Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic...

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Mitosis & Meiosis

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Transcript of Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic...

Page 1: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Mitosis & Meiosis

Page 2: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger?

– Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town?

– Where are major traffic jams found?

• As a city’s population grows, more people are moving in an out which causes traffic

• Cells are like cities– The bigger they are, the more food,

water, and waste that must move in and out to keep the cell alive.

Page 3: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger?• To prevent traffic jams, they

will divide

• Cells divide for 4 major reasons:

1. Prevent the cell from becoming too big (prevent traffic jam)

2. To heal injuries

3. To allow the organism to grow (up)

4. To reproduce (new individuals)

Page 4: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Before we get started with the cell cycle….

Lets talk about chromosomesChromosome: DNA-containing

structure that carries genetic material from one generation to another.

Page 5: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

What happens during the cell cycle?

Cell Cycle - Process of cellular reproduction, occurring in the main stages

1. Interphase (growth)

2. Mitosis (nuclear division)

3. Cytokinesis (cytoplasm division)

Page 6: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

What occurs during Interphase

(the 1st step in cell cycle)• There are 3 stages during interphase:

1st Grows

46Chromosomes 92

Chromosomes

2nd Duplicates DNA

3rd Prepares to divide

Page 7: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #1

Which of the following is NOT a reason cells divide?

a.To heal injuriesb.To allow the organism to growc.To reproduced.To maintain homeostasis

Page 8: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #2

What will happen if the cell continued to grow rather than

divide?

a.The organism would get too bigb.Food & wastes would not be able to move in & out as easilyc.The surface area would increase and allow more materials into and out of the celld.Nothing would happen

Page 9: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #3

What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle?

a.Prophase, Metaphase, & Anaphaseb.Mitosis, Telophase, & Cytokinesisc.Interphase, Metaphase, & Prophased.Interphase, Mitosis, & Cytokinesis

Page 10: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #4

Which of the following is NOT a stage during interphase?

a.Growth (G1)b.DNA replicates (S)c.Prepares to divide (G2)d.Mitosis (M)

Page 11: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

What is Mitosis?

Mitosis: 2nd main stage of the cell cycle during which the cell’s replicated DNA divides and 2 genetically identical diploid daughter cells are produced.

Page 12: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

What occurs during mitosis?

(the 2nd step in cell cycle)• There are 4 stages during mitosis:

1st Prophase (pro = 1st)

2nd Metaphase

3rd Anaphase

4th Telophase (telo = end)

Page 13: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

What occurs during mitosis?

(the 2nd step in cell cycle)• There are 4 stages during mitosis:

1st Prophase (pro = 1st)

Nucleus disappears

Centrioles separate

Page 14: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

What occurs during mitosis?

(the 2nd step in cell cycle)• There are 4 stages during mitosis:

2nd Metaphase Chromosomes line up in the middle

Page 15: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

What occurs during mitosis?

(the 2nd step in cell cycle)• There are 4 stages during mitosis:

3rd Anaphase

Chromosomes move apart

Page 16: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

What occurs during mitosis?

(the 2nd step in cell cycle)• There are 4 stages during mitosis:

4th Telophase (telo = end)

Nucleus reappears

Cytoplasm starts to separate

Page 17: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

What occurs during cytokinesis?

(the 3rd step (LAST) in cell cycle)• Cytokinesis: The last stage of the cell cycle,

during which the cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.

Daughter Cells

Page 18: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #5

Mitosis creates:

a. 4 genetically identical cellsb. 2 genetically identical cellsc. 4 genetically different cellsd. 2 genetically different cells

Page 19: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #6

What are the 4 stages of mitosis in order?

a. Interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphaseb. Interphase, prophase, metaphase, telophasec. Prophase, metaphase, telophase, cytokinesisd. Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Page 20: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #7

This is the last phase of the cell cycle where the cell’s cytoplasm divides to

create 2 daughter cells:

a. Cytokinesisb. Interphasec. Telophased. Metaphase

Page 21: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Now, lets look at the

difference between

gametes & body cells.

Page 22: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

What is the difference between

gametes & body cells? Gametes – A haploid sex cell, formed during meiosis, that can combine with another haploid sex cell and produce a diploid fertilized egg.

Sperm & Egg are gametes!

How many chromosomes are in

human gametes?23

Page 23: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

How many chromosomes do we have in each of our body cells (not sex

cells)?

