Mites Control
Transcript of Mites Control
-
7/29/2019 Mites Control
1/17
Chi ld er s: Copper F ormul ati ons and Rust M i te Cont r ol
349
E FF E CT OF DI FF E RE NT COP P E R FORMU LATIONS TANK-
MI XE D WITH F E NB U TATIN -OXID E
FOR C ONTROL OF C ITRU S RU S T MITE S (ACARI:
E RIOP HYID AE) ON FLORID A CI TRU S
C
ARL
C . C
H I LD ERS
U niversity of Florida , IFAS
Citrus Research and E ducation Center
700 Experiment St a tion Roa d
La ke Alfred, F L 33850
A
BSTRACT
One or more ra tes of fenbuta tin-oxide (= Vendex
) 4 L a pplied a lone w ere compa redwith the same rates of Vendex tank-mixed with one or more formulations of coppera nd a n unt reat ed check for control of citrus rust mite, Phyll ocoptr uta oleivora(Ash-mea d) (Aca ri: E riophyida e), in 4 citru s gr ove sites bet w een 1988 a nd 1991. The copperformula tions corresponded to recommended ra tes in t he Florida Citrus Spra y G uidea nd included: 99%G C ba sic copper sulfa te (penta hydr a te) w ith 53%meta llic copper,a 77%WP copper h ydroxide formula tion cont a ining 50%meta llic copper a nd a 61.4%copper hydr oxide D F formu lat ion cont a ining 40%met a llic copper. Reduced effective-ness of Vendex occurred w hen combined w ith a ll 3 copper formula tions. B oth copperhydr oxide formu lat ions w ere more disrupt ive in reducing t he effectiveness of Vendexin controlling citru s rust mite compa red wit h th e basic copper sulfat e formula tion. In-creases in citrus r ust mite nu mbers occurred in th e copper-only trea tm ents in 2 of the3 field experiment s. In both inst a nces, popula tion increases in th e copper-only trea t-ments occurred a t t he sam e time as t hose in the unt reat ed check trees, suggesting astimu lat ory effect by t he copper compounds.
Key Words: C hemical cont rol, Phyl locoptr uta oleivora
, miticides, spra y ta nk-mixes
R
ES UM EN
Va ria s dosis de oxido de fenbuta tina (Vendex) 4 L a plicada s solas fueron compa ra -da s con mezcla s en ta nque de diferentes formula ciones de cobre ma s fenbuta tina a lasmisma s dosis y con un t estigo no tra ta do, para el contr ol del acar o tostador, Phyl lo-coptr ut a olei vora
(Ashmea d) (Acar i: Er iophyida e), en cua tr o localida des con h uerta s
de citricos entre 1988 y 1991. Las formulaciones de cobre correspondieron a las reco-mendadas en la Gua de Aspersiones de los Ctricos de la Florida e incluyeron: 99%G C d e sulfat o de basico de cobre (penta hidra ta do) con 53%de cobre meta lico, una for-mulacin de hidroxido de cobre al 77%WP conteniendo 50%de cobre metalico y unaformula cin del 6l.4%de hidr oxido de cobre D F con un 40%de cobre met a lico. La efec-tivida d del Vendex se redujo cuan do este fue combina do con las tr es formula ciones decobre. La s formula ciones de hidr oxido de cobre redujeron ma s fuert emente la efecti-vida d del Vendex que el sulfat o basico de cobre en el cont rol del aca ro tosta dor. En dosde los tres campos experimentales se observaron aumentos en la mortalidad de losa caros tosta dores. En a mbos ca sos, la poblacin en los tra ta mientos de cobre solo au-ment al mismo tiempo que en los a rboles no tra ta dos, sugiriendo un efecto estimula -
dor por parte de los compuestos de cobre.
Copper compounds a re recommend ed for use on F lorida citrus t o control several
fungal diseases including grea sy spot (
M ycosphaer el l a ci tr i
Whit eside), mela nose (
D i -
This article is from Florida Entomologist Online
, Vol. 77, No. 3 (1994).
FEO
is available from the Florida Center for Library Automation gopher (sally.fcla.ufl.edu)
and is identical to Florida Entomologist (An International Journal for the Americas).
FEOis prepared by E. O. Painter Printing Co., P.O. Box 877, DeLeon Springs, FL. 32130.
-
7/29/2019 Mites Control
2/17
350
Fl or id a E ntomologist
77(3) S ept em ber, 1994
apor the cit r i
Wolf) and citrus scab (
El si noe fawcett i i
B ita ncourt & J enkins) (Timmer
& McG overn 1993, Whit eside 1988). Severa l form ula tions of copper, th a t cont a in me-
ta llic copper, including copper sulfa te a nd copper h ydroxide, ha ve been used by Flor-
ida citrus growers for many years. The materials are relatively inexpensive whileproviding fungicidal a ctivity. Ma ny citrus g rowers a pply copper in th e postbloom a nd
summ er spra ys, in combina tion w ith a miticide or insecticide, for broa d spectr um pest
cont rol and t o minimize a pplica tion costs.
The citr us rust mite, Phyll ocoptr uta oleivora
(Ashmea d), a nd t he spider mites, Eu-
tetr anychus bank si
(McGr egor) an d Panonychu s cit r i
(McG regor), can be serious pest s
during the postbloom a nd summer periods a nd t hus ma y require a miticide applica -
tion during one or both times, depending upon citru s va riety, mite presence a nd risk
of popula t ion increa se (C hilders 1987).
Thompson (1939) found that P. cit r iincreased following copper sprays on citrus
a nd H ollowa y et a l . (1942) reported t ha t t his spider mite wa s more abunda nt follow-
ing sprays containing compounds of copper, zinc and lime compared with untreatedtr ees. Gr iffi th & Fisher (1949) observed t ha t Phyll ocoptr uta oleivora
a nd Panonychus
ci t r iincreased a bnorma lly on citrus in F lorida following th e use of spray s conta ining
copper, zinc, or lime or exposure t o road dust or fertilizer residues on fruit a nd lea ves.
J ohnson (1960a ) eva lua ted 5 copper formula tions, including ba sic copper sulfa te, cop-
per oxide, copper hydroxysulfate, copper sulfate, and tetra copper calcium oxychlo-
ride, in combina tion w ith zineb for cont rol of Phyll ocoptr ut a oleivora
. All of t he copper
compounds and rates tested reduced the effectiveness of zineb in the summer spray
but not in t he post bloom spra y. This supported ea rlier work by J ohnson et a l. (1957)
th a t s howed zineb provided less cont rol of P. olei vora
w hen combined w ith fi xed cop-
per compar ed with zineb alone.
