacùbt `l }oh b}}hf~} }a ialuht} mhfaitbip `l}afalaitbip, ]oh alcp Bfhtìbl c`dhtb}at zoa `l o`y eaccpitazlhm o`fyhce hf~htat@}xtd`mh `l Fhìam`hm al}oh yibeeacm# b ~thybjh ae }oh ybm hlm ae bla}oht hf~htat#zoayh iat~yh zby yhl} dbik }a Hxta~h by b ~ta}hy}bjb`ly} }oh `f~ay`}àl ae falbtiop,]oh Hf~`th ae Dtbw`c `y b~~bthl}cp b ~taae ae }oh ~ayy`&

d`c`}p ae hy}bdc`yo`lj falbtiop `l Bf

Mitre, Bartolome. The Emancipation of South America. 1893

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Transcript of Mitre, Bartolome. The Emancipation of South America. 1893