Does more chromosomes an organism has mean that it is

more advanced/smarter?

Humans have 46 in our body cells

What are “body cells”?Brain cells Eye cells

Heart cells Tongue cells

Skin cells Muscle cells

Blood cells Lung cells

Kidney cells Nerve cells

Everything EXCEPT

GAMETES!

No…example:

King Crabs have 208 chromosomes in each cell

No…example:

Turkeys have 82 chromosomes in each cell

What is the difference between

gametes & body cells?

Page 24: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Body cells reproduce using mitosis.

Start with 1 diploid

End with 2 diploid

Notice that they are IDENTICAL!

Page 25: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

What is the difference between diploid and

haploid?Diploid – Having two copies of each chromosomes (2n)

Body cells are Diploid

Humans have 46Fruit flies have 8Skunks have 50

If you see Diploid…

You think DOUBLE!

Page 26: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Diploid Video

Page 27: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

What is the difference between diploid and

haploid?Haploid – Cell with half the number of chromosomes (n)

Gametes are Haploid

Humans have 23 (in sex cells)

Remember: Humans have 46 (in body cells)

Fruit flies have 4 (in sex cells)

Remember: Fruit Flies have 8 in body cells

Skunks have 25 (in sex cells)

Remember: Skunks have 50 in body cells

If you see haploid…

You think HALF!

23

23

23

23

Page 28: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Haploid Video

Page 29: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #8

Sperm and eggs are:

a. gametesb. somatic cellsc. body cellsd. all of the above

Page 30: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #9

How many chromosomes are in human gametes?

a. 36b. 23c. 20d. 15

Page 31: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #10

Which of the following is an example of a haploid cell?

a. brain cellb. skin cellc. heart celld. sperm cell

Page 32: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #11

Mitosis results in:a. 2 diploid cellsb. 2 haploid cellsc. 4 diploid cellsd. 4 haploid cells

Page 33: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Gametes are formed using meiosis

Notice that they are NOT IDENTICAL

Starts with 1 diploid

Ends with 4 DIFFERENT haploid

Page 34: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

What happens during Meiosis?

Meiosis: Reduction division process, occurring only in reproductive cells, in which 1 diploid (2n) cells produce 4 haploid (n) cells that are NOT genetically identical.

Creates SPERM inside the testes of males

Creates EGGS inside the ovaries of females

Page 35: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

What happens during Meiosis?

There are 2 stages during Meiosis:

Meiosis I & Meiosis II

Meiosis I is exactly like mitosis EXCEPT that

Crossing-over occurs during prophase I

Page 36: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

What happens during Meiosis?

Crossing-over: Exchange of chromosomal segments between a pair of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis

Meiosis I

Meiosis II

Page 37: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Why is crossing-over so important? (cuz it is)

• It creates genetic variation!• Even though you look similar to your siblings (if same parents), there will never be another person exactly like you because of crossing-over…your parents could have a million kids, and not one of them will look exactly like you!

(except for identical twins, but even they have some differences)Genetic variation allows some individuals to:

* Run faster than you

* Solve math problems better than you

* Fix things better than you

* Sing better than you

* Fly airplanes better than you* Swim better than you

* “Look better” than you

* Paint better than you

* Train animals better than you * Farm better than you

* Dance better than you

* Jump better than you

Page 38: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Crossing-Over Continued…

The same crossing-over patterns do not occur…they create all different kinds of combinations…often called “recombination”…this

makes us genetically unique.

Crossing-over occurs between homologous chromosomes.

Being genetically unique creates genetic diversity!

…diversity is GOOOOD!

Homo means ___?

Homologous Chromosomes means that they contain the SAME genes, in the SAME order as each other, but the message in the genes may be slightly different between the two.

- So your mom’s code could be for blue eyes

- And your dad’s code could be for brown

SAMEGenetic diversity allows some

individuals of the same species to continue as their environment

changes…even if others can’t survive.

Page 39: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Hypothetical….lets say you are a duck…

And shaking your tail feathers will help you find a mate…

cuz that is what the ladyz are look’n for

Then this is the duck that will pass on his genes!

Page 40: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Hypothetical…lets say you are a caveman

Which of these would be LESS likely to

survive?

Because all these cave people have genetic diversity, but one lacks an

important trait (ability to build tools), he will not survive his environment…

but the others will!

Page 41: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

What happens during Meiosis?

Next is Meiosis II….