Residual control by chlorobenzilate or dicofol against the citrus rust mite was re-duced when copper or met hida th ion w a s ta nk-mixed for use on citru s in Texas (Dea n
1979). D ensit ies of Br evipal pus phoeni cis
(G eijskes) (Aca ri: Tenuipa lpida e) increa sed
after frequent copper oxychloride applications on tea in Indonesia (Oomen 1982).
Eger et al. (1985) evaluated tank mixtures of copper with chlorpyrifos or ethion ap-
plied in 2.338 or 4.676 kiloliters of w a ter per hecta re using a n a irbla st spra yer. They
found th a t residua l control of the citrus rust m ite wa s reduced with the copper + or-
ganophosphate combinations compared with the organophosphate compounds ap-
plied a lone. H ir sutel l a th ompsoni i
Fisher, a fungus pat hogenic to citrus rust mite, wa s
suspected of being a dversely a ffected by th e copper.
Vendex is not a ffected by differences in w a ter pH beca use th e orga notin compound
is extr emely sta ble. The formula tion forms a suspension, not a solut ion, in wa ter (Sea -
ma n & Riedl 1986). This w ould suggest t ha t a coa ting of the mit icide by petroleum oil
w ould reduce the effica cy of the cont a ct m iticide (Ch ilders & Selhime 1983).
G rower compla ints of poor citru s rust mite cont rol with fenbut a tin-oxide + copper
ta nk mixes prompted th e fi eld evalua tions reported in this pa per. The residual a ctiv-
ity of one or more copper formula tions in combina tion w ith one or m ore ra tes of Ven-
dex wa s evalua ted betw een 1987 a nd 1991 an d compared w ith t he miticide a pplied
a lone at the sa me ra tes. Results of these studies are reported here.
M
ATERIALS
AND
M
ETHODS
One or more ra tes of Vendex, 4 pounds a ctive ingredient per ga llon liquid formu-
lation (4 L) (479 g AI per liter) (E. I. DuPont de Nemours, Wilmington, DE), applied
a lone w ere compared w ith t he sa me ra tes of Vendex ta nk-mixed wit h one or more for-
-
7/29/2019 Mites Control
3/17
Chi ld er s: Copper F ormul ati ons and Rust M i te Cont r ol
351
mulations of copper for citrus rust mite control and an untreated control in 4 citrus
grove sit es bet w een 1988 a nd 1991 (Ta ble 1). The r a t es of copper corresponded t o rec-
ommended ra tes in the Florida C itru s Spra y G uide. The copper formula tions included
99% basic copper sulfat e (penta hydra te) gra nular crysta ls (G C) with 53% meta ll iccopper (Tennes see Ch emica l Co., C opperh ill, TN), a form ula t ion of 77% copper hy-
droxide WP cont a ining 50% meta llic copper (Kocide Ch emica l C orp., Houston, TX)
a nd a 61.4%copper hydroxide dry fl owa ble (DF ) formu lat ion cont a ining 40%meta llic
copper (Gr iffi n C orp., Va ldosta , G A).
Experimenta l Sites
At grove site 1, plots consist ed of 9 trees a rra nged in a 3 by 3 grid (Ta ble 1). At sites
2 and 3, trea tment s were a ssigned to plots of 25 trees a rra nged in a 5 by 5 grid a nd a t
site 4, 36 trees a rra nged in a 6 by 6 grid. All treat ments w ere arra nged in a ra ndom-
ized complete block design ba sed on motile numbers of citru s rust mites per t ree ta ken
during t he pretrea tm ent count s a nd replica ted 5 times for ea ch site (Ch ilders & Sel-
him e 1983).
The cent er tr ee wa s sa mpled from ea ch plot in a ll of the sites except site 2 wh ere
2 center tr ees w ere sampled from ea ch plot. Ea ch sam ple tree wa s a vigorous, hea lthy
tree representa tive of the block and ea ch plot w a s sepa ra ted from adjacent plots by 2
trees wi thin t he row and 2 rows betw een t reatments . Foliar spray treat ments were
a pplied in th e l isted volumes per ha wit h properly ca libra ted a irblast sprayers on the
da tes list ed in Ta ble 1.
TABL E 1. L
OCATIONS
, CHARACTERISTICS
OF
CITRUS
PLANTINGS
, DATES
OF
MITICIDEAPPLICATION
, SPRAYERS
, GALLONAGES
AND
TRACTOR
S P E E D S
.
Character is t ic
Ci trus G rove Si te
1 2 3 4
Loca t ion B a seba ll C it yP olk County
Mineola vic.La ke County
La ke Pla cid vic.HighlandsCounty
Ft. Meade vic.P olk County
C ult iva r Va lencia ora nge H a mlin ora nge Va lencia ora nge H a mlin ora nge
Tree h eigh t(met ers) 4.57-5.49 m 2.13-3.35 m 4.27-5.18 m 2.44-3.66 m
Spacing(meters)
7.62 x 7.62 m(= 173 trees/hectare)
7.62 x 9.14 m(= 240 trees/hectare)
9.14 x 9.14 m(= 119 t rees/hectare)
4.57 x 7.62 m(= 287 tr ees/hect -are)
Applicationdates
May 26-27,1988
J une 20-22,1989
J une 25-26,1991
J uly 8-10,1991
Type spra yer FMC 4000 CP S out hw ind pt o FMC 970 S w a nson-Durand p to
Lit ers perhect a re 1,169 1,169 1,403 720
S pra y pressure 160 psi 200 psi 180 psi 100 psi
Tra ct or speed 2.4 kph 2.4 kph 2.4 kph 2.4 kph
Wa t er pH 7.9 7.8 7.3 7.6
-
7/29/2019 Mites Control
4/17
352
Fl or id a E ntomologist
77(3) S ept em ber, 1994
Mite Sa mpling
Twent y fruit w ere examined a t r a ndom ar ound t he ca nopy perimeter of each sa m-
ple tree at recorded time interva ls before an d a fter spray ing of the tr eat ments. Live
motile citrus r ust m ites were counted using a 10x ha nd lens equipped w ith a 1 cm
2
grid subdivided int o 4 mm
2
subu nit s (Child ers & S elhime 1983). Tw o pla ces on oppo-
site sides of each fruit outside of the exposed sunspot w ere exa mined. P opula tion den-
sity estimates of citrus rust mite were obtained by counting the number of l iving
motile mites present w ithin t he combined 2 cm
2
a rea per fruit a nd recorded a s one ob-
servat ion. In test 2, 10 fruit w ere examined a t r a ndom ar ound the canopy perimeter
from each of 2 sam ple tr ees with a tota l of 20 fruit per plot.
