Mitra Slides
Transcript of Mitra Slides
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Problems of Poverty
Less Energy, Low Efficiency,Polluted Environment
Barun Mitra,Liberty Institute
www.libertyindia.org
Brussels, 24 November 2004
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India on the Energy Map
482409,788India
13914,474Bangladesh
8681,056,963China
81591,687,886USA
Commercial energy use
per capita (kg of oil
equivalent)
Commercial Energy
Production (thousand metric
tonnes of oil equivalent )
CountryCommercial energy production and per capita, 1999
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Energy in India
5.
4.
3.
2.
1.
Sl. No.
437.69305.19208.30147.05Total primary energy
supply (3+4)
139.02122.07108.4886.72Primary non-
commercial energysupply
298.67183.1299.8260.33Total commercialenergy supply (1+3)
87.8531.6924.6312.66Net imports
210.83151.4375.1947.67Commercial energyproduction
2001-021990-911980-811970-71Source of Energy
Unit: million tonnes of oil equivalent (MTOE)
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Problems of Poverty
Low energy consumption Low energy efficiency
Higher energy dependence
High energy intensity Higher environmental stress Dirty environment
Higher Impact on health Lower adaptability Greater vulnerability to natural calamity
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Indoor air pollution
Traditional
Fuel, 72.33%
LPG, 17.50%
Others, 9.66%
Electricity,
0.18%
Rural Kitchen
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Lighting Indian Homes
Electricity,
55.85%
Kerosene,43.30%
Others, 0.85%
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Indoor air pollution the toll
410000-790000*Grand total:
50000-190000Cardiovascular disease-women asthma
50000-130000Blindness-women (not death) and prenatal
effects Tuberculosis on women
310000-470000Acute respiratory infections-Age less than5 years, Chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease.
No. of deathsCauses
*Total annual deaths in India for women and children under 5 in these disease
categories in the early 1990s.
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Fuel Index
0.05Electricity
0.04Biogas0.05Liquid Petroleum Gas
0.08Kerosene
0.31Charcoal
0.46Coal
0.82Fuel wood
0.96Crop residue
0.97Saw dust
1.00Dung
WeightFuel type
90% of households in small villages rely
on fuels like firewood, animal dung andcrop residue88% of rural women population usedthese fuels for their daily cooking.
The more convenient, efficient and cleaner the fuel, less is itsweight. Since animal dung lies at lowest end, the other fuels are
weighed with respect to dung. (Parekh, et al, 2003)
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Restricted economy, Greater
vulnerability
Taxes and Tariffs reduce consumptionand competitiveness and efficiency
Poor are most vulnerability to naturalcalamity
Lighting Bulbs to CFLs taxes, tariff, procurement policy
Automobile 180% import duty, 50% taxes, Fuel 30-40% taxes on petroleum product
Refrigerator CFC and frost free, energy efficient, but
Floods annually 1000s die in South Asia, in Florida tollranges in 10s
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Income, Energy and Efficiency
Lowincome
group
countries
3%
High
income
group
countries80%
Middle
income
group
countries
17%
Share of commerial energy
Middle
income groupcountries
36%
Low incomegroup
countries
13%
High income
group
countries51%
Share of World Income
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Declining significance of
Energy
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
K
enya
India
China
Thail
and
Malay
siaW
orld
Mexico
Ca
nada
Netherl
and
Germa
ny
Unite
dKingd
om
Den
mark
USA
Japa
n
Value of energy as % of GDP,1980
Value of energy as % of GDP,1998
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Poverty Kills Today
Debate on global warming, shifts focus fromproblems of today to day after tomorrow
Concerns about sea level rise in future, but
thousands die each year due to floods today Millions die today from preventable diseases
of poverty, but focus is on diseases of thefuture
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Price of Oil 1861 to 2001
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5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
1861
1871
1881
1891
1901
1911
1921
1931
1941
1951
1961
1971
1981
1991
2001
CurrentUSD
ollar
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
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70.00
80.00
90.00
100.00
ConstantUSD
ollar
2002
$ 2002$ money of the day
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US Energy Intensity
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Year
GDP
in
10billion
USD
(2000)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
2000
Energyin
100BTUp
erUSD(
2000)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Petroleum and Natural Gas Consumption per Dollar of GDP
Other Energy Consumption per Dollar of GDP Energy Consumption per Dollar of GDP
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Energy Abundance
Higher energy consumption Higher energy efficiency
Lower dependence on energy resources
Lower energy intensity Lower environmental stress Cleaner environment
Lower impact on health Higher adaptability Lower vulnerability to natural calamity
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Conservation through
Consumption
Development is the Key that unlocksthe potential of increased consumption
Economic freedom creates thecompetitive environment for
harnessing human creativity leading toefficiency gains