MissionariesChapters 11 & 13

Transitional Notes The council of Trent clearly defined what it

meant to be Catholic. It defined Catholicism. However, the “rug” was being lifted or pulled under the feet of European culture.

Between 1500 and 1900 everything between religion and government took place.

1500-1900 One church – Jesus only

founded one universal church

One absolute truth that could not be challenged

Movement was to go West. The Spanish expected Asia to be over there, but instead found the Americas.

The church split into many churches

Many Truths and many interpretations of the truth

The map of the world was being completed and it was clearly round.

1500-1900 One small world, basically

European

Humans are the center of the universe and the earth is flat

Governments were stable under Kings and Queens therefore monarchy reigned

“New world” and access to Asia, Africa, and Australia

The universe is bigger than ever expected; the world is round; we are not the center of the universe!

National revolutions destabilized monarchy and democracy was born

1500-1900 If you asked Bullwinkle why a

rock falls to the ground he would explain that Gods angels made it happen.

If you asked why can he Rocky fly, Because God is making it happen

If you asked why does it rain? Because God opened the sky and allowed water to leak on the Earth

Scientific laws of nature replaced all prior explanations of what happened

We were given the law of cause and effect

The laws of thermodynamics, conservation of matter and energy, and entropy.

Conclusions Trent had to be ridged in a time where everything

seemed to be changing, hence…

We are right We are Europeans/ Romans We are the center of the universe “Galileo was

condemned The church is a monarchy Science is the Devils work

Missionary ActivityTwo Basic Styles

Two Basic Styles First Style: Conquer and conquest

Take land and wealth for your own Kill the natives or enslave them Native cultures are not human Replace all native culture with European culture The church being funded by powerful

governments

Two Basic Styles Style Two: In enculturation

Learn native language and customs Respect natives as human beings Teach to gospel in the native languages Face possible martyrdom due to culture clash

Basic Results of the Styles Style 1: A newly Latinized society Style 2: A small, minority Christian

subculture

Churches Around the World South America and Central America Asia Africa Australia North America and Canada

South America and Central America When the missionaries went to central Americas

these were the Spanish/ Portuguese They pretended to be friendly to the natives, while in

search for gold When no gold was found they began to slaughter the

natives The Incas and Aztecs were victims of the first recorded

use of biological warfare (small pox infected blankets were traded to the natives for food and other goods)

… The Spanish took South and Central America by

force, wiped out native populations with both disease and gunpowder based weapons

When only 10% of the population remained, they forced the remaining 10% to become Christians

The church prevented any natives from being ordained to the priesthood

The population resisted being converted

… Then a HUGE change happened Mary, the blessed mother, the mother of God,

appeared to Juan Diego in Guadalupe in Mexico Mary appeared as a native Aztec woman dressed

in royal robes Mary preformed a few miracles and within 7 years

8million Indians converted to Christianity Even to this day there is tension between the

wealthy church and the poor church in Mexico

Asia (1500-1600) The first missionaries to arrive were Jesuits,

originally founded by St. Ignatius of Loyola after the council of Trent to educate the clergy. Robert de Nobili & Francis Xavier went to India and Sri

Lanka to convert the people in their own Asian languages Matteo Ricci went to China, lived like a Chinese teacher

and had some limited success teaching the Gospel in the Chinese language

Enculturation was the Jesuit missionary method.

Francis Xavier & Robert de Nobili The church objected to the use of Eastern

thoughts and customs The church only wanted Latin and Western

thought to be taught The church fought the Jesuits and accused

them of corrupting the faith Asian governments also objected to what the

Jesuits were doing, especially in Japan Jesuits were persecuted by the Roman church

and the Shogun of Japan

One Exception in Asia = Philippines

The Philippines were conquered by the Spanish and the Portuguese who wiped out the native populations culture

The entire island became Roman Catholic.

The Spanish clergy did not permit any Philippine men to be ordained.

AFRICA There were many different Protestant churches in Africa

Protestants and Catholics fought with each other in Africa The natives concluded that Christianity is a war-like faith.

Protestants enslaved the Africans and took them to America Eventually, the Africans split from the European Protestants

and created the first black churches. Black Baptist churches generally had no centralized leader or

government. Catholicism came to Africa much later.

The Jesuits who went to Africa used enculturation. Hence, instead of Christ being called the “Lamb of God”, Christ was called the “Goose of God” among the African Catholics to preserve the cultural meaning of the lamb / goose as a sacrificial symbol.