Twent y leaves from the spring fl ush w ere picked at ra ndom a round the canopy pe-
rimeter of each sam ple tree at designa ted time interva ls before an d a fter spraying.
Ea ch leaf sa mple wa s pla ced in separa tely labeled pa per ba gs an d returned to the lab-
orat ory. A stereomicroscope wa s used to exa mine a 1 cm
2
a rea on both t he upper a ndlow er leaf sur fa ces in t est 1, or a 2 cm
2
a rea on both leaf surfaces in tests 4 and 5. Live
motile citrus rust mites were counted w ithin each a rea on both the upper a nd lower
leaf sur fa ces. The 2 counts w ere combined as 1 observat ion a nd equa lled either 2 or 4
cm
2
a rea of leaf su rfa ce. In t est 3, 10 leaves w ere collected from ea ch of 2 trees in th e
cent er of each plot.
Cumulative citrus rust mite-days were determined for each treatment within a
grove each year by calcula ting t he a rea under the populat ion growt h curve over time
(Allen 1976). Mite-da ys w ere ca lcula ted using th e formula presented by C hilders et a l.
(1987).
Fru it D ama ge Rat ings
One hundred fruit w ere examined ra ndomly a round the perimeter of ea ch sample
tr ee follow ing completion of a fi eld experiment. The cumula tive percent a ge of surfa ce
a rea wit h russeting from citrus rust mite feeding injury w a s recorded for ea ch fruit .
This wa s determined by estima ting t he percenta ge ar ea of russeting on one side of
each fruit an d then tur ning the fruit 180
a nd repeat ing the estima te of russeted ar ea
a ga in. The combined estimat ed russeted area of sides one and t wo for ea ch fruit w a s
then divided by tw o. A series of plat es with l ine draw ings of mat ure sized fruit w ith
calculat ed proport ional a rea s of surfa ce injury were prepar ed to provide a consist ent
reference for t he person det ermining rin d blemish injury. A fruit w a s classifi ed a s re-
jected for t he fresh ma rket w hen rind blemish from citrus r ust mite feeding exceeded5%of the tota l surface a rea.
Sta t is t ical Analysis
In all experiments, data were subjected to analysis of variance; Duncans (1955)
multiple ra nge test w a s used to sepa ra te t reat ment m eans w hen the ANOVA provided
a s ignificant F va lue (P
0.05) (SAS Inst itut e 1991). Motile citrus rust mite count s
were subjected to Log
10
(X + 1) tra nsforma tions for s ta t is t ica l ana lysis . Unt ra ns-
formed means a re shown in all ta bles.
R
ESULTS
Sit e 1, Va lencia Ora nge
Sust a ined moderat e numbers of citrus rust mites were present in the unt reat ed
check trees thr ough August 2 follow ing tr eat ment a pplicat ions on May 26 and 27. Cit -
-
7/29/2019 Mites Control
5/17
Chi ld er s: Copper F ormul ati ons and Rust M i te Cont r ol
353
rus rust mite densities on trea ted tr ees w ere signifi cant ly higher betw een August 2
a nd 25 in t he Vendex + copper sulfa te or hydr oxide combinat ions compa red w ith t he
Vendex only tr eat ment s a t t he sa me ra te (Ta ble 2). Cumu la tive mite-da ys w ere sig-
nifi can tly high er wit h t he 2.10 kg ra te of Vendex + copper hydr oxide an d th e 1.40 kgra te of Vendex + copper sulfa te compa red w ith t he sa me ra tes of Vendex applied alone.
The other combinat ions of copper + Vendex did not result in s ignifi cant ly higher cu-
mulat ive mite-da ys t ha n t he corresponding ra tes of Vendex a lone. Da ma ge ra ting dif-
ferences were not significantly dif ferent between the miticide treatments in this
experiment (Ta ble 2). B a sed on these da ta , a ll Vendex trea tm ents performed w ell.
Site 2, Hamlin Orange
Modera te to high densities of citrus rust mites were present on the untr eat ed trees
betw een J uly 27 an d October 12 follow ing t rea tm ent a pplica tions (Ta ble 3). Vendex a t
1.68 kg + copper hydroxide ha d a significan tly higher citrus rust mite density on the
fruit by S eptember 20 compared w ith Vendex a t 1.68 kg applied a lone. Vendex a t 1.68
kg + copper sulfa te ha d a significant ly higher citrus rust mite density by S eptember
27 compa red w ith Vendex at th e sa me ra te a pplied alone. These differences continued
th rough October 18. Vendex at 2.24 kg + copper hy droxide ha d signifi cant ly higher cit-
rus rust mite densities by September 27 compared with Vendex at 2.24 kg applied
alone. Again, these differences continued through October 18. The Vendex at 2.24 kg
+ copper sulfat e combina tion wa s not signifi cant ly different from Vendex at 2.24 kg
unt il October 3. These differences in citrus rust mite d ensities cont inued t o be signif-
ica nt ly higher th rough October 12. Vendex a t 2.80 kg combined wit h eith er copper hy -
droxide or copper sulfate had significantly higher citrus rust mite densities on thefruit by September 20 and 27 and October 18 compared with Vendex at 2.80 kg ap-
plied a lone. These high rust mite densit ies occurred w hile the populat ion w a s increas-
ing in the unt reat ed check tr ees.
Consistently higher citrus rust mite densities ranging from 1 to 4 times higher
w ere present in both copper hy droxide a nd copper sulfa te t rea ted t rees between Au-
gust 17 and S eptember 27 compa red with the unt reat ed trees.
Cumula tive mite-da y compar isons w ere signifi cant ly dif ferent between t he Ven-
dex at 1.68 kg + copper hyd roxide tr ea tm ent compar ed wit h Vendex at 1.68 kg applied
a lone (Ta ble 4). Cu mula tive mit e-da y differences betw een the r ema ining mit icide
trea tment s were not significa ntly dif ferent a lthough numerica lly higher densities of
citrus rust mites w ere consistently obta ined in the Vendex + copper tr eat ments com-pared w ith t he Vendex only t reat ments.
Signifi cant ly higher percenta ges of russeted a nd rejected fruit were obtained in
th e low ra te of Vendex combined w ith either copper hy droxide or copper sulfa te com-
par ed w ith th e low ra te of Vendex a pplied a lone (Ta ble 4). The highest percenta ges of
russeted and rejected fruit were obtained in the copper-only treatments compared
wit h a ll other t reat ments including the untrea ted check trees.
