MitosisMitosisBiology 1114

DefinitionsDefinitionsAsexual Reproduction Interphase

Asters KaryotypeCell Plate KinetochoreCentrioles MeiosisCentromere MetaphaseChromatid MitosisChromatin PloidyChromosomes ProphaseDiplois S PhaseG1 Phase Spindle FibersG2 Phase SporophyteGamete SynapsisCametophyte TelophaseHaploid Zygote

Two Types of Life FormsTwo Types of Life Forms• Unicellular

1. The Invisible World2. Original Life3. Found Everywhere4. Photosynthesis and Decomposition5. Potentially Immortal

• Multicellular1. Communal2. Growth and Division Necessary

Cell Growth and DivisionCell Growth and Division

• Uses Process of Mitosis

• Allows for Growth from Infant to Adult

• Necessary to Replace Worn Tissues

• Necessary for Generating New Cells

Note: Somatic Cells reproduce by mitosis.

Sex Cells reproduce by meiosis.

Prokaryotic Cells are Much Simpler in their Organization than are Eukaryotes

Simple Prokaryotic ReproductionSimple Prokaryotic Reproduction1. Replicates

2. Attaches

3. Separates

Creates Genetic EqualsCreates Genetic Equals

• Advantage is that all cells are genetic equals.• Disadvantage is that all cells are genetic equals.

Binary Fission is Simple Cloning

Celebrity Sheep Has Died at Age 6

Dolly, the first mammal to be cloned from adult DNA, was put down by lethal injection Feb. 14, 2003. Prior to her death, Dolly had been suffering from lung cancer and crippling arthritis. Although most Finn Dorset sheep live to be 11 to 12 years of age, postmortem examination of Dolly seemed to indicate that, other than her cancer and arthritis, she appeared to be quite normal. The unnamed sheep from which Dolly was cloned had died several years prior to her creation. Dolly was a mother to six lambs, bred the old-fashioned way.

Eukaryotic Cell Divison and Eukaryotic Cell Divison and ChromatinChromatin

DNA and Histone Protein Complex

Dispersed in the Nucleus

Has Ability to Condense

ChromosomesChromosomes

When Chromatin Condenses During Cell Divison It is Referred to as Chromosomes

Human Chromosomes

Human KaryotypeHuman Karyotype

MitosisMitosisA process of forming generally similar daughter cells by replicating and dividing the original chromosomes.

Cellular division used by simple organisms.

The sequence of DNA replication, growth and cell division that cells go through.

InterphaseInterphaseNo Division Occurring

Metabolically Active

Nucleolus Visible

DNA and Organelles Duplicating

Nucleus is Intact

90% of Cell’s Time is Spent in Interphase

ProphaseProphase

Nucleolus Disappears

Centrioles Move to Poles

Spindle Fibers Form

Chromosomes Visible

Nuclear Membrane Disappears

MetaphaseMetaphase

Shortest Phase

Chromosomes Line up in Middle of Cell

AnaphaseAnaphase

Chromosomes Separate into Separate Chromatids

Begin to Move to Opposite Ends of the Cell

TelophaseTelophase

Chromosomes Arrive at Poles

Disappear into Chromatin

Spindles Disappear

Nuclear Membrane Reappears

Nucleolus Reappears

ReviewReview

Identify the Following Stage of MitosisIdentify the Following Stage of Mitosis

Identify the Following Stage of MitosisIdentify the Following Stage of Mitosis

Identify the Following Stage of MitosisIdentify the Following Stage of Mitosis

Identify the Following Stage of MitosisIdentify the Following Stage of Mitosis

Identify the Following Stage of MitosisIdentify the Following Stage of Mitosis

Cancer results when normal body cells grow out of control without regulation. They can invade other tissues causing enough damage to kill the host.

Control of Mitosis and CancerControl of Mitosis and Cancer

• 6.5 Million Cases of cancer in USA Yearly

• Not all Cancers are Lethal

• Tumor = Mass of Cancer Cells

• Benign = Remain Localized

• Malignant = Escape Site and Spreading

• Metastasis = Spreading

• Treatment = Radiation and Chemotherapy

MetastasisMetastasis

Basal Cell Basal Cell CarcinomaCarcinoma

Non-melanoma skin cancers are far more common but less dangerous than malignant melanoma and rarely fatal. Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma frequently appear on sun-exposed skin after many years of exposure. This exposure also causes premature ageing of the skin. Non-malignant skin cancers are easily treated by minor surgery. If left, non-melanoma skin cancers will grow and disfigure - therefore early treatment is recommended.

Skin CancerSkin Cancer

Malignant melanoma is the rarest, but most serious form. It affects the pigment-producing cells (melanocytes) found in the skin and can appear as a new mole, or arise from an existing mole on the skin. Malignant melanoma has the potential to spread to other sites or organs within the body but is CURABLE if treated early.

Sunshine is the single most important causative factor in all skin cancers.

Skin Cancer

Tobacco is a CarcinogenTobacco is a Carcinogen

Oral Cancer Associated with Tobacco Use

Cigarette smokers, depending on the number of cigarettes smoked have a six-fold increase of dying from oral and pharyngial cancer as a non-smoker

Health Canada

Systemic Systemic TumorsTumors

Cancer of the Kidney

Brain Cancer