Mission Aircrew Mission Aircrew CourseCourse

Chapter 14: Crew Chapter 14: Crew Resources Resources

ManagementManagement(Feb 2005)(Feb 2005)

P-2028 DISCUSS CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (S, P)

Aircrew TasksAircrew Tasks

Discuss the fundamentals of Crew Resource Management (CRM)

Discuss failures and error chain. {O; 14.2}Discuss situational awareness. {O; 14.3}Discuss how to regain SA once lost. {14.4}Describe barriers to communications.

{O; 14.5}Define/discuss task saturation. {O; 14.6}Discuss assignments and coordination of

duties. {O; 14.8}

ObjectivesObjectives

Why Why CRM?CRM?

Properly trained aircrew members can collectively perform complex tasks better and make more accurate decisions than the single best performer on the team

An untrained team's overall performance can be significantly worse than the performance of its weakest single member

We will cover behavior and attitudes of teamwork and communication among team members

Why Why CRM?CRM?

CAP 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Aircraft accidents 9 5 6 3 1 Per 100,000 hours 7.79 4.16 4.76 2.34 0.94 A/C flight incidents 28 27 19 12 16

A/C ground incidents 7 8 3 6 8

Fatalities 7 2 3 2 0

Why Why CRM?CRM?

MISHAP 1998 1999 2000 Taxi 9 4 9 Ground 4 6 3 Landing 8 8 10 Other 4 3 2

FailurFailureses

Parts and equipment.

• Mechanical failures

People.

• Human failures

The Error The Error ChainChain

A series of event links that, when considered together, cause a mishap

Should any one of the links be “broken,” then the mishap probably will not occur

It is up to each crewmember to recognize a link and break the error chain

Situational Awareness Situational Awareness (SA)(SA)

Know what is going on around you at all times

Requires:• Good mental health• Good physical health• Attentiveness• Inquisitiveness

Loss of Loss of SASA

Strength of an Idea Hidden agenda Complacency Accommodation Sudden Loss of

Judgement

Symptoms of Loss Symptoms of Loss of SAof SA

Fixation Ambiguity Complacency Euphoria Confusion Distraction Overload

Hazardous Hazardous AttitudesAttitudes

Anti-authority Impulsiveness Invulnerability Macho Resignation Get There It-us

Regaining Regaining SASA

Reduce workload: Suspend the mission.

Reduce threats:•Get away from the ground and other

obstacles (e.g., climb to a safe altitude). •Establish a stable flight profile where you

can safely analyze the situation. Remember: “Aviate, Navigate,

Communicate”

How do we get it How do we get it back?back?

Trust your gut feelings “Time Out,” “Abort,” or “This is

Stupid.”• Pilot establishes aircraft in a safe and stable

configuration, and then discuss the problem

Sterile Cockpit• Limit talk to the minimum necessary for safety.• Taxi, takeoff, departure, low-level flying,

approach, landing

QUESTIONS?

Barriers to Barriers to CommunicationCommunication

Hearing• The biological function of receiving sounds,

converting them to electrical impulses, and having the brain interpret them

Listening• Correctly identifying what the sender has sent in

their message

Barriers to Barriers to CommunicationCommunication

Distracters•Physical/Mental: Noise, static, simultaneous

transmissions; fatigue and stress•Wording: Incomplete or ambiguous

message, too complex or uses unfamiliar terminology

•Personal: Boring, lack of rapport or lack of credibility

Task Task SaturationSaturation

Too much information at one time Too many tasks to accomplish in a

given time

Usually occurs when an individual is confronted with a new or unexpected situation and loses SA

Task Task SaturationSaturation

Keep your workload to an acceptable level

If you feel overwhelmed, tell the others before becoming saturated and losing you situational awareness

Watch your team members for signs of saturation

Identification of Identification of ResourcesResources

External and internal

Identify your resources, know where to find them, and how to use them to accomplish the mission

Assignment of Assignment of DutiesDuties

CAPR 60-3 Flight-related -- aircraft commander Mission-related -- mission

commander

Crew Crew CoordinationCoordination

Understand and execute your assignments

Communicate Question

SummaSummaryry

Pay close attention to all briefings Understand the “big picture” Watch for task overload in yourself

and other crewmembers 67% of air transport accidents occur

during 17% of the flight time - taxi, takeoff, departure, approach and landing. Keep casual conversation and distractions to a minimum during these phases of flight.

Begin critical communications with instructions, then explain

SummaSummaryry

Successful missions hinge on each and every crewmember

Learn how to use the procedures and tools available to you, and use them correctly

Never stop learning Don’t be afraid to ask questions Never criticize someone for asking questions Anyone can call “Time Out,” “Abort,” or “This

is Stupid” Remember that the Mission Pilot must make

the final decision based on the crew’s input.

QuestionsQuestions??