Sit e 3, Va lencia Ora nge
Low t o moderat e citrus rust mite densities w ere present on both fruit a nd leavesbetw een J uly 11 an d August 19 on the un tr eat ed check tr ees (Ta bles 5, 6). Low bu t s ig-
nifi cant ly higher citrus rust mite densities w ere present on the Vendex + copper DF
trea tment by August 12 compar ed w ith Vendex a pplied a lone. Signifi cant ly higher cit-
rus rus t m ite densities on t he fruit w ere consistent ly obta ined on t he Vendex + copper
DF trea tment between August 12 and September 17 compar ed w ith Vendex applied
-
7/29/2019 Mites Control
6/17
354
Fl or id a E ntomologist
77(3) S ept em ber, 1994
1
Citrusrustmi
teper2cm
2
offruitsurface.
2
Meanswithin
columnsfollowedbythesameletterarenotsignificantlydifferent[P>0.05;D
uncans(1955)multiplerangetest].
TABLE2.C
ONTROL
OF
CITRUS
RUST
MITE
O
N
V
ALENCIA
ORANGE
(
SITE
1)
IN
P
OLK
C
OUNTY
,F
LORIDA
,1
988.
Treatmentand
Formulation
Rate
per
Hectare
Pre-trea
tment
Mea
ns
May
23
CitrusRustMitePost-treatmentMeans
1
Cumulative
Mite-days
%
Russeted
Fruit
%
R
ejected
Fruit
Jun30Jul7
Jul19
Jul25
Aug2Aug15
Aug
25
Vendex
4L
1.40kg
3a
2
1b
0b
0c
1cd
0d
1d
3d
196cd
0.8b
0.4b
Vendex
4L
2.10kg
2a
0b
0b
0c
0d
0d
0d
0e
134d
1.2b
1.2b
Vendex
4L
2.80kg
2a
0b
0b
0c
0d
0d
0d
0e
34d
0.2b
0.2b
Vendex+
4L
1.40kg
Copperhydroxide77WP
7.96kg
1a
0b
0b
0bc
2bc
6b
6bc
4b
258bc
0.6b
0b
Vendex+
4L
2.10kg
Copperhydroxide77WP
7.96kg
2a
0b
2b
1b
4b
6b
11a
12a
506b
3.4b
1.4b
Vendex+
4L
1.40kg
Coppersulfate
99GC
7.96kg
1a
0b
0b
0bc
2bcd
3c
3cd
4c
239c
0.4b
0b
Vendex+
4L
2.10kg
Coppersulfate
99GC
7.96kg
1a
0b
0b
0c
0cd
1d
2d
2d
91cd
0b
0b
Untreated
1a
82a
63a
46a
58a
34a
8ab
3c
2761a
30.6a
19.2a
-
7/29/2019 Mites Control
7/17
Chi l der s: Copper Form ul ati ons and Rust M i te Cont r ol
355
1
Citrusrustmi
teper2cm
2
offruitsurface.
2
Meanswithin
columnsfollowedbythesameletterarenotsignificantlydifferent(P>0.05;D
uncans[1955]multiplerangetest).
TABLE3.C
ONTROL
OF
CITRUS
RUST
MITE
O
N
H
AMLIN
ORANGE
(
SITE
2)
IN
L
AKE
C
OUNTY
,F
LORIDA
,1989.
TreatmentandFormulation
Rate
per
Hectare
P
re-treatment
Means
June16
CitrusRustMitePost-t
reatmentMeans
1
Jul5
Aug
17
Aug24
Sep20
S
ep27
Oct3
Oct12
Oct18
Vendex
4L
1.68kg
12a
2
0c
0
c
0e
7fg
6f
4d
20fg
15d
Vendex
4L
2.24kg
38a
0c
0
c
0e
3gh
33de
3d
36de
16d
Vendex
4L
2.80kg
14a
0c
0
c
10d
2h
1g
3d
27h
2e
Vendex+
4L
1.68kg
Copperhydroxide
77WP
7.85kg
30a
0c
0
c
0de
16d
75b
30a
99a
53a
Vendex+
4L
2.24kg
Copperhydroxide
77WP
7.85kg
20a
0c
0
c
0de
4efg
76c
22c
98ab
33b
Vendex+
4L
2.80kg
Copperhydroxide
77WP
7.85kg
21a
0c
0
c
0e
7fg
14ef
2d
25ef
10d
Vendex+
4L
1.68kg
Coppersulfate
99GC
7.85kg
42a
0c
0
c
0e
9ef
21de
27c
60abc
47a
Vendex+
4L
2.24kg
Coppersulfate
99GC
7.85kg
26a
0c
0
c
1de
11e
29cd
10c
36de
24bc
Vendex+
4L
2.80kg
Coppersulfate
99GC
7.85kg
21a
0c
0
c
0e
5fg
16ef
7d
20gh
35b
Copperhydroxide
77WP
7.85kg
32a
7b
67
a
124a
192b
1
58a
20bc
48bcd
14cd
Coppersulfate
99GC
7.85kg
18a
7b
44
a
114b
202a
1
64a
28ab
35cde
15d
Untreated
22a
8a
43
b
34c
74c
94b
30a
49cd
11cd
-
7/29/2019 Mites Control
8/17
356
Fl or id a E ntomologist
77(3) S ept em ber, 1994
a lone. All 3 Vendex + copper trea tment s ha d signifi cant ly higher citrus rust mite den-sities on both fruit a nd leaves betw een August 19 a nd S eptember 10 compa red w ith
Vendex a pplied alone.
P. ol ei vora
densities on fruit in t he 3 copper-only trea tm ents w ere signifi cant ly
higher betw een J uly 11 and September 10 compar ed with the unt reat ed check tree
counts. Populations of citrus rust mites ranged from 2 to 36 times higher on copper
trea ted fruit compar ed with t he untrea ted check trees.
The 4 mit icide trea tm ents provided compa ra ble contr ol of th e citr us rus t m ite on
leaves th rough J uly 18 (Ta ble 6). Low, but signifi cant ly higher, ci trus rust mite den-
sities on lea ves were present on t he Vendex + copper DF a nd Vendex + copper hydrox-
ide trea tm ents by August 12 compa red w ith Vendex a pplied a lone. These differences
increa sed dra ma tically betw een August 26 and September 10. The Vendex + coppersulfat e trea tment wa s less disruptive to rust mit e control compa red with t he oth er 2-
Vendex + copper trea tment s. However, lea f counts in this t reat ment w ere signifi cant ly
higher compared wit h t hose in t he Vendex only t reat ment between August 19 and
September 17.
1
Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P>0.05; Duncans [1955]multiple range t est).
TAB LE 4. C
UMULATIVE
CITRUS
RUS T
MITE-DAYS AND DAMAGE RATING COMPARISONSOF F RUI TI N J U R YON H AMLIN ORANGE (SITE 2) I N LAKE C OUNTY, F LORIDA1989.