* The division process happens again…BUTMeiosis I

Meiosis II

The DNA does NOT copy before dividing

&

No crossing-over

Results in 4 haploid cells that are NOT identical

Page 42: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #12

Which of the following cells are formed during meiosis?a. skin cellsb. liver cellsc. egg cellsd. kidney cells

Page 43: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #13

Which of the following cells are formed during mitosis?

a. skin cellsb. sperm cellsc. egg cellsd. all of the above

Page 44: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #14

Meiosis results in:a. 2 identical haploid cellsb. 4 identical haploid cellsc. 4 different haploid cellsd. 2 different haploid cells

Page 45: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #15

This allows some individuals of the same species to continue as their

environment change even if others can’t survive

a. identical twinsb. cloning c. genetic variation d. biodiversity

Page 46: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #16

The exchange of chromosomal segments during meiosis is called:

a. interphaseb. crossing-overc. transcriptiond. exchanging-over

Page 47: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #17

Which of the following allows for genetic diversity?a. meiosisb. mitosisc. homeostasisd. all of the above

Page 48: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Houston…We have a problem…Non-disjunction: Cell division in which the sister chromatids do NOT separate correctly, resulting in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes.

These are correct!

No problemNotice there are

NO chromosomes in these cells!Notice that

non-disjunction occurred here too!

This is how Down Syndrome happens…the chromosomes don’t separate correctly, and too many

end up in the gamete.

People with Down Syndrome have 47 chromosomes instead of ____.46

Page 49: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Click on Link for animation…

Meiosis Overview

http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/meiosis.html
http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/animations/content/meiosis.html
Page 50: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Compare & Contrast Mitosis & Meiosis

Mitosis Meiosis

Both* Occurs in body cells * Occurs in gametes cells

* Creates 2 cells * Creates 4 cells

* Are genetically identical * Are NOT genetically identical

* Creation of new cells

* Increases genetic diversity

* DNA replicates

once

* Divides twice (meiosis 1 & II* Divides once

Page 34 in Comp Book

Page 51: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #18

This results in gametes with abnormal numbers of

chromosomes: a. meiosisb. mitosisc. non-disjunctiond. crossing-over

Page 52: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #19

This is an example of non-disjunction:

a. Color blindnessb. Down Syndromec. Cystic fibrosisd. Sickle cell anemia

Page 53: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Many Bacteria & protozoans do not need a partner to reproduce. Are they

reproducing using mitosis?Answer: NO...They are using Binary Fission

Binary Fission – Asexual form of reproduction used by some prokaryotes in which a cell divides into two genetically identical cells. (creates a new individual)

SIMILAR/LIKE “cloning” themselves

1 bacterium could become 1,000,000,000 (billion) in 10 hours!

Page 54: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

What are the advantages & disadvantages to being asexual

& sexual?

Advantages DisadvantagesCan reproduce without a

partner…They don’t have to find a

mate/partner.

No genetic variation…They are clones. Its putting all

your eggs in one basket. If a something kills the parent, it WILL kill ALL the offspring too. Easily becomes extinct

with little change to environment.

Able to reproduce quickly. The greater the number of offspring,

the better the survival rate of the population.

Quick reproduction is also a disadvantage because too many individuals will be

competing with each other for food & space

Asexual Reproduction

Page 55: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

What are the advantages & disadvantages to being asexual

& sexual?

Advantages DisadvantagesGenetic diversity!

Has the ability to create endless recombination of genes

(crossing-over) coming from 2 parents, all individuals are

different in some way.

Must find a partner. Very difficult if the population is

low and spread out.Difficult to recover if the species is endangered.

The species is more able to adapt to environmental changes

Slow reproduction….takes time…

Slow population growth

Sexual Reproduction

Page 56: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #20

Prokaryotes reproduce using:

a. meiosisb. mitosisc. binary fissiond. binary fusion

Page 57: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #21

Which of the following is an advantage of asexual

reproduction a. genetic diversityb. the ability to reproduce quicklyc. the ability to adapt to new habitatsd. slow reproduction

Page 58: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

Clicker Question #22

Which of the following is an advantage of sexual

reproduction a. genetic diversityb. the ability to reproduce quicklyc. the ability to reproduce many offspringd. do not have to find a sexual partner

Page 59: Mitosis & Meiosis. Why do cells divide rather than grow bigger? –Have you ever been in a traffic jam in a small town? –Where are major traffic jams found?

The End


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