Australia It was used as a prison colony for Europe The only Catholics were prison chaplains

and whatever Catholics were imprisoned there

North America The Spanish were the first to create

settlements in North America This included

St Augustine, Florida, and Santé Fe, New Mexico The Natives here were considered a nuisance by

the Spanish conquerors When the missionaries arrived they were

distrusted and feared

West Coast of North America Junipero Serra, a Franciscan, started

missionary schools in California He used the monastery model to great

success hence there are many Catholic cities in California

American Colonies It was the Protestant churches who formed

the east coast colonies They declared their independence and

religious freedom from their sponsoring countries

Catholics came to Maryland first, but the Protestants kicked them out

Canada and the North East The French Jesuits came and used

enculturation, therefore they learned the language of the natives and attempted to convert them peacefully

THERE WAS A HUGE OBSTACLE The Iroquois and the Mohawk natives were bitter

enemies who skinned you alive with sharpened sea shells if you were captured

Canada… Isaac Jogues preached to the Herons, a

more peaceful tribe; however he was captured

Isaac escaped and went back to France. Later he returned to Canada, was captured, and killed

Tekakwitha, a native Mohawk became the first native American saint

CONCLUSIONS ~ A Measure of Success of these two Methods The Jesuits had limited success in Japan, India,

China and Sri Lanka as the governments of these countries martyred many of them. Their converts, however were genuine Christians willing to

go to their own deaths for Christ. The Spanish had “huge success” measured by

the number of converts. One would questions the veracity of the faith among the

1st generation of forced Catholics. Later generations would prove to be staunchly Roman

Catholic.

…a conclusion drawn from the Jesuit’s work with the Africans:

When people of an ethnic group are allowed to use their native traditions in the Mass, the Mass appears to change; but, this allows native people to embrace Catholicism with more meaning and more love of the faith

Catholics in America

Catholics in America When kicked out of Maryland, the Catholics

moved to Pennsylvania The Quakers were the most religiously

tolerant group in America, so they welcomed the Catholics

Note: Catholics by in large were on the side of creating a separate United States, and they did fight in the Colonial Wars

Bishop John Carol He was the first Catholic bishop in the U.S. The biggest Catholic immigration from

Europe takes place in the mid 1800s Catholics and Protestants did not typically

get along with each other, so each created their own ethnic part of the cities.

Major Catholic Settlements Germans - Midwest

Cincinnati Milwaukee and St Lewis

Irish –Northeast and Midwest Boston and later some came to Cincinnati

Italians –Northeast and Midwest New York, Chicago, and Cincinnati

Protestant Reaction to Catholic Immigration

No legal way to discriminate since religious freedom was a common value.

But, anti-immigration laws made it difficult for Catholics to get work and to buy land.

These laws were in effect until the 1960s

American School Systems The 1st USA public schools were actually founded

by Protestants. The King James Bible was their #1 text book. It didn’t matter what nationality or faith you were

from, your public school was Protestant. 1800s-1900s Catholics formed their own schools

so that Catholics would not need to go the Protestant “public” schools.

Protestants became wary that Catholic schools would teach kids to be anti-American and follow the Pope as a monarch.

Nativism Nativism favors the interests of certain

established inhabitants of an area or nation as compared to claims of newcomers or immigrants.

Nativism typically means opposition to immigration

Immigrants are considered hostile or alien to the natural culture of the dominant group.

It assumes newcomers cannot be assimilated. Opposition to immigration is common in many

countries because of issues of national, cultural or religious identity.

Examples of Nativism 1800’s: Catholics will not be good

Americans. Their religion is a monarchy. They will do what ever their Pope tells them to do. They will not support Democracy.

1960’s: President JFK might turn the country over to the Pope!

2000’s: President Obama has a Muslim sounding name. Is he really American?

Anti-Catholic Attitudes During the waves of Catholic immigration

NATIVISTS wanted Protestants to be in control of all new Catholic immigrants.

Legal discrimination was based on “immigrant” status not on religious freedom.

There were no “equal opportunity employment” laws to protect workers from discrimination.

Catholics moved WEST to get away from the Eastern Protestants and to form their own settlements.

Hegemony The political, economic, ideological or

cultural power exerted by a dominant group over other groups, regardless of the explicit consent of the latter.

1800s-1950s Being a “Good American” = being a good

Protestant. Jews also started their own school system to

avoid this hegemony of “public” and “Protestant” Atheists were the ones who finally challenged

the Protestant hold on the public education system.

The result was that no religions were welcomed to pray or to express themselves in the public schools.

1st American born Saint ELIZABETH ANN SETON, p.268 1809 founded the Sisters of Charity Set the pattern for the Catholic School

System in the USA She was encouraged and sponsored by the

1st American Bishop, John Carroll

When did Catholics and Protestants start to get along with each other?

Not really until the 1960s The 1st Roman Catholic senator to be

eligible to run for the presidency was John F. Kennedy (JFK)

JFK was assassinated, but not before having had the chance to win the favor of both Protestants and Catholics alike.

Catholics and Slavery There was a strong Catholic voice against the

slavery. The voice of Bishop de la Casas

Even those Protestants who were against slavery used to quote Bishop de la Casas’ speaches to support their arguments.

Bishop de la Casas pointed out the error of forcing people to convert to the faith through slavery and the conquest mission method.