Treat ment a nd Formulat ionRa te perHectare
Cumulat iveMite-days
Oct 181%Russeted
Fruit 1%Rejected
Fruit 1
Vendex 4 L 1.68 kg 729 d 12 ef 9 cd
Vendex 4 L 2.24 kg 1271 cd 10 ef 6 cd
Vendex 4 L 2.80 kg 710 d 5 f 3 d
Vendex + 4 L 1.68 kg
Copper hydroxide 77 WP 7.85 kg 2561 c 52 bc 32 b
Vendex + 4 L 2.24 kg
Copper hydroxide 77 WP 7.85 kg 2007 cd 31 cde 20 bc
Vendex + 4 L 2.80 kg
Copper hydroxide 77 WP 7.85 kg 843 d 10 ef 5 cd
Vendex + 4 L 1.68 kg
Copper sulfa t e 99 G C 7.85 kg 1753 cd 40 bcd 31 b
Vendex + 4 L 2.24 kg
Copper sulfa t e 99 G C 7.85 kg 1261 cd 22 def 11 cd
Vendex + 4 L 2.80 kg
Copper sulfa t e 99 G C 7.85 kg 932 d 17 ef 8 cd
Copper hydroxide 77 WP 7.85 kg 6431 a 86 a 70 a
Copper sulfa t e 99 G C 7.85 kg 6056 a 85 a 71 a
U nt rea t ed 3573 b 58 b 42 b
-
7/29/2019 Mites Control
9/17
Chi l der s: Copper Form ul ati ons and Rust M i te Cont r ol 357
1Citrusrustmi
teper2cm2o
ffruitsurface.
2Meanswithin
columnsfollowedbythesameletterarenotsignificantlydifferent(P>0.05;D
uncans[1955]multiplerangetest).
TABLE5.CONTROLOFCITRUSRUSTMITEO
NVALENCIAORANGEFRUIT(SITE3)INHIGHLANDSCOUNT
Y,FLORIDA,1991.
TreatmentandFormulation
Rate
per
Hectare
Pr
e-treatment
Means
June19
CitrusRustMitePost-treatmentMeans1
Jul18
Jul24
Aug12
Aug19
Aug26
Sep3
Sep10
Sep17
Vendex
4L
2.24kg
4a2
0c
0d
0e
0e
0f
3e
3d
1b
Vendex+
4L
2.24kg
Cooperhydroxide
DF
8.97kg
4a
0c
1d
2d
15c
1
8c
58a
23a
7a
Vendex+
4L
2.24kg
Coppersulfate
99GC
8.97kg
4a
0c
0d
0e
4d
9e
15c
5cd
1b
Vendex+
4L
2.24kg
Copperhydroxide
77WP
8.97kg
4a
0c
0d
1de
10c
1
8cd
35b
10bc
1b
Copperhydroxide
DF
8.97kg
4a
53a
61b
142a
57a
4
7a
18c
26a
1bc
Coppersulfate
99GC
8.97kg
4a
49a
75a
167a
40b
1
9cd
9d
4d
0d
Copperhydroxide
77WP
8.97kg
4a
51a
67a
b
97b
57a
3
6b
26c
3d
0cd
Untreated
4a
22b
14c
27c
7c
1f
1f
1e
0d
-
7/29/2019 Mites Control
10/17
358 Fl or id a E ntomologist77(3) S ept em ber, 1994
1Citrusrustmi
teper4cm2o
fleafsurface.
2Meanswithin
columnsfollowedbythesameletterarenotsignificantlydifferent(P>0.05;D
uncans[1955]multiplerangetest).
TABLE6.CONTROLOFCITRUSRUSTMITEO
NVALENCIAORANGELEAVES(SITE3)INHIGHLANDSCOUN
TY,FLORIDA,1991.
TreatmentandFormulation
Rate
per
Hectare
Pre
-treatment
Means
June19
CitrusRustMitePost-treatmentMeans1
Jul18
Jul24
Jul31
Aug12
Aug19
Aug26
Sep3
Sep10
Sep17
Vendex
4L
2.24kg
1a2
0d
0e
0d
0e
0e
0d
1e
2e
2c
Vendex+
4L
2.24kg
Cooperhydroxide
DF
8.97kg
1a
0d
0e
1c
5d
7c
22a
51a
26a
7a
Vendex+
4L
2.24kg
Coppersulfate
99GC
8.97kg
2a
0d
0e
0d
0e
2d
5c
11d
8c
6b
Vendex+
4L
2.24kg
Copperhydroxide
77WP
8.97kg
1a
0d
3d
0d
1d
5c
15a
25b
15b
4b
Copperhydroxide
DF
8.97kg
2a
6b
19b
18a
21a
15a
10b
11cd
2de
1c
Coppersulfate
99GC
8.97kg
1a
12a
30a
16a
17b
15b
7c
10d
3de
1c
Copperhydroxide
77WP
8.97kg
3a
15a
18b
18a
19a
18a
7c
12c
3d
1c
Untreated
1a
3c
12c
9b
9c
7c
1d
1e
0f
0d
-
7/29/2019 Mites Control
11/17
Chi ld er s: Copper F ormul ati ons and Rust M i te Cont r ol 359
Cumula tive mite-da y comparisons on fruit a nd leaves showed tha t t he Vendex +
copper DF tr eat ment w a s signifi can tly higher t ha n Vendex alone or Vendex combined
wit h copper sulfat e. Cumula tive mite-da ys on fruit w ere not significan t between Ven-
dex combined with either copper hydroxide or copper sulfate while the cumulativemite-da y dif ferences were significa ntly h igher on leaves between t he 2 trea tment s.
Also, th e Vendex + copper sulfa te cumula tive mite-da y va lue on leaves w a s signifi -
cant ly higher compa red w ith Vendex applied alone while those on t he fruit w ere not
(Ta ble 7).
Cumula tive mite-da y va lues on fruit a nd leaves for t he Vendex + copper DF a nd
Vendex + copper hydr oxide trea tm ents w ere not signifi can tly different. Correspond-
ing percenta ges of russeted a nd rejected fruit were not signifi cant ly dif ferent between
the sa me 2 Vendex + copper trea tment s compar ed with the unt reat ed check tr ees.
This demonst ra tes t he nega tive effect of ta nk-mixing either copper hydr oxide formu-
lat ion a t t he rat es tested with Vendex.
P. ol ei voradensities on leaves in the 3 copper-only treatments were somewhatvar iable until J uly 31. B etween th a t da te a nd S eptember 10, al l 3 copper-only t reat -
ments ha d consistent a nd significan tly higher citrus rust m ite densities on leaves tha t
ra nged from 2 to 12 times higher t ha n th ose on the unt rea ted check trees. B oth copper
DF and copper hydroxide tank-mixes with Vendex resulted in significantly higher
percenta ges of russeted fruit compa red w ith Vendex a pplied a lone. Only t he Vendex
+ copper DF combinat ion ha d a significan tly grea ter percenta ge of rejected fruit com-
par ed wit h Vendex applied alone (Ta ble 7). P ercent a ges of both ru sseted fruit a nd re-
jected fruit were significantly higher in the 3 copper-only treatments compared with
th e unt rea t ed check tr ees (Ta ble 7).
1Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P > 0.05; Duncans [1955}
multiple ra nge test).
TABL E 7. C UMULATIVE CITRUS RUS TMITE-DAYS AND DAMAGE RATING COMPARISONSOF F RUI T I N J U R YON VALENCIA ORANGE (SITE 3) I NTH E LAKE P LACID VI -CINITY, H IGHLANDS C OUNTY, F LORIDA, 1991.
Treat ment a nd Formula tionRa te perHectare
Cumula tive mite-da ys 1 %Russeted
Fruit 1
%Rejected
Frui t 1Lea ves Fruit
Vendex 4 L 2.24 kg 43 d 77 e 14 d 0.4 c
Vendex + 4 L 2.24 kg
Copper hydroxide D F 8.97 kg 865 b 912 bc 55 b 18.8 b
Vendex + 4 L 2.24 kg
Copper sulfa t e 99 GC 8.97 kg 231 c 271 de 25 cd 2.6 c
Vendex + 4 L 2.24 kg
Copper hydroxide 77 WP 8.97 kg 501 b 594 cd 31 bc 6.6 bc
Copper hydroxide D F 8.97 kg 1080 a 3930 a 89 a 63.8 a
Copper sulfa t e 99 G C 8.97 kg 1410 a 4540 a 97 a 79.8 a
Copper hydroxide 77 WP 8.97 kg 1303 a 3930 a 93 a 66.6 a
U nt rea t ed 507 b 756 b 33 bc 6.4 bc
-
7/29/2019 Mites Control
12/17
360 Fl or id a E ntomologist77(3) S ept em ber, 1994
Site 4, Hamlin Orange
Low t o moderat e citrus rust mite densities on fruit in the unt reat ed check trees
w ere recorded betw een J uly 15 a nd S eptember 10 follow ing trea tm ent a pplicat ions onJ uly 8, 9 a nd 10. P opula tion development of P. ol ei vorawa s evident on the ba ck sides
of fruit by August 8 w ith n o citrus rust mites present on the front sides of the sa me
fruit in t he Vendex trea tment s. P oor spray coverage resulted from ina dequa te pene-
tration of pesticide spray through the canopy since only 720 liters of finished spray
w ere applied per hecta re.
All Vendex trea tm ents provided compa ra ble control of citrus ru st mite on t he fruit
t hr ough Augu st 13 (Ta ble 8). The Vendex + copper hy droxide a nd Vendex + copper DF
combinat ions generally ha d significa ntly h igher citrus rust mite densities on the fruit
between August 21 and September 10 compared with Vendex applied alone and the
Vendex + copper sulfa te t rea tm ents. As in t he previous fi eld experiment (site 3), th e
amount of metallic copper applied per hectare was highest in the copper sulfate for-mulation followed by copper hydroxide WP and copper hydroxide DF. The 3 copper-
only t reat ments did not ha ve higher rust mite densities on fruit during th is experi-
ment compa red w ith t he unt rea ted check trees (Ta ble 8).
All 4 Vendex tr eat ments ha d signifi cant ly lower cumula tive mite-da y va lues on
fruit compa red w ith t he unt rea ted check trees (Ta ble 9). Only t he Vendex + copper hy -
droxide 77%WP trea tment ha d significan tly more russeted fruit compar ed with t he
other Vendex treatments in this experiment. Numerically higher percentages of re-
jected fruit w ere found in th e Vendex + copper D F a nd Vendex + copper hy droxide
trea tment s. However, they were not signifi cant ly different compar ed with t he other 2
Vendex t reat ments.
P. olei voradensities on leaves were low in a ll treat ments t hroughout this experi-ment (Ta ble 10). How ever, signifi can tly h igher citrus r ust mite densit ies were re-
corded on th e Vendex + copper D F a nd Vendex + copper hy droxide trea tm ents on
August 27 and September 5 compar ed w ith Vendex a pplied a lone or Vendex + copper
sulfate. The 3 copper-only treatments did not have consistently higher citrus rust
mite densities on the leaves compared with the untreated check trees. Cumulative
mite-day differences between the copper-only and untreated check treatments were
not signifi cant ly different in t his experiment (Ta ble 9).
D I S C US S I O N
Results from t his study show tha t t he different copper formula tions tested ar e in-
compatible with Vendex when applied at the rates tested. The copper hydroxide DF
formulation demonstrated the greatest degree of incompatibility followed by copper
hydroxide WP. The copper sulfate formulation in combination with Vendex showed
the least disruption in residual rust mite control of the 3 formulations tested. The
amount of available metallic copper applied per hectare in tests 3 and 4 differed be-
tw een the 3 formula tions a s follow s: copper D F = 1.45 kg, copper hydroxide = 1.81 kg
a nd copper sulfat e = 1.93 kg. This w ould suggest t ha t one or more oth er components
of th e copper DF formula tion were involved in crea ting increa sed a nt a gonism in com-
bination with the organo-tin miticide compared with the metallic copper content
alone. This phenomenon is not unique and has been reported with other tank mix-tu res. For exam ple, Venka ta Ra m (1963) found tha t n ickel chloride hexa hydr a te con-
trolled the fungal pathogen, Exobasid ium vexans, on tea as effectively as copper
oxychloride w ithout increa sing purple mite, Calacaru s cari natus(G reen) (Aca ri: E rio-
phyidae).
-
7/29/2019 Mites Control
13/17
Chi l der s: Copper Form ul ati ons and Rust M i te Cont r ol 361
1Citrusrustmi
teper2cm2
offruitsurface.
2Meanswithin
columnsfollowedbythesameletterarenotsignificantlydifferent(P>0.05;D
uncans[1955]multiplerangetest.
TABLE8.CONTROLOFCITRUSRUSTMITE
ONHAMLINORANGEFRUIT(SITE4)INTHEFT.MEADEVICINITY,POLKCOUNTY,FLORIDA
,1991
TreatmentandFormulation
Rate
per
Hectare
Pre-
treatment
Means
Jul27
CitrusRustMitePost-treatmentMeans1
Jul23
Jul30
Aug8
Aug13
Aug21
Aug27
Sep5
Sep10
Sep18
Vendex
4L
2.24kg
4a2
0b
0c
2d
0c
4d
4c
3c
3d
1a
Vendex+
4L
2.24kg
Copperhydroxide
DF
8.97kg
5a
0b
0c
8c
0c
4cd
7b
8c
14bc
2a
Vendex+
4L
2.24kg
Coppersulfate
99GC
8.97kg
4.a
0b
0c
1d
0c
1e
2c
5c
3d
1a
Vendex+
4L
2.24kg
Copperhydroxide
77WP
8.97kg
5a
0b
0c
2d
2c
7c
9b
10b
12c
5a
Copperhydroxide
DF
8.97kg
4a
6a
9a
40b
11b
16b
20a
43a
29a
2a
Coppersulfate
99GC
8.97kg
5a
4a
6b
6c
10ab
20b
27a
40a
22ab
2a
Copperhydroxide
77WP
8.97kg
4.a
3a
4b
13c
17ab
32a
29a
39a
10bc
2a
Untreated
7a
15a
7ab
47a
19a
34a
30a
26a
21abc
1a
-
7/29/2019 Mites Control
14/17
362 Fl or id a E ntomologist77(3) S ept em ber, 1994
Citrus rust mite populations increased in 2 of the 3 field experiments in which
copper-only trea tm ents w ere included. In both inst a nces, populat ion increas es in the
copper-only t reat ments occurred a t the sa me time a s t hose occurring in t he untr eat ed
checks. However, the mite densities were significantly higher suggesting a
stim ula tory effect by th e copper compounds. J ohnson (1960b) found t ha t copper
compounds ha d no effect on t he percenta ge of fruit infest ed wit h P. ol ei vorawhen the
population was increasing on unsprayed trees. However, copper sprays prolonged
high citrus rust mite popula tions, or caused a n increase, i f applied w hen unspra yed
populations were declining. This situation did not develop in 2 of the 3 field
experiments in this study. Adverse effects caused by copper compounds on the
pat hogenic fungus, H ir sutel l a th ompsoni iFisher, have been proposed (Eger et al.
1985, McCoy 1979, G riffi th & Fish er 1949, Spencer 1939, Thompson 1939).
In m a ny inst a nces, the use of copper on Florida citr us is essentia l for effective dis-
eas e control. Gr eat care mus t be exercised by citrus grow ers wh en selecting pesticides
for control of pest complexes. Oftent imes, ta nk-mixes a re designed t o minimize a ppli-
cat ion costs a nd t o optimize effi ciency. The use of such ta nk-mixes requires sound a s-
surance of both physical and chemical compatibility. Potential risks of pesticide
fa ilure or a ccelera tion of pesticide resista nce dicta te t he need for such informa tion.
Vendex is a high ly effective miticide w ith broa d spectr um a ctivity a ga inst va rious
phyt opha gous mite pests in t he fa milies Eriophyida e, Tetra nychida e, Tenuipalpida e,
a nd Ta rsonemidae. S tudies presented here demonstra te t ha t copper DF a nd copperhydr oxide formula tions r esult in reduced residua l effectiveness of Vendex, especia lly
a t low er ra tes, i .e., 2.24 kg of 50 WP or 2.34 liters of 4 L per hecta re (U niversity of
Florida 1993 Spray Guide recommendations). In a single field experiment by Lye et
a l. (1990), Vendex 4 L wa s a pplied a t t he ra te of 3.34 liters per hecta re in combina tion
1Means within columns followed by the same letter are not significantly different (P > 0.05; Duncans [1955}multiple range t est).
TAB LE 9. C UMULATIVE CITRUS RUS TMITE-DAYS AND DAMAGE RATING COMPARISONSOF F RUI TI N J U R YON H AMLIN ORANGE (SITE 4) INTH E FT. M EADE VICINITY,P OL K C OUNTY, FLORIDA, 1991.
Treat ment a nd Formulat ionRa te perHectare
Cumula tive Mite-da ys 1 %Russeted
Fruit 1
%Rejected
Fruit 1Lea ves Fruit
Vendex 4 L 2.24 kg 100 c 157 b 16 e 9 d
Vendex + 4 L 2.24 kg
Copper hydroxide D F 8.97 kg 203 bc 361 b 25 de 13 cd
Vendex + 4 L 2.24 kg
Copper sulfa t e 99 G C 8.97 kg 76 c 117 b 14 e 7 d
Vendex + 4 L 2.24 kg
Copper hydroxide 77 WP 8.97 kg 224 bc 379 b 32 cd 18 cd
Copper hydroxide D F 8.97 kg 399 a 1367 a 55 ab 38 a b
Copper sulfa t e 99 G C 8.97 kg 408 ab 1057 a 56 ab 38 ab
Copper hydroxide 77 WP 8.97 kg 418 a 1136 a 43 bc 29 bc
U nt rea t ed 449 a 1558 a 68 a 53 a
-
7/29/2019 Mites Control
15/17
Chi l der s: Copper Form ul ati ons and Rust M i te Cont r ol 363
1Citrusrustmi
teper4cm2o
fleafsurface.
2Meanswithin
columnsfollowedbythesameletterarenotsignificantlydifferent(P>0.05;D
uncans[1955]multiplerangetest).
TABLE10.C
ONTROLOFCITRUSRUSTMITE
ONHAMLINORANGELEAVES
(SITE4)INTHEFT.MEADEV
ICINITY,POLKCOUNTY,FLORIDA,1991
TreatmentandFormulation
Rate
per
Hectare
P
re-treatment
Means
Jun27
CitrusRustMitePost-treatmentMeans1
Jul15
Aug
9
Aug13
Aug21
Aug27
Sep5
Sep10
Sep18
Vendex
4L
2.24kg
1a2
1cd
0c
0c
0d
2e
2d
2de
2a
Vendex+
4L
2.24kg
Copperhydroxide
DG
8.97kg
1a
1cd
0c
1c
1d
6cd
7c
4cd
5a
Vendex+
4L
2.24kg
Coppersulfate
99GC
8.97kg
2a
0d
0c
0c
0d
1e
2d
1e
3a
Copper+
4L
2.24kg
copperhydrox
ide
77WP
8.97kg
3a
0cd
0c
0c
2d
3d
5c
4c
5a
Copperhydroxide
DF
8.97kg
1a
2a
2a
b
3b
8bc
9bc
11b
12a
5a
Coppersulfate
99GC
8.97kg
0a
0cd
6b
3b
6c
1
2ab
16a
3cd
6a
Copperhydroxide
77WP
8.97kg
0a
1bc
5a
2b
8ab
1
2a
12ab
12a
4a
Untreated
1a
4ab
2a
b
7a
8a
1
0ab
10b
7b
6a
-
7/29/2019 Mites Control
16/17
364 Fl or id a E ntomologist77(3) S ept em ber, 1994
w ith copper hydroxide. No reduction in miticida l activit y w a s recorded. H owever, this
ra te exceeds tha t w hich is recommended in the Florida C itrus Spra y G uide.
Additiona l studies a re needed to identify t hose miticides current ly recommended
for use during the postbloom and summer sprays that have minimal compatibil i typroblems wit h specifi c ava ilable copper formu la tions.
E NDNOTE
The technical a ssista nce of Pa ul M. Keen, J r ., Micha el G. Wa rmington, a nd
Deanna K. Threlkeld is gratefully acknowledged. Florida Agricultural Experiment
St a tion J ourna l No. R-03528.
REF ERENC ES C ITED
ALLEN, J . C. 1976. A model for predicting citr us rust mite da ma ge on Va lencia ora ngefruit . E nvir on. E nt omol. 5:1083-1088.
B R U S S E L, E . W. VAN. 1975. Int errela tions betw een citrus rust m ite, H ir sutel l a thomp-soniia nd greasy spot on citrus in S urinam. Agric. Exp. Sta . Surinam (P ara ma-ribo). B ull. 98.
B ULLOCK , R. C., C. C. C H I LD ERS , J . L . KNAPP , C . W. MCC OY , AND P . A. S TANSLY. 1993.Citrus rust mite and spider mites, i nJ . L. Kna pp [ed.], Florida C itrus Spra yG uide. Florida Coop. Ext . Serv., IFAS, U niv. Florida, G a inesville, SP -43.
C H I LD ERS , C. C . 1987. Chemica l control of phytopha gous mite pests on Florida citr us.P roc. In t. C onf. on P ests in Agric. P a ris II I, pp. 119-126.
C H I LD ERS , C. C ., L. W. D UNCAN, T. A. WHEATON , AND L. W. TIMMER . 1987. Art hr opod
a nd nema tode control wit h a ldicarb on Florida citrus. J . Econ. En tomol.80:1064-1071.
C H I LD ERS , C. C., AND A. G. S ELHIME . 1983. Redu ced effi ca cy of fenbut a t in-oxide incombination with petroleum oil in controlling the citrus rust mite Phyllocop-tr uta oleivora. F lorida E nt omol. 66:310-319.
D E AN, H. A. 1979. Citr us rust mite cont rol affected by certa in pesticides. J . RioGrande Valley Hort. Soc. 33:55-61.
D UNCAN, D. B . 1955. Multiple ra nge a nd m ultiple F t ests. B iometr ics 11:1-42.E G E R , J . E . , J R ., V. M. F ERGUS O N , AND K. G . TOWNSEND . 1985. E ffi ca cy of selected
miticides a nd spra y t a nk mixtures used to control rust mite in Florida citrus.P roc. Florida St a te H ort. S oc. 98:11-14.
G RIFFITH , J . T., J R . , AND F. E. F I S H ER. 1949. Residues on Ci t rustrees in Florida. J .
Econ. Entomol. 42:829-833.H OLLOWAY, J . K. , C. F. H ENDERSON , AND H . V. MCB URNIE . 1942. P opula tion increa ses
of citrus red mite a ssocia ted w ith t he use of sprays conta ining inert gr a nularresidu es. J . Econ. E nt omol. 35:348-350.
J OHNSON, R. B. 1960a. The effect of copper compounds on control of citrus rust mitew ith z ineb. J . Econ. En tomol. 53:395-397.
J OHNSON, R. B . 1960b. The effect of copper on ru st mite control w ith four r ust mitemiticides. Florida St a te H ort. S oc. 73:84-89.
J OHNSON, R. B. , J . R. KING , AND J . J . MCB RIDE , J R. 1957. Zineb controls citrus rustmite. P roc. Florida St a te H ort. S oc. 70:38-48.
LYE , B . H., C . W. MCC OY , AND J . FOJ TIK . 1990. E ffect of copper on residu a l effi cacy ofacaricides and population dynamics of citrus rust mite (Acari: Eriophyidae).
Florida E nt omol. 73:230-237.MCC OY , C. W. 1977. Hort icultur a l pract ices affecting phyt opha gous mite populat ions
on citrus. Proc. Int. Soc. Citriculture 2:459-462.OOMEN, P . A. 1982. P opula tion dyna mics of the scar let mite, Br evipal pus phoeni cis, a
pest of t ea in I ndonesia. Meded. La ndbouwh ogeschool Wa geningen. 82-1, 88 p.
-
7/29/2019 Mites Control
17/17
Chi ld er s: Copper F ormul ati ons and Rust M i te Cont r ol 365
SAS I NS TI TU TE . 1991. SAS la ngua ge an d procedures: Us a ge 2, version 6, First edit ion.SAS Insti tut e. Ca ry, North C a rolina.
S EAMAN , A. J . , AND H . R I ED L . 1986. P reventing decomposition of a gricultura l chemi-cals by alkaline hydrolysis in the spray tank. Cornell Univ., New Yorks Fooda nd L ife Science Bu ll. 118. 7 p.
S P E N C E R, H. 1939. Increa ses in citru s scale insect infesta tions from heavy r esidue andfrom copper spra y mixtur es. J . E con. En tomol. 32:686-688.
THOMPSON, W. L. 1939. Cu ltur a l practices an d th eir influ ence upon citrus pests. J .Econ. Entomol. 32:782-789.
TIMMER , L. W., AND R. M CG OVERN. 1993. Fu ngu s disea ses, fru it a nd/or folia ge, pp 11-13 i nJ . L. K na pp [ed.], Florida Citrus Spra y G uide. Florida Coop. Ext. S erv.,IFAS, U niv. Florida , G a inesville. SP -43.
VENKATARAM, C. S . 1963. Applica t ion of copper a nd n ickel fung icides wit h mot orizedmist blow ers for blister blight cont rol. 3. E ffect of yield a nd buildup of purplemites. Rep. U nit P la nt Assoc. S outh Ind ia Sci. D ept. (Tea Sect.) 1962-63(Coonoor) pp. XVII-XXIV.
WHITESIDE , J . O. 1988. G rea sy spot, m ela nose a nd sca b disea ses, pp. 15-17, 20-21, 26-27 i nJ . O. Whiteside, S . M. G a rnsey, an d L . W. Timmer [eds.], C ompendium of
oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo
citrus diseases. AP S P ress, St . P a ul, Minnesota .